diff --git a/web/static/i18n/en-US.json b/web/static/i18n/en-US.json
index 2f807062..b5c652f1 100644
--- a/web/static/i18n/en-US.json
+++ b/web/static/i18n/en-US.json
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
     "confirm": "Confirm",
     "copy": "Copy",
     "copied": "Copied",
-    "copyFailed": "Copy failed"
+    "copyFailed": "Copy failed",
+    "view": "View"
   },
   "header": {
     "title": "CyberStrikeAI",
@@ -340,6 +341,7 @@
     "configStdioNeedCommand": "Config error: \"{{name}}\" stdio mode needs command",
     "configHttpNeedUrl": "Config error: \"{{name}}\" http mode needs url",
     "configSseNeedUrl": "Config error: \"{{name}}\" sse mode needs url",
+    "configEditMustContainName": "Config error: In edit mode, JSON must contain config name \"{{name}}\"",
     "saveSuccess": "Saved",
     "deleteSuccess": "Deleted",
     "deleteExternalConfirm": "Delete external MCP \"{{name}}\"?",
@@ -364,15 +366,36 @@
       "description": "Configure WeCom, DingTalk and Lark bots so you can chat with CyberStrikeAI on your phone without opening the web UI.",
       "wecom": {
         "title": "WeCom",
-        "enabled": "Enable WeCom bot"
+        "enabled": "Enable WeCom bot",
+        "token": "Token",
+        "tokenPlaceholder": "Token",
+        "encodingAesKey": "EncodingAESKey",
+        "encodingAesKeyPlaceholder": "EncodingAESKey (leave empty for plain mode)",
+        "corpId": "CorpID",
+        "corpIdPlaceholder": "Corp ID",
+        "secret": "Secret",
+        "secretPlaceholder": "App Secret",
+        "agentId": "AgentID",
+        "agentIdPlaceholder": "App AgentId"
       },
       "dingtalk": {
         "title": "DingTalk",
-        "enabled": "Enable DingTalk bot"
+        "enabled": "Enable DingTalk bot",
+        "clientIdLabel": "Client ID (AppKey)",
+        "clientIdPlaceholder": "DingTalk App Key",
+        "clientSecretLabel": "Client Secret",
+        "clientSecretPlaceholder": "DingTalk App Secret",
+        "streamHint": "Enable bot capability and configure streaming access in the open platform."
       },
       "lark": {
         "title": "Lark",
-        "enabled": "Enable Lark bot"
+        "enabled": "Enable Lark bot",
+        "appIdLabel": "App ID",
+        "appIdPlaceholder": "Lark/Feishu App ID",
+        "appSecretLabel": "App Secret",
+        "appSecretPlaceholder": "Lark/Feishu App Secret",
+        "verifyTokenLabel": "Verify Token (Optional)",
+        "verifyTokenPlaceholder": "Event subscription Verification Token"
       }
     },
     "apply": {
@@ -414,7 +437,15 @@
     "title": "Role management",
     "createRole": "Create role",
     "searchPlaceholder": "Search roles...",
-    "deleteConfirm": "Delete this role?"
+    "deleteConfirm": "Delete this role?",
+    "loadFailed": "Failed to load roles",
+    "noDescription": "No description",
+    "defaultRoleDescription": "Default role, no extra user prompt, uses default MCP",
+    "noMatchingRoles": "No matching roles",
+    "noRoles": "No roles",
+    "enabled": "Enabled",
+    "disabled": "Disabled",
+    "noDescriptionShort": "No description"
   },
   "skills": {
     "title": "Skills management",
@@ -436,7 +467,36 @@
     "loadStatsFailed": "Failed to load skills monitor data",
     "clearStatsConfirm": "Clear all Skills statistics? This cannot be undone.",
     "statsCleared": "Skills statistics cleared",
-    "clearStatsFailed": "Failed to clear statistics"
+    "clearStatsFailed": "Failed to clear statistics",
+    "noDescription": "No description",
+    "viewSkillTitle": "View Skill: {{name}}",
+    "descriptionLabel": "Description:",
+    "pathLabel": "Path:",
+    "modTimeLabel": "Modified:",
+    "contentLabel": "Content:",
+    "nameRequired": "Skill name is required",
+    "contentRequired": "Skill content is required",
+    "nameInvalid": "Skill name can only contain letters, numbers, hyphens and underscores",
+    "saveSuccess": "Skill updated",
+    "createdSuccess": "Skill created",
+    "deleteConfirm": "Are you sure you want to delete skill \"{{name}}\"? This cannot be undone.",
+    "deleteConfirmWithRoles": "Are you sure you want to delete skill \"{{name}}\"?\n\n⚠️ This skill is currently bound to {{count}} role(s):\n{{roles}}\n\nAfter deletion, the system will automatically remove this skill from those roles.\n\nThis cannot be undone. Continue?",
+    "deleteSuccess": "Skill deleted",
+    "deleteSuccessWithRoles": "Skill deleted and automatically removed from {{count}} role(s): {{roles}}",
+    "loadFailedShort": "Load failed",
+    "totalSkillsCount": "Total Skills",
+    "totalCallsCount": "Total Call Count",
+    "successfulCalls": "Successful Calls",
+    "failedCalls": "Failed Calls",
+    "successRate": "Success Rate",
+    "skillName": "Skill Name",
+    "totalCalls": "Total Calls",
+    "success": "Success",
+    "failure": "Failure",
+    "lastCallTime": "Last Call Time",
+    "noCallRecords": "No Skills call records yet",
+    "loadStatsErrorShort": "Failed to load statistics",
+    "loadCallStatsError": "Failed to load call statistics"
   },
   "apiDocs": {
     "curlCopied": "curl command copied to clipboard!"
@@ -580,6 +640,15 @@
     "presetLogin": "Login page + China",
     "presetDomain": "By domain",
     "presetIp": "By IP",
+    "queryPresetsAria": "FOFA query presets",
+    "fieldsPresetsAria": "FOFA field presets",
+    "resultsToolbarAria": "Results toolbar",
+    "fillExample": "Fill example",
+    "parseBtnTitle": "Parse natural language to FOFA query",
+    "minFieldsTitle": "For quick export",
+    "webCommonTitle": "For browsing and filtering",
+    "intelEnhancedTitle": "More fingerprint/intel",
+    "fullLabel": "full",
     "nlPlaceholder": "e.g. Apache sites in Missouri, US, title contains Home",
     "showHideColumns": "Show/hide columns",
     "exportCsvTitle": "Export results as CSV (UTF-8)",
@@ -617,7 +686,14 @@
     "clearStatsTitle": "Clear all statistics",
     "skillsCallStats": "Skills call stats",
     "searchPlaceholder": "Search Skills...",
-    "loading": "Loading..."
+    "loading": "Loading...",
+    "paginationShow": "Show {{start}}-{{end}} of {{total}}",
+    "perPageLabel": "Per page",
+    "firstPage": "First",
+    "prevPage": "Previous",
+    "pageOf": "Page {{current}} / {{total}}",
+    "nextPage": "Next",
+    "lastPage": "Last"
   },
   "settingsBasic": {
     "basicTitle": "Basic settings",
@@ -702,8 +778,20 @@
     "changePasswordBtn": "Change password"
   },
   "settingsRobotsExtra": {
-    "botCommandsTitle": "Bot commands",
-    "botCommandsDesc": "You can send these commands in chat (Chinese and English supported):"
+    "botCommandsTitle": "Bot command instructions",
+    "botCommandsDesc": "You can send the following commands in chat (Chinese and English supported):",
+    "botCmdHelp": "Show this help",
+    "botCmdList": "List conversations",
+    "botCmdSwitch": "Switch to conversation",
+    "botCmdNew": "Start new conversation",
+    "botCmdClear": "Clear context",
+    "botCmdCurrent": "Show current conversation",
+    "botCmdStop": "Stop running task",
+    "botCmdRoles": "List roles",
+    "botCmdRole": "Switch role",
+    "botCmdDelete": "Delete conversation",
+    "botCmdVersion": "Show version",
+    "botCommandsFooter": "Otherwise, send any text for AI penetration testing / security analysis."
   },
   "mcpDetailModal": {
     "title": "Tool call details",
@@ -752,6 +840,15 @@
     "configJson": "Config JSON",
     "formatLabel": "Format:",
     "formatDesc": "JSON object; key = config name, value = config. Use Start/Stop buttons to control state.",
+    "configExample": "Configuration example:",
+    "stdioMode": "stdio mode:",
+    "httpMode": "HTTP mode:",
+    "sseMode": "SSE mode:",
+    "placeholder": "{\n  \"hexstrike-ai\": {\n    \"command\": \"python3\",\n    \"args\": [\"/path/to/script.py\"],\n    \"description\": \"Description\",\n    \"timeout\": 300\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleStdio": "{\n  \"hexstrike-ai\": {\n    \"command\": \"python3\",\n    \"args\": [\"/path/to/script.py\", \"--server\", \"http://example.com\"],\n    \"description\": \"Description\",\n    \"timeout\": 300\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleHttp": "{\n  \"cyberstrike-ai-http\": {\n    \"transport\": \"http\",\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp\"\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleSse": "{\n  \"cyberstrike-ai-sse\": {\n    \"transport\": \"sse\",\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp/sse\"\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleDescription": "Example description",
     "formatJson": "Format JSON",
     "loadExample": "Load example"
   },
@@ -765,7 +862,7 @@
     "descriptionPlaceholder": "Short description",
     "contentLabel": "Content (Markdown)",
     "contentPlaceholder": "Enter skill content in Markdown...",
-    "contentHint": "YAML front matter supported (optional)"
+    "contentHint": "YAML front matter supported (optional), e.g.:"
   },
   "knowledgeItemModal": {
     "addKnowledge": "Add knowledge",
@@ -920,6 +1017,33 @@
     "searchSkillsPlaceholder": "Search skill...",
     "loadingSkills": "Loading skills...",
     "relatedSkillsHint": "Selected skills are injected into system prompt before task execution.",
-    "enableRole": "Enable this role"
+    "enableRole": "Enable this role",
+    "selectAll": "Select All",
+    "deselectAll": "Deselect All",
+    "roleNameRequired": "Role name is required",
+    "roleNotFound": "Role not found",
+    "firstRoleNoToolsHint": "First role with no tools selected will use all tools by default.",
+    "currentPageSelected": "Current page: {{current}} / {{total}}",
+    "totalSelected": "Total selected: {{current}} / {{total}}",
+    "usingAllEnabledTools": "(Using all enabled tools)",
+    "currentPageSelectedTitle": "Selected on current page (enabled tools only)",
+    "totalSelectedTitle": "Total tools linked to this role",
+    "skillsSelectedCount": "Selected {{count}} / {{total}}",
+    "loadToolsFailed": "Failed to load tools",
+    "loadSkillsFailed": "Failed to load skills",
+    "cannotDeleteDefaultRole": "Cannot delete default role",
+    "noMatchingSkills": "No matching skills",
+    "noSkillsAvailable": "No skills available",
+    "usingAllTools": "Use all tools",
+    "andNMore": " and {{count}} more",
+    "toolsLabel": "Tools:",
+    "noTools": "No tools",
+    "paginationShow": "{{start}}-{{end}} of {{total}} tools",
+    "paginationSearch": " (search: \"{{keyword}}\")",
+    "firstPage": "First",
+    "prevPage": "Previous",
+    "pageOf": "Page {{page}} / {{total}}",
+    "nextPage": "Next",
+    "lastPage": "Last"
   }
 }
diff --git a/web/static/i18n/zh-CN.json b/web/static/i18n/zh-CN.json
index ef253cd6..b7c72e45 100644
--- a/web/static/i18n/zh-CN.json
+++ b/web/static/i18n/zh-CN.json
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@
     "confirm": "确认",
     "copy": "复制",
     "copied": "已复制",
-    "copyFailed": "复制失败"
+    "copyFailed": "复制失败",
+    "view": "查看"
   },
   "header": {
     "title": "CyberStrikeAI",
@@ -340,6 +341,7 @@
     "configStdioNeedCommand": "配置错误: \"{{name}}\" stdio模式需要command字段",
     "configHttpNeedUrl": "配置错误: \"{{name}}\" http模式需要url字段",
     "configSseNeedUrl": "配置错误: \"{{name}}\" sse模式需要url字段",
+    "configEditMustContainName": "配置错误: 编辑模式下，JSON必须包含配置名称 \"{{name}}\"",
     "saveSuccess": "保存成功",
     "deleteSuccess": "删除成功",
     "deleteExternalConfirm": "确定要删除外部MCP \"{{name}}\" 吗？",
@@ -364,15 +366,36 @@
       "description": "配置企业微信、钉钉、飞书等机器人，在手机端直接与 CyberStrikeAI 对话，无需在服务器上打开网页。",
       "wecom": {
         "title": "企业微信",
-        "enabled": "启用企业微信机器人"
+        "enabled": "启用企业微信机器人",
+        "token": "Token",
+        "tokenPlaceholder": "Token",
+        "encodingAesKey": "EncodingAESKey",
+        "encodingAesKeyPlaceholder": "EncodingAESKey（明文模式可留空）",
+        "corpId": "CorpID",
+        "corpIdPlaceholder": "企业 ID",
+        "secret": "Secret",
+        "secretPlaceholder": "应用 Secret",
+        "agentId": "AgentID",
+        "agentIdPlaceholder": "应用 AgentId"
       },
       "dingtalk": {
         "title": "钉钉",
-        "enabled": "启用钉钉机器人"
+        "enabled": "启用钉钉机器人",
+        "clientIdLabel": "Client ID (AppKey)",
+        "clientIdPlaceholder": "钉钉应用 AppKey",
+        "clientSecretLabel": "Client Secret",
+        "clientSecretPlaceholder": "钉钉应用 Secret",
+        "streamHint": "需开启机器人能力并配置流式接入"
       },
       "lark": {
         "title": "飞书 (Lark)",
-        "enabled": "启用飞书机器人"
+        "enabled": "启用飞书机器人",
+        "appIdLabel": "App ID",
+        "appIdPlaceholder": "飞书应用 App ID",
+        "appSecretLabel": "App Secret",
+        "appSecretPlaceholder": "飞书应用 App Secret",
+        "verifyTokenLabel": "Verify Token（可选）",
+        "verifyTokenPlaceholder": "事件订阅 Verification Token"
       }
     },
     "apply": {
@@ -414,7 +437,15 @@
     "title": "角色管理",
     "createRole": "创建角色",
     "searchPlaceholder": "搜索角色...",
-    "deleteConfirm": "确定要删除角色..."
+    "deleteConfirm": "确定要删除角色...",
+    "loadFailed": "加载角色失败",
+    "noDescription": "暂无描述",
+    "defaultRoleDescription": "默认角色，不额外携带用户提示词，使用默认MCP",
+    "noMatchingRoles": "没有找到匹配的角色",
+    "noRoles": "暂无角色",
+    "enabled": "已启用",
+    "disabled": "已禁用",
+    "noDescriptionShort": "无描述"
   },
   "skills": {
     "title": "Skills管理",
@@ -436,7 +467,36 @@
     "loadStatsFailed": "加载skills监控数据失败",
     "clearStatsConfirm": "确定要清空所有Skills统计数据吗？此操作不可恢复。",
     "statsCleared": "已清空所有Skills统计数据",
-    "clearStatsFailed": "清空统计数据失败"
+    "clearStatsFailed": "清空统计数据失败",
+    "noDescription": "无描述",
+    "viewSkillTitle": "查看Skill: {{name}}",
+    "descriptionLabel": "描述:",
+    "pathLabel": "路径:",
+    "modTimeLabel": "修改时间:",
+    "contentLabel": "内容:",
+    "nameRequired": "skill名称不能为空",
+    "contentRequired": "skill内容不能为空",
+    "nameInvalid": "skill名称只能包含字母、数字、连字符和下划线",
+    "saveSuccess": "skill已更新",
+    "createdSuccess": "skill已创建",
+    "deleteConfirm": "确定要删除skill \"{{name}}\" 吗？此操作不可恢复。",
+    "deleteConfirmWithRoles": "确定要删除skill \"{{name}}\" 吗？\n\n⚠️ 该skill当前已被以下 {{count}} 个角色绑定：\n{{roles}}\n\n删除后，系统将自动从这些角色中移除该skill的绑定。\n\n此操作不可恢复，是否继续？",
+    "deleteSuccess": "skill已删除",
+    "deleteSuccessWithRoles": "skill已删除，已自动从 {{count}} 个角色中移除绑定：{{roles}}",
+    "loadFailedShort": "加载失败",
+    "totalSkillsCount": "总Skills数",
+    "totalCallsCount": "总调用次数",
+    "successfulCalls": "成功调用",
+    "failedCalls": "失败调用",
+    "successRate": "成功率",
+    "skillName": "Skill名称",
+    "totalCalls": "总调用",
+    "success": "成功",
+    "failure": "失败",
+    "lastCallTime": "最后调用时间",
+    "noCallRecords": "暂无Skills调用记录",
+    "loadStatsErrorShort": "无法加载统计信息",
+    "loadCallStatsError": "无法加载调用统计"
   },
   "apiDocs": {
     "curlCopied": "curl命令已复制到剪贴板！"
@@ -580,6 +640,15 @@
     "presetLogin": "登录页 + 中国",
     "presetDomain": "指定域名",
     "presetIp": "指定 IP",
+    "queryPresetsAria": "FOFA 查询示例",
+    "fieldsPresetsAria": "FOFA 字段模板",
+    "resultsToolbarAria": "结果工具条",
+    "fillExample": "填入示例",
+    "parseBtnTitle": "将自然语言解析为 FOFA 查询语法",
+    "minFieldsTitle": "适合快速导出目标",
+    "webCommonTitle": "适合浏览和筛选",
+    "intelEnhancedTitle": "更偏指纹/情报",
+    "fullLabel": "full",
     "nlPlaceholder": "例如：找美国 Missouri 的 Apache 站点，标题包含 Home",
     "showHideColumns": "显示/隐藏字段",
     "exportCsvTitle": "导出当前结果为 CSV（UTF-8，兼容中文）",
@@ -617,7 +686,14 @@
     "clearStatsTitle": "清空所有统计数据",
     "skillsCallStats": "Skills调用统计",
     "searchPlaceholder": "搜索Skills...",
-    "loading": "加载中..."
+    "loading": "加载中...",
+    "paginationShow": "显示 {{start}}-{{end}} / 共 {{total}} 条",
+    "perPageLabel": "每页显示",
+    "firstPage": "首页",
+    "prevPage": "上一页",
+    "pageOf": "第 {{current}} / {{total}} 页",
+    "nextPage": "下一页",
+    "lastPage": "尾页"
   },
   "settingsBasic": {
     "basicTitle": "基本设置",
@@ -703,7 +779,19 @@
   },
   "settingsRobotsExtra": {
     "botCommandsTitle": "机器人命令说明",
-    "botCommandsDesc": "在对话中可发送以下命令（支持中英文）："
+    "botCommandsDesc": "在对话中可发送以下命令（支持中英文）：",
+    "botCmdHelp": "显示本帮助 | Show this help",
+    "botCmdList": "列出所有对话标题与 ID | List conversations",
+    "botCmdSwitch": "指定对话继续 | Switch to conversation",
+    "botCmdNew": "开启新对话 | Start new conversation",
+    "botCmdClear": "清空当前上下文 | Clear context",
+    "botCmdCurrent": "显示当前对话 ID 与标题 | Show current conversation",
+    "botCmdStop": "中断当前任务 | Stop running task",
+    "botCmdRoles": "列出所有可用角色 | List roles",
+    "botCmdRole": "切换当前角色 | Switch role",
+    "botCmdDelete": "删除指定对话 | Delete conversation",
+    "botCmdVersion": "显示当前版本号 | Show version",
+    "botCommandsFooter": "除以上命令外，直接输入内容将发送给 AI 进行渗透测试/安全分析。Otherwise, send any text for AI penetration testing / security analysis."
   },
   "mcpDetailModal": {
     "title": "工具调用详情",
@@ -752,6 +840,15 @@
     "configJson": "配置JSON",
     "formatLabel": "配置格式：",
     "formatDesc": "JSON对象，key为配置名称，value为配置内容。状态通过\"启动/停止\"按钮控制，无需在JSON中配置。",
+    "configExample": "配置示例：",
+    "stdioMode": "stdio模式：",
+    "httpMode": "HTTP模式：",
+    "sseMode": "SSE模式：",
+    "placeholder": "{\n  \"hexstrike-ai\": {\n    \"command\": \"python3\",\n    \"args\": [\"/path/to/script.py\"],\n    \"description\": \"描述\",\n    \"timeout\": 300\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleStdio": "{\n  \"hexstrike-ai\": {\n    \"command\": \"python3\",\n    \"args\": [\"/path/to/script.py\", \"--server\", \"http://example.com\"],\n    \"description\": \"描述\",\n    \"timeout\": 300\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleHttp": "{\n  \"cyberstrike-ai-http\": {\n    \"transport\": \"http\",\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp\"\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleSse": "{\n  \"cyberstrike-ai-sse\": {\n    \"transport\": \"sse\",\n    \"url\": \"http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp/sse\"\n  }\n}",
+    "exampleDescription": "示例描述",
     "formatJson": "格式化JSON",
     "loadExample": "加载示例"
   },
@@ -765,7 +862,7 @@
     "descriptionPlaceholder": "Skill的简短描述",
     "contentLabel": "内容（Markdown格式）",
     "contentPlaceholder": "输入skill内容，支持Markdown格式...",
-    "contentHint": "支持YAML front matter格式（可选）"
+    "contentHint": "支持YAML front matter格式（可选），例如："
   },
   "knowledgeItemModal": {
     "addKnowledge": "添加知识",
@@ -920,6 +1017,33 @@
     "searchSkillsPlaceholder": "搜索skill...",
     "loadingSkills": "正在加载skills列表...",
     "relatedSkillsHint": "勾选要关联的skills，这些skills的内容会在执行任务前注入到系统提示词中，帮助AI更好地理解相关专业知识。",
-    "enableRole": "启用此角色"
+    "enableRole": "启用此角色",
+    "selectAll": "全选",
+    "deselectAll": "全不选",
+    "roleNameRequired": "角色名称不能为空",
+    "roleNotFound": "角色不存在",
+    "firstRoleNoToolsHint": "检测到这是首次添加角色且未选择工具，将默认使用全部工具",
+    "currentPageSelected": "当前页已选中: {{current}} / {{total}}",
+    "totalSelected": "总计已选中: {{current}} / {{total}}",
+    "usingAllEnabledTools": "（使用所有已启用工具）",
+    "currentPageSelectedTitle": "当前页选中的工具数（只统计已启用的工具）",
+    "totalSelectedTitle": "角色已关联的工具总数（基于角色实际配置）",
+    "skillsSelectedCount": "已选择 {{count}} / {{total}}",
+    "loadToolsFailed": "加载工具列表失败",
+    "loadSkillsFailed": "加载skills列表失败",
+    "cannotDeleteDefaultRole": "不能删除默认角色",
+    "noMatchingSkills": "没有找到匹配的skills",
+    "noSkillsAvailable": "暂无可用skills",
+    "usingAllTools": "使用所有工具",
+    "andNMore": " 等 {{count}} 个",
+    "toolsLabel": "工具:",
+    "noTools": "暂无工具",
+    "paginationShow": "显示 {{start}}-{{end}} / 共 {{total}} 个工具",
+    "paginationSearch": " (搜索: \"{{keyword}}\")",
+    "firstPage": "首页",
+    "prevPage": "上一页",
+    "pageOf": "第 {{page}} / {{total}} 页",
+    "nextPage": "下一页",
+    "lastPage": "末页"
   }
 }
diff --git a/web/static/js/i18n.js b/web/static/js/i18n.js
index 9b75ccf7..40cd0486 100644
--- a/web/static/js/i18n.js
+++ b/web/static/js/i18n.js
@@ -61,18 +61,23 @@
             const isFormControl = (el.tagName === 'INPUT' || el.tagName === 'TEXTAREA');
             const attrList = el.getAttribute('data-i18n-attr');
             const text = i18next.t(key);
-
-            // 仅当未使用 data-i18n-attr 时才替换元素文本内容（否则会覆盖卡片内的数字、子节点等）
-            // input/textarea：永不设置 textContent（会变成 value），只更新属性
-            if (!attrList && !skipText && !isFormControl && text && typeof text === 'string') {
+            // 仅当元素无子元素（仅文本或空）时才替换文本，避免覆盖卡片内的数字、子节点等；input/textarea 永不设置 textContent
+            const hasNoElementChildren = !el.querySelector('*');
+            if (!skipText && !isFormControl && hasNoElementChildren && text && typeof text === 'string') {
                 el.textContent = text;
             }
 
             if (attrList) {
+                const titleKey = el.getAttribute('data-i18n-title');
                 attrList.split(',').map(function (s) { return s.trim(); }).forEach(function (attr) {
                     if (!attr) return;
-                    if (text && typeof text === 'string') {
-                        el.setAttribute(attr, text);
+                    var val = text;
+                    if (attr === 'title' && titleKey) {
+                        var titleText = i18next.t(titleKey);
+                        if (titleText && typeof titleText === 'string') val = titleText;
+                    }
+                    if (val && typeof val === 'string') {
+                        el.setAttribute(attr, val);
                     }
                 });
             }
diff --git a/web/static/js/roles.js b/web/static/js/roles.js
index cf990fa5..09ad85ac 100644
--- a/web/static/js/roles.js
+++ b/web/static/js/roles.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 // 角色管理相关功能
+function _t(key, opts) {
+    return typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t(key, opts) : key;
+}
 let currentRole = localStorage.getItem('currentRole') || '';
 let roles = [];
 let rolesSearchKeyword = ''; // 角色搜索关键词
@@ -54,7 +57,7 @@ async function loadRoles() {
         return roles;
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('加载角色失败:', error);
-        showNotification('加载角色失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('roles.loadFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
         return [];
     }
 }
@@ -167,9 +170,9 @@ function renderRoleSelectionSidebar() {
         const icon = getRoleIcon(role);
         
         // 处理默认角色的描述
-        let description = role.description || '暂无描述';
+        let description = role.description || _t('roles.noDescription');
         if (isDefaultRole && !role.description) {
-            description = '默认角色，不额外携带用户提示词，使用默认MCP';
+            description = _t('roles.defaultRoleDescription');
         }
         
         roleItem.innerHTML = `
@@ -282,7 +285,7 @@ function renderRolesList() {
 
     if (filteredRoles.length === 0) {
         rolesList.innerHTML = '<div class="empty-state">' + 
-            (rolesSearchKeyword ? '没有找到匹配的角色' : '暂无角色') + 
+            (rolesSearchKeyword ? _t('roles.noMatchingRoles') : _t('roles.noRoles')) + 
             '</div>';
         return;
     }
@@ -312,7 +315,7 @@ function renderRolesList() {
         let toolsDisplay = '';
         let toolsCount = 0;
         if (role.name === '默认') {
-            toolsDisplay = '使用所有工具';
+            toolsDisplay = _t('roleModal.usingAllTools');
         } else if (role.tools && role.tools.length > 0) {
             toolsCount = role.tools.length;
             // 显示前5个工具名称
@@ -324,13 +327,13 @@ function renderRolesList() {
             if (toolsCount <= 5) {
                 toolsDisplay = toolNames.join(', ');
             } else {
-                toolsDisplay = toolNames.join(', ') + ` 等 ${toolsCount} 个`;
+                toolsDisplay = toolNames.join(', ') + _t('roleModal.andNMore', { count: toolsCount });
             }
         } else if (role.mcps && role.mcps.length > 0) {
             toolsCount = role.mcps.length;
-            toolsDisplay = `等 ${toolsCount} 个`;
+            toolsDisplay = _t('roleModal.andNMore', { count: toolsCount });
         } else {
-            toolsDisplay = '使用所有工具';
+            toolsDisplay = _t('roleModal.usingAllTools');
         }
 
         return `
@@ -341,17 +344,17 @@ function renderRolesList() {
                     ${escapeHtml(role.name)}
                 </h3>
                 <span class="role-card-badge ${role.enabled !== false ? 'enabled' : 'disabled'}">
-                    ${role.enabled !== false ? '已启用' : '已禁用'}
+                    ${role.enabled !== false ? _t('roles.enabled') : _t('roles.disabled')}
                 </span>
             </div>
-            <div class="role-card-description">${escapeHtml(role.description || '无描述')}</div>
+            <div class="role-card-description">${escapeHtml(role.description || _t('roles.noDescriptionShort'))}</div>
             <div class="role-card-tools">
-                <span class="role-card-tools-label">工具:</span>
+                <span class="role-card-tools-label">${_t('roleModal.toolsLabel')}</span>
                 <span class="role-card-tools-value">${toolsDisplay}</span>
             </div>
             <div class="role-card-actions">
-                <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="editRole('${escapeHtml(role.name)}')">编辑</button>
-                ${role.name !== '默认' ? `<button class="btn-secondary btn-small btn-danger" onclick="deleteRole('${escapeHtml(role.name)}')">删除</button>` : ''}
+                <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="editRole('${escapeHtml(role.name)}')">${_t('common.edit')}</button>
+                ${role.name !== '默认' ? `<button class="btn-secondary btn-small btn-danger" onclick="deleteRole('${escapeHtml(role.name)}')">${_t('common.delete')}</button>` : ''}
             </div>
         </div>
     `;
@@ -503,7 +506,7 @@ async function loadRoleTools(page = 1, searchKeyword = '') {
         console.error('加载工具列表失败:', error);
         const toolsList = document.getElementById('role-tools-list');
         if (toolsList) {
-            toolsList.innerHTML = `<div class="tools-error">加载工具列表失败: ${escapeHtml(error.message)}</div>`;
+            toolsList.innerHTML = `<div class="tools-error">${_t('roleModal.loadToolsFailed')}: ${escapeHtml(error.message)}</div>`;
         }
     }
 }
@@ -521,7 +524,7 @@ function renderRoleToolsList() {
     listContainer.innerHTML = '';
     
     if (allRoleTools.length === 0) {
-        listContainer.innerHTML = '<div class="tools-empty">暂无工具</div>';
+        listContainer.innerHTML = '<div class="tools-empty">' + _t('roleModal.noTools') + '</div>';
         toolsList.appendChild(listContainer);
         return;
     }
@@ -594,16 +597,16 @@ function renderRoleToolsPagination() {
     const startItem = (page - 1) * roleToolsPagination.pageSize + 1;
     const endItem = Math.min(page * roleToolsPagination.pageSize, total);
     
+    const paginationShowText = _t('roleModal.paginationShow', { start: startItem, end: endItem, total: total }) +
+        (roleToolsSearchKeyword ? _t('roleModal.paginationSearch', { keyword: roleToolsSearchKeyword }) : '');
     pagination.innerHTML = `
-        <div class="pagination-info">
-            显示 ${startItem}-${endItem} / 共 ${total} 个工具${roleToolsSearchKeyword ? ` (搜索: "${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}")` : ''}
-        </div>
+        <div class="pagination-info">${paginationShowText}</div>
         <div class="pagination-controls">
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(1, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === 1 ? 'disabled' : ''}>首页</button>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${page - 1}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === 1 ? 'disabled' : ''}>上一页</button>
-            <span class="pagination-page">第 ${page} / ${totalPages} 页</span>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${page + 1}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === totalPages ? 'disabled' : ''}>下一页</button>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${totalPages}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === totalPages ? 'disabled' : ''}>末页</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(1, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === 1 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${_t('roleModal.firstPage')}</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${page - 1}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === 1 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${_t('roleModal.prevPage')}</button>
+            <span class="pagination-page">${_t('roleModal.pageOf', { page: page, total: totalPages })}</span>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${page + 1}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === totalPages ? 'disabled' : ''}>${_t('roleModal.nextPage')}</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadRoleTools(${totalPages}, '${escapeHtml(roleToolsSearchKeyword)}')" ${page === totalPages ? 'disabled' : ''}>${_t('roleModal.lastPage')}</button>
         </div>
     `;
     
@@ -727,8 +730,8 @@ function updateRoleToolsStats() {
         // 总工具数（所有工具，包括已启用和未启用的）
         const totalTools = roleToolsPagination.total || 0;
         statsEl.innerHTML = `
-            <span title="当前页选中的工具数">✅ 当前页已选中: <strong>${currentPageEnabled}</strong> / ${currentPageTotal}</span>
-            <span title="所有已启用工具中选中的工具总数（基于MCP管理）">📊 总计已选中: <strong>${totalEnabled}</strong> / ${totalTools} <em>(使用所有已启用工具)</em></span>
+            <span title="${_t('roleModal.currentPageSelectedTitle')}">✅ ${_t('roleModal.currentPageSelected', { current: currentPageEnabled, total: currentPageTotal })}</span>
+            <span title="${_t('roleModal.totalSelectedTitle')}">📊 ${_t('roleModal.totalSelected', { current: totalEnabled, total: totalTools })} <em>${_t('roleModal.usingAllEnabledTools')}</em></span>
         `;
         return;
     }
@@ -779,8 +782,8 @@ function updateRoleToolsStats() {
     const totalTools = roleToolsPagination.total || 0;
     
     statsEl.innerHTML = `
-        <span title="当前页选中的工具数（只统计已启用的工具）">✅ 当前页已选中: <strong>${currentPageEnabled}</strong> / ${currentPageTotal}</span>
-        <span title="角色已关联的工具总数（基于角色实际配置）">📊 总计已选中: <strong>${totalSelected}</strong> / ${totalTools}</span>
+        <span title="${_t('roleModal.currentPageSelectedTitle')}">✅ ${_t('roleModal.currentPageSelected', { current: currentPageEnabled, total: currentPageTotal })}</span>
+        <span title="${_t('roleModal.totalSelectedTitle')}">📊 ${_t('roleModal.totalSelected', { current: totalSelected, total: totalTools })}</span>
     `;
 }
 
@@ -838,7 +841,7 @@ async function showAddRoleModal() {
     const modal = document.getElementById('role-modal');
     if (!modal) return;
 
-    document.getElementById('role-modal-title').textContent = '添加角色';
+    document.getElementById('role-modal-title').textContent = _t('roleModal.addRole');
     document.getElementById('role-name').value = '';
     document.getElementById('role-name').disabled = false;
     document.getElementById('role-description').value = '';
@@ -918,14 +921,14 @@ async function showAddRoleModal() {
 async function editRole(roleName) {
     const role = roles.find(r => r.name === roleName);
     if (!role) {
-        showNotification('角色不存在', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('roleModal.roleNotFound'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
     const modal = document.getElementById('role-modal');
     if (!modal) return;
 
-    document.getElementById('role-modal-title').textContent = '编辑角色';
+    document.getElementById('role-modal-title').textContent = _t('roleModal.editRole');
     document.getElementById('role-name').value = role.name;
     document.getElementById('role-name').disabled = true; // 编辑时不允许修改名称
     document.getElementById('role-description').value = role.description || '';
@@ -1186,7 +1189,7 @@ async function loadAllToolsToStateMap() {
 async function saveRole() {
     const name = document.getElementById('role-name').value.trim();
     if (!name) {
-        showNotification('角色名称不能为空', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('roleModal.roleNameRequired'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1227,7 +1230,7 @@ async function saveRole() {
         // 如果是首次添加角色且没有选择工具，默认使用全部工具
         if (isFirstUserRole && allSelectedTools.length === 0) {
             roleUsesAllTools = true;
-            showNotification('检测到这是首次添加角色且未选择工具，将默认使用全部工具', 'info');
+            showNotification(_t('roleModal.firstRoleNoToolsHint'), 'info');
         } else if (roleUsesAllTools) {
             // 如果当前使用所有工具，需要检查用户是否取消了一些工具
             // 检查状态映射中是否有未选中的已启用工具
@@ -1358,7 +1361,7 @@ async function saveRole() {
 // 删除角色
 async function deleteRole(roleName) {
     if (roleName === '默认') {
-        showNotification('不能删除默认角色', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('roleModal.cannotDeleteDefaultRole'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
@@ -1469,7 +1472,7 @@ async function loadRoleSkills() {
         allRoleSkills = [];
         const skillsList = document.getElementById('role-skills-list');
         if (skillsList) {
-            skillsList.innerHTML = '<div class="skills-error">加载skills列表失败: ' + error.message + '</div>';
+            skillsList.innerHTML = '<div class="skills-error">' + _t('roleModal.loadSkillsFailed') + ': ' + error.message + '</div>';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -1490,7 +1493,7 @@ function renderRoleSkills() {
 
     if (filteredSkills.length === 0) {
         skillsList.innerHTML = '<div class="skills-empty">' + 
-            (roleSkillsSearchKeyword ? '没有找到匹配的skills' : '暂无可用skills') + 
+            (roleSkillsSearchKeyword ? _t('roleModal.noMatchingSkills') : _t('roleModal.noSkillsAvailable')) + 
             '</div>';
         updateRoleSkillsStats();
         return;
@@ -1596,7 +1599,7 @@ function updateRoleSkillsStats() {
         filteredSkills.includes(skill)
     ).length;
 
-    statsEl.textContent = `已选择 ${selectedCount} / ${filteredSkills.length}`;
+    statsEl.textContent = _t('roleModal.skillsSelectedCount', { count: selectedCount, total: filteredSkills.length });
 }
 
 // HTML转义函数
diff --git a/web/static/js/settings.js b/web/static/js/settings.js
index a1118eef..1f114f0f 100644
--- a/web/static/js/settings.js
+++ b/web/static/js/settings.js
@@ -1367,7 +1367,7 @@ function formatExternalMCPJSON() {
     try {
         const jsonStr = jsonTextarea.value.trim();
         if (!jsonStr) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = 'JSON不能为空';
+            errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.jsonEmpty') : 'JSON不能为空');
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
@@ -1379,7 +1379,7 @@ function formatExternalMCPJSON() {
         errorDiv.style.display = 'none';
         jsonTextarea.classList.remove('error');
     } catch (error) {
-        errorDiv.textContent = 'JSON格式错误: ' + error.message;
+        errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.jsonError') : 'JSON格式错误') + ': ' + error.message;
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
     }
@@ -1387,6 +1387,7 @@ function formatExternalMCPJSON() {
 
 // 加载示例
 function loadExternalMCPExample() {
+    const desc = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('externalMcpModal.exampleDescription') : '示例描述');
     const example = {
         "hexstrike-ai": {
             command: "python3",
@@ -1395,7 +1396,7 @@ function loadExternalMCPExample() {
                 "--server",
                 "http://example.com"
             ],
-            description: "示例描述",
+            description: desc,
             timeout: 300
         },
         "cyberstrike-ai-http": {
@@ -1420,7 +1421,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
     const errorDiv = document.getElementById('external-mcp-json-error');
     
     if (!jsonStr) {
-        errorDiv.textContent = 'JSON配置不能为空';
+        errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.jsonEmpty') : 'JSON不能为空');
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
         jsonTextarea.focus();
@@ -1431,16 +1432,17 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
     try {
         configObj = JSON.parse(jsonStr);
     } catch (error) {
-        errorDiv.textContent = 'JSON格式错误: ' + error.message;
+        errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.jsonError') : 'JSON格式错误') + ': ' + error.message;
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
         jsonTextarea.focus();
         return;
     }
     
+    const t = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t : function (k, opts) { return k; });
     // 验证必须是对象格式
     if (typeof configObj !== 'object' || Array.isArray(configObj) || configObj === null) {
-        errorDiv.textContent = '配置错误: 必须是JSON对象格式，key为配置名称，value为配置内容';
+        errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configMustBeObject');
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
         return;
@@ -1449,7 +1451,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
     // 获取所有配置名称
     const names = Object.keys(configObj);
     if (names.length === 0) {
-        errorDiv.textContent = '配置错误: 至少需要一个配置项';
+        errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configNeedOne');
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
         return;
@@ -1458,7 +1460,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
     // 验证每个配置
     for (const name of names) {
         if (!name || name.trim() === '') {
-            errorDiv.textContent = '配置错误: 配置名称不能为空';
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configNameEmpty');
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
@@ -1466,7 +1468,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
         
         const config = configObj[name];
         if (typeof config !== 'object' || Array.isArray(config) || config === null) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: "${name}" 的配置必须是对象`;
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configMustBeObj', { name: name });
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
@@ -1478,28 +1480,28 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
         // 验证配置内容
         const transport = config.transport || (config.command ? 'stdio' : config.url ? 'http' : '');
         if (!transport) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: "${name}" 需要指定command（stdio模式）或url（http/sse模式）`;
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configNeedCommand', { name: name });
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
         }
         
         if (transport === 'stdio' && !config.command) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: "${name}" stdio模式需要command字段`;
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configStdioNeedCommand', { name: name });
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
         }
         
         if (transport === 'http' && !config.url) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: "${name}" http模式需要url字段`;
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configHttpNeedUrl', { name: name });
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
         }
         
         if (transport === 'sse' && !config.url) {
-            errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: "${name}" sse模式需要url字段`;
+            errorDiv.textContent = t('mcp.configSseNeedUrl', { name: name });
             errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
             jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
             return;
@@ -1514,7 +1516,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
         // 如果是编辑模式，只更新当前编辑的配置
         if (currentEditingMCPName) {
             if (!configObj[currentEditingMCPName]) {
-                errorDiv.textContent = `配置错误: 编辑模式下，JSON必须包含配置名称 "${currentEditingMCPName}"`;
+                errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.configEditMustContainName', { name: currentEditingMCPName }) : '配置错误: 编辑模式下，JSON必须包含配置名称 "' + currentEditingMCPName + '"');
                 errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
                 jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
                 return;
@@ -1561,7 +1563,7 @@ async function saveExternalMCP() {
         alert(typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.saveSuccess') : '保存成功');
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('保存外部MCP失败:', error);
-        errorDiv.textContent = '保存失败: ' + error.message;
+        errorDiv.textContent = (typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t('mcp.operationFailed') : '保存失败') + ': ' + error.message;
         errorDiv.style.display = 'block';
         jsonTextarea.classList.add('error');
     }
diff --git a/web/static/js/skills.js b/web/static/js/skills.js
index 20581702..38b1db28 100644
--- a/web/static/js/skills.js
+++ b/web/static/js/skills.js
@@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
 // Skills管理相关功能
+function _t(key, opts) {
+    return typeof window.t === 'function' ? window.t(key, opts) : key;
+}
 let skillsList = [];
 let currentEditingSkillName = null;
 let isSavingSkill = false; // 防止重复提交
@@ -65,7 +68,7 @@ async function loadSkills(page = 1, pageSize = null) {
         
         const response = await apiFetch(url);
         if (!response.ok) {
-            throw new Error('获取skills列表失败');
+            throw new Error(_t('skills.loadListFailed'));
         }
         const data = await response.json();
         skillsList = data.skills || [];
@@ -76,10 +79,10 @@ async function loadSkills(page = 1, pageSize = null) {
         updateSkillsManagementStats();
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('加载skills列表失败:', error);
-        showNotification('加载skills列表失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.loadListFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
         const skillsListEl = document.getElementById('skills-list');
         if (skillsListEl) {
-            skillsListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="empty-state">加载失败: ' + error.message + '</div>';
+            skillsListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="empty-state">' + _t('skills.loadFailedShort') + ': ' + escapeHtml(error.message) + '</div>';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -94,7 +97,7 @@ function renderSkillsList() {
 
     if (filteredSkills.length === 0) {
         skillsListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="empty-state">' + 
-            (skillsSearchKeyword ? '没有找到匹配的skills' : '暂无skills，点击"创建Skill"创建第一个skill') + 
+            (skillsSearchKeyword ? _t('skills.noMatch') : _t('skills.noSkills')) + 
             '</div>';
         // 搜索时隐藏分页
         const paginationContainer = document.getElementById('skills-pagination');
@@ -109,12 +112,12 @@ function renderSkillsList() {
             <div class="skill-card">
                 <div class="skill-card-header">
                     <h3 class="skill-card-title">${escapeHtml(skill.name || '')}</h3>
-                    <div class="skill-card-description">${escapeHtml(skill.description || '无描述')}</div>
+                    <div class="skill-card-description">${escapeHtml(skill.description || _t('skills.noDescription'))}</div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="skill-card-actions">
-                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="viewSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">查看</button>
-                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="editSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">编辑</button>
-                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small btn-danger" onclick="deleteSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">删除</button>
+                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="viewSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">${_t('common.view')}</button>
+                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" onclick="editSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">${_t('common.edit')}</button>
+                    <button class="btn-secondary btn-small btn-danger" onclick="deleteSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}')">${_t('common.delete')}</button>
                 </div>
             </div>
         `;
@@ -154,12 +157,19 @@ function renderSkillsPagination() {
     
     let paginationHTML = '<div class="pagination">';
     
+    const paginationShowText = _t('skillsPage.paginationShow', { start, end, total });
+    const perPageLabelText = _t('skillsPage.perPageLabel');
+    const firstPageText = _t('skillsPage.firstPage');
+    const prevPageText = _t('skillsPage.prevPage');
+    const pageOfText = _t('skillsPage.pageOf', { current: currentPage, total: totalPages || 1 });
+    const nextPageText = _t('skillsPage.nextPage');
+    const lastPageText = _t('skillsPage.lastPage');
     // 左侧：显示范围信息和每页数量选择器（参考MCP样式）
     paginationHTML += `
         <div class="pagination-info">
-            <span>显示 ${start}-${end} / 共 ${total} 条</span>
+            <span>${escapeHtml(paginationShowText)}</span>
             <label class="pagination-page-size">
-                每页显示
+                ${escapeHtml(perPageLabelText)}
                 <select id="skills-page-size-pagination" onchange="changeSkillsPageSize()">
                     <option value="10" ${pageSize === 10 ? 'selected' : ''}>10</option>
                     <option value="20" ${pageSize === 20 ? 'selected' : ''}>20</option>
@@ -173,11 +183,11 @@ function renderSkillsPagination() {
     // 右侧：分页按钮（参考MCP样式：首页、上一页、第X/Y页、下一页、末页）
     paginationHTML += `
         <div class="pagination-controls">
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(1, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage === 1 || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>首页</button>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${currentPage - 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage === 1 || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>上一页</button>
-            <span class="pagination-page">第 ${currentPage} / ${totalPages || 1} 页</span>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${currentPage + 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage >= totalPages || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>下一页</button>
-            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${totalPages || 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage >= totalPages || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>末页</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(1, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage === 1 || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${escapeHtml(firstPageText)}</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${currentPage - 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage === 1 || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${escapeHtml(prevPageText)}</button>
+            <span class="pagination-page">${escapeHtml(pageOfText)}</span>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${currentPage + 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage >= totalPages || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${escapeHtml(nextPageText)}</button>
+            <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadSkills(${totalPages || 1}, ${pageSize})" ${currentPage >= totalPages || total === 0 ? 'disabled' : ''}>${escapeHtml(lastPageText)}</button>
         </div>
     `;
     
@@ -291,7 +301,7 @@ async function searchSkills() {
         try {
             const response = await apiFetch(`/api/skills?search=${encodeURIComponent(skillsSearchKeyword)}&limit=10000&offset=0`);
             if (!response.ok) {
-                throw new Error('获取skills列表失败');
+                throw new Error(_t('skills.loadListFailed'));
             }
             const data = await response.json();
             skillsList = data.skills || [];
@@ -306,7 +316,7 @@ async function searchSkills() {
             updateSkillsManagementStats();
         } catch (error) {
             console.error('搜索skills失败:', error);
-            showNotification('搜索失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+            showNotification(_t('skills.searchFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
         }
     } else {
         // 没有搜索关键词时，恢复分页加载
@@ -332,7 +342,7 @@ function clearSkillsSearch() {
 // 刷新skills
 async function refreshSkills() {
     await loadSkills(skillsPagination.currentPage, skillsPagination.pageSize);
-    showNotification('已刷新', 'success');
+    showNotification(_t('skills.refreshed'), 'success');
 }
 
 // 显示添加skill模态框
@@ -340,7 +350,7 @@ function showAddSkillModal() {
     const modal = document.getElementById('skill-modal');
     if (!modal) return;
 
-    document.getElementById('skill-modal-title').textContent = '添加Skill';
+    document.getElementById('skill-modal-title').textContent = _t('skills.addSkill');
     document.getElementById('skill-name').value = '';
     document.getElementById('skill-name').disabled = false;
     document.getElementById('skill-description').value = '';
@@ -354,7 +364,7 @@ async function editSkill(skillName) {
     try {
         const response = await apiFetch(`/api/skills/${encodeURIComponent(skillName)}`);
         if (!response.ok) {
-            throw new Error('获取skill详情失败');
+            throw new Error(_t('skills.loadDetailFailed'));
         }
         const data = await response.json();
         const skill = data.skill;
@@ -362,7 +372,7 @@ async function editSkill(skillName) {
         const modal = document.getElementById('skill-modal');
         if (!modal) return;
 
-        document.getElementById('skill-modal-title').textContent = '编辑Skill';
+        document.getElementById('skill-modal-title').textContent = _t('skills.editSkill');
         document.getElementById('skill-name').value = skill.name;
         document.getElementById('skill-name').disabled = true; // 编辑时不允许修改名称
         document.getElementById('skill-description').value = skill.description || '';
@@ -372,7 +382,7 @@ async function editSkill(skillName) {
         modal.style.display = 'flex';
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('加载skill详情失败:', error);
-        showNotification('加载skill详情失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.loadDetailFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
     }
 }
 
@@ -381,7 +391,7 @@ async function viewSkill(skillName) {
     try {
         const response = await apiFetch(`/api/skills/${encodeURIComponent(skillName)}`);
         if (!response.ok) {
-            throw new Error('获取skill详情失败');
+            throw new Error(_t('skills.loadDetailFailed'));
         }
         const data = await response.json();
         const skill = data.skill;
@@ -390,22 +400,29 @@ async function viewSkill(skillName) {
         const modal = document.createElement('div');
         modal.className = 'modal';
         modal.id = 'skill-view-modal';
+        const viewTitle = _t('skills.viewSkillTitle', { name: skill.name });
+        const descLabel = _t('skills.descriptionLabel');
+        const pathLabel = _t('skills.pathLabel');
+        const modTimeLabel = _t('skills.modTimeLabel');
+        const contentLabel = _t('skills.contentLabel');
+        const closeBtn = _t('common.close');
+        const editBtn = _t('common.edit');
         modal.innerHTML = `
             <div class="modal-content" style="max-width: 900px; max-height: 90vh;">
                 <div class="modal-header">
-                    <h2>查看Skill: ${escapeHtml(skill.name)}</h2>
+                    <h2>${escapeHtml(viewTitle)}</h2>
                     <span class="modal-close" onclick="closeSkillViewModal()">&times;</span>
                 </div>
                 <div class="modal-body" style="overflow-y: auto; max-height: calc(90vh - 120px);">
-                    ${skill.description ? `<div style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><strong>描述:</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.description)}</div>` : ''}
-                    <div style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>路径:</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.path || '')}</div>
-                    <div style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><strong>修改时间:</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.mod_time || '')}</div>
-                    <div style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>内容:</strong></div>
+                    ${skill.description ? `<div style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><strong>${escapeHtml(descLabel)}</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.description)}</div>` : ''}
+                    <div style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>${escapeHtml(pathLabel)}</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.path || '')}</div>
+                    <div style="margin-bottom: 16px;"><strong>${escapeHtml(modTimeLabel)}</strong> ${escapeHtml(skill.mod_time || '')}</div>
+                    <div style="margin-bottom: 8px;"><strong>${escapeHtml(contentLabel)}</strong></div>
                     <pre style="background: #f5f5f5; padding: 16px; border-radius: 4px; overflow-x: auto; white-space: pre-wrap; word-wrap: break-word;">${escapeHtml(skill.content || '')}</pre>
                 </div>
                 <div class="modal-footer">
-                    <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeSkillViewModal()">关闭</button>
-                    <button class="btn-primary" onclick="editSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}'); closeSkillViewModal();">编辑</button>
+                    <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeSkillViewModal()">${escapeHtml(closeBtn)}</button>
+                    <button class="btn-primary" onclick="editSkill('${escapeHtml(skill.name)}'); closeSkillViewModal();">${escapeHtml(editBtn)}</button>
                 </div>
             </div>
         `;
@@ -413,7 +430,7 @@ async function viewSkill(skillName) {
         modal.style.display = 'flex';
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('查看skill失败:', error);
-        showNotification('查看skill失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.viewFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
     }
 }
 
@@ -443,18 +460,18 @@ async function saveSkill() {
     const content = document.getElementById('skill-content').value.trim();
 
     if (!name) {
-        showNotification('skill名称不能为空', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.nameRequired'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
     if (!content) {
-        showNotification('skill内容不能为空', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.contentRequired'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
     // 验证skill名称
     if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9_-]+$/.test(name)) {
-        showNotification('skill名称只能包含字母、数字、连字符和下划线', 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.nameInvalid'), 'error');
         return;
     }
 
@@ -462,7 +479,7 @@ async function saveSkill() {
     const saveBtn = document.querySelector('#skill-modal .btn-primary');
     if (saveBtn) {
         saveBtn.disabled = true;
-        saveBtn.textContent = '保存中...';
+        saveBtn.textContent = _t('skills.saving');
     }
 
     try {
@@ -484,20 +501,20 @@ async function saveSkill() {
 
         if (!response.ok) {
             const error = await response.json();
-            throw new Error(error.error || '保存skill失败');
+            throw new Error(error.error || _t('skills.saveFailed'));
         }
 
-        showNotification(isEdit ? 'skill已更新' : 'skill已创建', 'success');
+        showNotification(isEdit ? _t('skills.saveSuccess') : _t('skills.createdSuccess'), 'success');
         closeSkillModal();
         await loadSkills(skillsPagination.currentPage, skillsPagination.pageSize);
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('保存skill失败:', error);
-        showNotification('保存skill失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.saveFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
     } finally {
         isSavingSkill = false;
         if (saveBtn) {
             saveBtn.disabled = false;
-            saveBtn.textContent = '保存';
+            saveBtn.textContent = _t('common.save');
         }
     }
 }
@@ -518,10 +535,10 @@ async function deleteSkill(skillName) {
     }
 
     // 构建确认消息
-    let confirmMessage = `确定要删除skill "${skillName}" 吗？此操作不可恢复。`;
+    let confirmMessage = _t('skills.deleteConfirm', { name: skillName });
     if (boundRoles.length > 0) {
         const rolesList = boundRoles.join('、');
-        confirmMessage = `确定要删除skill "${skillName}" 吗？\n\n⚠️ 该skill当前已被以下 ${boundRoles.length} 个角色绑定：\n${rolesList}\n\n删除后，系统将自动从这些角色中移除该skill的绑定。\n\n此操作不可恢复，是否继续？`;
+        confirmMessage = _t('skills.deleteConfirmWithRoles', { name: skillName, count: boundRoles.length, roles: rolesList });
     }
 
     if (!confirm(confirmMessage)) {
@@ -535,14 +552,14 @@ async function deleteSkill(skillName) {
 
         if (!response.ok) {
             const error = await response.json();
-            throw new Error(error.error || '删除skill失败');
+            throw new Error(error.error || _t('skills.deleteFailed'));
         }
 
         const data = await response.json();
-        let successMessage = 'skill已删除';
+        let successMessage = _t('skills.deleteSuccess');
         if (data.affected_roles && data.affected_roles.length > 0) {
             const rolesList = data.affected_roles.join('、');
-            successMessage = `skill已删除，已自动从 ${data.affected_roles.length} 个角色中移除绑定：${rolesList}`;
+            successMessage = _t('skills.deleteSuccessWithRoles', { count: data.affected_roles.length, roles: rolesList });
         }
         showNotification(successMessage, 'success');
         
@@ -554,7 +571,7 @@ async function deleteSkill(skillName) {
         await loadSkills(pageToLoad, skillsPagination.pageSize);
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('删除skill失败:', error);
-        showNotification('删除skill失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.deleteFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
     }
 }
 
@@ -565,7 +582,7 @@ async function loadSkillsMonitor() {
     try {
         const response = await apiFetch('/api/skills/stats');
         if (!response.ok) {
-            throw new Error('获取skills统计信息失败');
+            throw new Error(_t('skills.loadStatsFailed'));
         }
         const data = await response.json();
         
@@ -581,14 +598,14 @@ async function loadSkillsMonitor() {
         renderSkillsMonitor();
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('加载skills监控数据失败:', error);
-        showNotification('加载skills监控数据失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.loadStatsFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
         const statsEl = document.getElementById('skills-stats');
         if (statsEl) {
-            statsEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-error">无法加载统计信息：' + escapeHtml(error.message) + '</div>';
+            statsEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-error">' + _t('skills.loadStatsErrorShort') + ': ' + escapeHtml(error.message) + '</div>';
         }
         const monitorListEl = document.getElementById('skills-monitor-list');
         if (monitorListEl) {
-            monitorListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-error">无法加载调用统计：' + escapeHtml(error.message) + '</div>';
+            monitorListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-error">' + _t('skills.loadCallStatsError') + ': ' + escapeHtml(error.message) + '</div>';
         }
     }
 }
@@ -604,23 +621,23 @@ function renderSkillsMonitor() {
         
         statsEl.innerHTML = `
             <div class="monitor-stat-card">
-                <div class="monitor-stat-label">总Skills数</div>
+                <div class="monitor-stat-label">${_t('skills.totalSkillsCount')}</div>
                 <div class="monitor-stat-value">${skillsStats.total}</div>
             </div>
             <div class="monitor-stat-card">
-                <div class="monitor-stat-label">总调用次数</div>
+                <div class="monitor-stat-label">${_t('skills.totalCallsCount')}</div>
                 <div class="monitor-stat-value">${skillsStats.totalCalls}</div>
             </div>
             <div class="monitor-stat-card">
-                <div class="monitor-stat-label">成功调用</div>
+                <div class="monitor-stat-label">${_t('skills.successfulCalls')}</div>
                 <div class="monitor-stat-value" style="color: #28a745;">${skillsStats.totalSuccess}</div>
             </div>
             <div class="monitor-stat-card">
-                <div class="monitor-stat-label">失败调用</div>
+                <div class="monitor-stat-label">${_t('skills.failedCalls')}</div>
                 <div class="monitor-stat-value" style="color: #dc3545;">${skillsStats.totalFailed}</div>
             </div>
             <div class="monitor-stat-card">
-                <div class="monitor-stat-label">成功率</div>
+                <div class="monitor-stat-label">${_t('skills.successRate')}</div>
                 <div class="monitor-stat-value">${successRate}%</div>
             </div>
         `;
@@ -634,7 +651,7 @@ function renderSkillsMonitor() {
     
     // 如果没有统计数据，显示空状态
     if (stats.length === 0) {
-        monitorListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-empty">暂无Skills调用记录</div>';
+        monitorListEl.innerHTML = '<div class="monitor-empty">' + _t('skills.noCallRecords') + '</div>';
         return;
     }
 
@@ -652,12 +669,12 @@ function renderSkillsMonitor() {
         <table class="monitor-table">
             <thead>
                 <tr>
-                    <th style="text-align: left !important;">Skill名称</th>
-                    <th style="text-align: center;">总调用</th>
-                    <th style="text-align: center;">成功</th>
-                    <th style="text-align: center;">失败</th>
-                    <th style="text-align: center;">成功率</th>
-                    <th style="text-align: left;">最后调用时间</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: left !important;">${_t('skills.skillName')}</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: center;">${_t('skills.totalCalls')}</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: center;">${_t('skills.success')}</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: center;">${_t('skills.failure')}</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: center;">${_t('skills.successRate')}</th>
+                    <th style="text-align: left;">${_t('skills.lastCallTime')}</th>
                 </tr>
             </thead>
             <tbody>
@@ -687,12 +704,12 @@ function renderSkillsMonitor() {
 // 刷新skills监控
 async function refreshSkillsMonitor() {
     await loadSkillsMonitor();
-    showNotification('已刷新', 'success');
+    showNotification(_t('skills.refreshed'), 'success');
 }
 
 // 清空skills统计数据
 async function clearSkillsStats() {
-    if (!confirm('确定要清空所有Skills统计数据吗？此操作不可恢复。')) {
+    if (!confirm(_t('skills.clearStatsConfirm'))) {
         return;
     }
 
@@ -703,15 +720,15 @@ async function clearSkillsStats() {
 
         if (!response.ok) {
             const error = await response.json();
-            throw new Error(error.error || '清空统计数据失败');
+            throw new Error(error.error || _t('skills.clearStatsFailed'));
         }
 
-        showNotification('已清空所有Skills统计数据', 'success');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.statsCleared'), 'success');
         // 重新加载统计数据
         await loadSkillsMonitor();
     } catch (error) {
         console.error('清空统计数据失败:', error);
-        showNotification('清空统计数据失败: ' + error.message, 'error');
+        showNotification(_t('skills.clearStatsFailed') + ': ' + error.message, 'error');
     }
 }
 
@@ -722,3 +739,14 @@ function escapeHtml(text) {
     div.textContent = text;
     return div.innerHTML;
 }
+
+// 语言切换时重新渲染当前页（技能列表与分页使用 _t，需随语言更新）
+document.addEventListener('languagechange', function () {
+    const page = document.getElementById('page-skills-management');
+    if (page && page.classList.contains('active')) {
+        renderSkillsList();
+        if (!skillsSearchKeyword) {
+            renderSkillsPagination();
+        }
+    }
+});
diff --git a/web/templates/index.html b/web/templates/index.html
index cb15cc00..ab244321 100644
--- a/web/templates/index.html
+++ b/web/templates/index.html
@@ -774,18 +774,18 @@
                                     <label for="fofa-query" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.fofaQuerySyntax">FOFA 查询语法</label>
                                     <textarea id="fofa-query" class="info-collect-query-input" rows="1" data-i18n="infoCollect.queryPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder='例如：app="Apache" && country="CN"'></textarea>
                                     <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.formHint">查询语法参考 FOFA 文档，支持 && / || / () 等。</small>
-                                    <div class="info-collect-presets" aria-label="FOFA 查询示例">
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('app=&quot;Apache&quot; &amp;&amp; country=&quot;CN&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetApache" data-i18n-attr="title" title="填入示例">Apache + 中国</button>
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('title=&quot;登录&quot; &amp;&amp; country=&quot;CN&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetLogin" data-i18n-attr="title" title="填入示例">登录页 + 中国</button>
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('domain=&quot;example.com&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetDomain" data-i18n-attr="title" title="填入示例">指定域名</button>
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('ip=&quot;1.1.1.1&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetIp" data-i18n-attr="title" title="填入示例">指定 IP</button>
+                                    <div class="info-collect-presets" aria-label="FOFA 查询示例" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.queryPresetsAria" data-i18n-attr="aria-label" data-i18n-skip-text="true">
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('app=&quot;Apache&quot; &amp;&amp; country=&quot;CN&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetApache" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.fillExample" title="填入示例">Apache + 中国</button>
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('title=&quot;登录&quot; &amp;&amp; country=&quot;CN&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetLogin" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.fillExample" title="填入示例">登录页 + 中国</button>
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('domain=&quot;example.com&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetDomain" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.fillExample" title="填入示例">指定域名</button>
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaQueryPreset('ip=&quot;1.1.1.1&quot;')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.presetIp" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.fillExample" title="填入示例">指定 IP</button>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
                                 <div class="form-group">
                                     <label for="fofa-nl" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.naturalLanguage">自然语言（AI 解析为 FOFA 语法）</label>
                                     <div class="info-collect-nl-row">
                                         <textarea id="fofa-nl" class="info-collect-query-input" rows="1" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.nlPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="例如：找美国 Missouri 的 Apache 站点，标题包含 Home"></textarea>
-                                        <button id="fofa-nl-parse-btn" class="btn-secondary" type="button" onclick="parseFofaNaturalLanguage()" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.parseBtn" data-i18n-attr="title" title="将自然语言解析为 FOFA 查询语法">AI 解析</button>
+                                        <button id="fofa-nl-parse-btn" class="btn-secondary" type="button" onclick="parseFofaNaturalLanguage()" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.parseBtn" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.parseBtnTitle" title="将自然语言解析为 FOFA 查询语法">AI 解析</button>
                                     </div>
                                     <div id="fofa-nl-status" class="fofa-nl-status muted" style="display: none;" aria-live="polite"></div>
                                     <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.parseHint">解析后会弹窗展示 FOFA 语法（可编辑），确认无误后再填入查询框并执行查询。</small>
@@ -803,17 +803,17 @@
                                         <label class="checkbox-label" style="margin-top: 24px;">
                                             <input type="checkbox" id="fofa-full" class="modern-checkbox" />
                                             <span class="checkbox-custom"></span>
-                                            <span class="checkbox-text">full</span>
+                                            <span class="checkbox-text" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.fullLabel">full</span>
                                         </label>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
                                 <div class="form-group">
                                     <label for="fofa-fields" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.returnFields">返回字段名（逗号分隔）</label>
                                     <input type="text" id="fofa-fields" value="host,ip,port,domain,title,protocol,country,province,city,server" />
-                                    <div class="info-collect-presets" aria-label="FOFA 字段模板">
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,ip,port,domain')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.minFields" data-i18n-attr="title" title="适合快速导出目标">最小字段</button>
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,title,ip,port,domain,protocol,server,icp,country,province,city')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.webCommon" data-i18n-attr="title" title="适合浏览和筛选">Web 常用</button>
-                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,ip,port,domain,title,protocol,country,province,city,server,as_number,as_organization,icp,header,banner')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.intelEnhanced" data-i18n-attr="title" title="更偏指纹/情报">情报增强</button>
+                                    <div class="info-collect-presets" aria-label="FOFA 字段模板" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.fieldsPresetsAria" data-i18n-attr="aria-label" data-i18n-skip-text="true">
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,ip,port,domain')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.minFields" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.minFieldsTitle" title="适合快速导出目标">最小字段</button>
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,title,ip,port,domain,protocol,server,icp,country,province,city')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.webCommon" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.webCommonTitle" title="适合浏览和筛选">Web 常用</button>
+                                        <button class="preset-chip" type="button" onclick="applyFofaFieldsPreset('host,ip,port,domain,title,protocol,country,province,city,server,as_number,as_organization,icp,header,banner')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.intelEnhanced" data-i18n-attr="title" data-i18n-title="infoCollectPage.intelEnhancedTitle" title="更偏指纹/情报">情报增强</button>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
@@ -825,7 +825,7 @@
                                     <div class="info-collect-results-title" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.queryResults">查询结果</div>
                                     <div class="info-collect-results-meta" id="fofa-results-meta">-</div>
                                 </div>
-                                <div class="info-collect-results-toolbar" aria-label="结果工具条">
+                                <div class="info-collect-results-toolbar" aria-label="结果工具条" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.resultsToolbarAria" data-i18n-attr="aria-label" data-i18n-skip-text="true">
                                     <div class="info-collect-selected" id="fofa-selected-meta" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.selectedRowsZero">已选择 0 条</div>
                                     <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" type="button" onclick="toggleFofaColumnsPanel()" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.showHideColumns" data-i18n-attr="title" title="显示/隐藏字段"><span data-i18n="infoCollectPage.columns">列</span></button>
                                     <button class="btn-secondary btn-small" type="button" onclick="exportFofaResults('csv')" data-i18n="infoCollectPage.exportCsvTitle" data-i18n-attr="title" title="导出当前结果为 CSV（UTF-8，兼容中文）"><span data-i18n="infoCollectPage.exportCsv">导出 CSV</span></button>
@@ -1281,24 +1281,24 @@
                                             </label>
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-wecom-token">Token</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-token" placeholder="Token" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-wecom-token" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.token">Token</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-token" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.tokenPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="Token" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-wecom-encoding-aes-key">EncodingAESKey</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-encoding-aes-key" placeholder="EncodingAESKey（明文模式可留空）" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-wecom-encoding-aes-key" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.encodingAesKey">EncodingAESKey</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-encoding-aes-key" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.encodingAesKeyPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="EncodingAESKey（明文模式可留空）" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-wecom-corp-id">CorpID</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-corp-id" placeholder="企业 ID" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-wecom-corp-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.corpId">CorpID</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-wecom-corp-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.corpIdPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="企业 ID" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-wecom-secret">Secret</label>
-                                            <input type="password" id="robot-wecom-secret" placeholder="应用 Secret" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-wecom-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.secret">Secret</label>
+                                            <input type="password" id="robot-wecom-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.secretPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="应用 Secret" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-wecom-agent-id">AgentID</label>
-                                            <input type="number" id="robot-wecom-agent-id" placeholder="应用 AgentId" />
+                                            <label for="robot-wecom-agent-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.agentId">AgentID</label>
+                                            <input type="number" id="robot-wecom-agent-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.wecom.agentIdPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="应用 AgentId" />
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
@@ -1315,13 +1315,13 @@
                                             </label>
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-dingtalk-client-id">Client ID (AppKey)</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-dingtalk-client-id" placeholder="钉钉应用 AppKey" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-dingtalk-client-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.dingtalk.clientIdLabel">Client ID (AppKey)</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-dingtalk-client-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.dingtalk.clientIdPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="钉钉应用 AppKey" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-dingtalk-client-secret">Client Secret</label>
-                                            <input type="password" id="robot-dingtalk-client-secret" placeholder="钉钉应用 Secret" autocomplete="off" />
-                                            <small class="form-hint">需开启机器人能力并配置流式接入</small>
+                                            <label for="robot-dingtalk-client-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.dingtalk.clientSecretLabel">Client Secret</label>
+                                            <input type="password" id="robot-dingtalk-client-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.dingtalk.clientSecretPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="钉钉应用 Secret" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="settings.robots.dingtalk.streamHint">需开启机器人能力并配置流式接入</small>
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
@@ -1338,41 +1338,41 @@
                                             </label>
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-lark-app-id">App ID</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-lark-app-id" placeholder="飞书应用 App ID" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-lark-app-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.appIdLabel">App ID</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-lark-app-id" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.appIdPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="飞书应用 App ID" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-lark-app-secret">App Secret</label>
-                                            <input type="password" id="robot-lark-app-secret" placeholder="飞书应用 App Secret" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-lark-app-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.appSecretLabel">App Secret</label>
+                                            <input type="password" id="robot-lark-app-secret" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.appSecretPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="飞书应用 App Secret" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                         <div class="form-group">
-                                            <label for="robot-lark-verify-token">Verify Token（可选）</label>
-                                            <input type="text" id="robot-lark-verify-token" placeholder="事件订阅 Verification Token" autocomplete="off" />
+                                            <label for="robot-lark-verify-token" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.verifyTokenLabel">Verify Token（可选）</label>
+                                            <input type="text" id="robot-lark-verify-token" data-i18n="settings.robots.lark.verifyTokenPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="事件订阅 Verification Token" autocomplete="off" />
                                         </div>
                                     </div>
                                 </div>
 
                                 <div class="settings-subsection">
-                                    <h4>机器人命令说明</h4>
-                                    <p class="settings-description">在对话中可发送以下命令（支持中英文）：</p>
+                                    <h4 data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCommandsTitle">机器人命令说明</h4>
+                                    <p class="settings-description" data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCommandsDesc">在对话中可发送以下命令（支持中英文）：</p>
                                     <ul style="color: var(--text-muted); font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.8; margin: 8px 0 0 16px;">
-                                        <li><code>帮助</code> <code>help</code> — 显示本帮助 | Show this help</li>
-                                        <li><code>列表</code> <code>list</code> — 列出所有对话标题与 ID | List conversations</li>
-                                        <li><code>切换 &lt;ID&gt;</code> <code>switch &lt;ID&gt;</code> — 指定对话继续 | Switch to conversation</li>
-                                        <li><code>新对话</code> <code>new</code> — 开启新对话 | Start new conversation</li>
-                                        <li><code>清空</code> <code>clear</code> — 清空当前上下文 | Clear context</li>
-                                        <li><code>当前</code> <code>current</code> — 显示当前对话 ID 与标题 | Show current conversation</li>
-                                        <li><code>停止</code> <code>stop</code> — 中断当前任务 | Stop running task</li>
-                                        <li><code>角色</code> <code>roles</code> — 列出所有可用角色 | List roles</li>
-                                        <li><code>角色 &lt;名&gt;</code> <code>role &lt;name&gt;</code> — 切换当前角色 | Switch role</li>
-                                        <li><code>删除 &lt;ID&gt;</code> <code>delete &lt;ID&gt;</code> — 删除指定对话 | Delete conversation</li>
-                                        <li><code>版本</code> <code>version</code> — 显示当前版本号 | Show version</li>
+                                        <li><code>帮助</code> <code>help</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdHelp">显示本帮助 | Show this help</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>列表</code> <code>list</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdList">列出所有对话标题与 ID | List conversations</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>切换 &lt;ID&gt;</code> <code>switch &lt;ID&gt;</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdSwitch">指定对话继续 | Switch to conversation</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>新对话</code> <code>new</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdNew">开启新对话 | Start new conversation</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>清空</code> <code>clear</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdClear">清空当前上下文 | Clear context</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>当前</code> <code>current</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdCurrent">显示当前对话 ID 与标题 | Show current conversation</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>停止</code> <code>stop</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdStop">中断当前任务 | Stop running task</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>角色</code> <code>roles</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdRoles">列出所有可用角色 | List roles</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>角色 &lt;名&gt;</code> <code>role &lt;name&gt;</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdRole">切换当前角色 | Switch role</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>删除 &lt;ID&gt;</code> <code>delete &lt;ID&gt;</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdDelete">删除指定对话 | Delete conversation</span></li>
+                                        <li><code>版本</code> <code>version</code> — <span data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCmdVersion">显示当前版本号 | Show version</span></li>
                                     </ul>
-                                    <p class="settings-description" style="margin-top: 8px;">除以上命令外，直接输入内容将发送给 AI 进行渗透测试/安全分析。Otherwise, send any text for AI penetration testing / security analysis.</p>
+                                    <p class="settings-description" style="margin-top: 8px;" data-i18n="settingsRobotsExtra.botCommandsFooter">除以上命令外，直接输入内容将发送给 AI 进行渗透测试/安全分析。Otherwise, send any text for AI penetration testing / security analysis.</p>
                                 </div>
 
                                 <div class="settings-actions">
-                                    <button class="btn-primary" onclick="applySettings()">应用配置</button>
+                                    <button class="btn-primary" onclick="applySettings()" data-i18n="settings.apply.button">应用配置</button>
                                 </div>
                             </div>
 
@@ -1507,18 +1507,18 @@
     <div id="external-mcp-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content" style="max-width: 900px;">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 id="external-mcp-modal-title">添加外部MCP</h2>
+                <h2 id="external-mcp-modal-title" data-i18n="mcp.addExternalMCP">添加外部MCP</h2>
                 <span class="modal-close" onclick="closeExternalMCPModal()">&times;</span>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="external-mcp-json">配置JSON <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
-                    <textarea id="external-mcp-json" rows="15" placeholder='{\n  "hexstrike-ai": {\n    "command": "python3",\n    "args": ["/path/to/script.py"],\n    "description": "描述",\n    "timeout": 300\n  }\n}' style="font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5;"></textarea>
+                    <label for="external-mcp-json"><span data-i18n="externalMcpModal.configJson">配置JSON</span> <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
+                    <textarea id="external-mcp-json" rows="15" data-i18n="externalMcpModal.placeholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" style="font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5;"></textarea>
                     <div class="password-hint">
-                        <strong>配置格式：</strong>JSON对象，key为配置名称，value为配置内容。状态通过"启动/停止"按钮控制，无需在JSON中配置。<br>
-                        <strong>配置示例：</strong><br>
-                        <strong>stdio模式：</strong><br>
-                        <code style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
+                        <strong data-i18n="externalMcpModal.formatLabel">配置格式：</strong><span data-i18n="externalMcpModal.formatDesc">JSON对象，key为配置名称，value为配置内容。状态通过"启动/停止"按钮控制，无需在JSON中配置。</span><br>
+                        <strong data-i18n="externalMcpModal.configExample">配置示例：</strong><br>
+                        <strong data-i18n="externalMcpModal.stdioMode">stdio模式：</strong><br>
+                        <code data-i18n="externalMcpModal.exampleStdio" style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
   "hexstrike-ai": {
     "command": "python3",
     "args": ["/path/to/script.py", "--server", "http://example.com"],
@@ -1526,15 +1526,15 @@
     "timeout": 300
   }
 }</code>
-                        <strong>HTTP模式：</strong><br>
-                        <code style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
+                        <strong data-i18n="externalMcpModal.httpMode">HTTP模式：</strong><br>
+                        <code data-i18n="externalMcpModal.exampleHttp" style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
   "cyberstrike-ai-http": {
     "transport": "http",
     "url": "http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp"
   }
 }</code>
-                        <strong>SSE模式：</strong><br>
-                        <code style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
+                        <strong data-i18n="externalMcpModal.sseMode">SSE模式：</strong><br>
+                        <code data-i18n="externalMcpModal.exampleSse" style="display: block; margin: 8px 0; padding: 8px; background: var(--bg-secondary); border-radius: 4px; white-space: pre-wrap;">{
   "cyberstrike-ai-sse": {
     "transport": "sse",
     "url": "http://127.0.0.1:8081/mcp/sse"
@@ -1544,13 +1544,13 @@
                     <div id="external-mcp-json-error" class="error-message" style="display: none; margin-top: 8px; padding: 8px; background: rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.1); border: 1px solid rgba(220, 53, 69, 0.3); border-radius: 4px; color: var(--error-color); font-size: 0.875rem;"></div>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="formatExternalMCPJSON()" style="margin-top: 8px;">格式化JSON</button>
-                    <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadExternalMCPExample()" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-left: 8px;">加载示例</button>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="formatExternalMCPJSON()" style="margin-top: 8px;" data-i18n="externalMcpModal.formatJson">格式化JSON</button>
+                    <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="loadExternalMCPExample()" style="margin-top: 8px; margin-left: 8px;" data-i18n="externalMcpModal.loadExample">加载示例</button>
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-footer">
-                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeExternalMCPModal()">取消</button>
-                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveExternalMCP()">保存</button>
+                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeExternalMCPModal()" data-i18n="common.cancel">取消</button>
+                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveExternalMCP()" data-i18n="common.save">保存</button>
             </div>
         </div>
     </div>
@@ -1687,23 +1687,23 @@
     <div id="skill-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content" style="max-width: 900px;">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 id="skill-modal-title">添加Skill</h2>
+                <h2 id="skill-modal-title" data-i18n="skillModal.addSkill">添加Skill</h2>
                 <span class="modal-close" onclick="closeSkillModal()">&times;</span>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="skill-name">Skill名称 <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
-                    <input type="text" id="skill-name" placeholder="例如: sql-injection-testing" required />
-                    <small class="form-hint">只能包含字母、数字、连字符和下划线</small>
+                    <label for="skill-name"><span data-i18n="skillModal.skillName">Skill名称</span> <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
+                    <input type="text" id="skill-name" data-i18n="skillModal.skillNamePlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="例如: sql-injection-testing" required />
+                    <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="skillModal.skillNameHint">只能包含字母、数字、连字符和下划线</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="skill-description">描述</label>
-                    <input type="text" id="skill-description" placeholder="Skill的简短描述" />
+                    <label for="skill-description" data-i18n="skillModal.description">描述</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="skill-description" data-i18n="skillModal.descriptionPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="Skill的简短描述" />
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="skill-content">内容（Markdown格式） <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
-                    <textarea id="skill-content" rows="20" placeholder="输入skill内容，支持Markdown格式..." style="font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5;" required></textarea>
-                    <small class="form-hint">支持YAML front matter格式（可选），例如：<br>
+                    <label for="skill-content"><span data-i18n="skillModal.contentLabel">内容（Markdown格式）</span> <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
+                    <textarea id="skill-content" rows="20" data-i18n="skillModal.contentPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="输入skill内容，支持Markdown格式..." style="font-family: 'Monaco', 'Menlo', 'Ubuntu Mono', monospace; font-size: 0.875rem; line-height: 1.5;" required></textarea>
+                    <small class="form-hint"><span data-i18n="skillModal.contentHint">支持YAML front matter格式（可选），例如：</span><br>
 ---<br>
 name: skill-name<br>
 description: Skill描述<br>
@@ -1714,8 +1714,8 @@ version: 1.0.0<br>
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-footer">
-                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeSkillModal()">取消</button>
-                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveSkill()">保存</button>
+                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeSkillModal()" data-i18n="common.cancel">取消</button>
+                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveSkill()" data-i18n="common.save">保存</button>
             </div>
         </div>
     </div>
@@ -2094,7 +2094,7 @@ version: 1.0.0<br>
     <div id="role-select-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content role-select-modal-content">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2>选择角色</h2>
+                <h2 data-i18n="chatGroup.rolePanelTitle">选择角色</h2>
                 <span class="modal-close" onclick="closeRoleSelectModal()">&times;</span>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body role-select-body">
@@ -2107,49 +2107,49 @@ version: 1.0.0<br>
     <div id="role-modal" class="modal">
         <div class="modal-content" style="max-width: 900px;">
             <div class="modal-header">
-                <h2 id="role-modal-title">添加角色</h2>
+                <h2 id="role-modal-title" data-i18n="roleModal.addRole">添加角色</h2>
                 <span class="modal-close" onclick="closeRoleModal()">&times;</span>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-body">
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="role-name">角色名称 <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
-                    <input type="text" id="role-name" placeholder="输入角色名称" required />
+                    <label for="role-name"><span data-i18n="roleModal.roleName">角色名称</span> <span style="color: red;">*</span></label>
+                    <input type="text" id="role-name" data-i18n="roleModal.roleNamePlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="输入角色名称" required />
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="role-description">角色描述</label>
-                    <input type="text" id="role-description" placeholder="输入角色描述" />
+                    <label for="role-description" data-i18n="roleModal.roleDescription">角色描述</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="role-description" data-i18n="roleModal.roleDescriptionPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="输入角色描述" />
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="role-icon">角色图标</label>
-                    <input type="text" id="role-icon" placeholder="输入emoji图标，例如: 🏆" maxlength="10" />
-                    <small class="form-hint">输入一个emoji作为角色的图标，将显示在角色选择器中。</small>
+                    <label for="role-icon" data-i18n="roleModal.roleIcon">角色图标</label>
+                    <input type="text" id="role-icon" data-i18n="roleModal.roleIconPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="输入emoji图标，例如: 🏆" maxlength="10" />
+                    <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="roleModal.roleIconHint">输入一个emoji作为角色的图标，将显示在角色选择器中。</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
-                    <label for="role-user-prompt">用户提示词</label>
-                    <textarea id="role-user-prompt" rows="10" placeholder="输入用户提示词，会在用户消息前追加此提示词..."></textarea>
-                    <small class="form-hint">此提示词会追加到用户消息前，用于指导AI的行为。注意：这不会修改系统提示词。</small>
+                    <label for="role-user-prompt" data-i18n="roleModal.userPrompt">用户提示词</label>
+                    <textarea id="role-user-prompt" rows="10" data-i18n="roleModal.userPromptPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="输入用户提示词，会在用户消息前追加此提示词..."></textarea>
+                    <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="roleModal.userPromptHint">此提示词会追加到用户消息前，用于指导AI的行为。注意：这不会修改系统提示词。</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group" id="role-tools-section">
-                    <label>关联的工具（可选）</label>
+                    <label data-i18n="roleModal.relatedTools">关联的工具（可选）</label>
                     <div id="role-tools-default-hint" class="role-tools-default-hint" style="display: none;">
                         <div class="role-tools-default-info">
                             <span class="role-tools-default-icon">ℹ️</span>
                             <div class="role-tools-default-content">
-                                <div class="role-tools-default-title">默认角色使用所有工具</div>
-                                <div class="role-tools-default-desc">默认角色会自动使用MCP管理中启用的所有工具，无需单独配置。</div>
+                                <div class="role-tools-default-title" data-i18n="roleModal.defaultRoleToolsTitle">默认角色使用所有工具</div>
+                                <div class="role-tools-default-desc" data-i18n="roleModal.defaultRoleToolsDesc">默认角色会自动使用MCP管理中启用的所有工具，无需单独配置。</div>
                             </div>
                         </div>
                     </div>
                     <div class="role-tools-controls">
                         <div class="role-tools-actions">
-                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="selectAllRoleTools()">全选</button>
-                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="deselectAllRoleTools()">全不选</button>
+                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="selectAllRoleTools()" data-i18n="roleModal.selectAll">全选</button>
+                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="deselectAllRoleTools()" data-i18n="roleModal.deselectAll">全不选</button>
                             <div class="role-tools-search-box">
-                                <input type="text" id="role-tools-search" placeholder="搜索工具..." 
+                                <input type="text" id="role-tools-search" data-i18n="roleModal.searchToolsPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="搜索工具..." 
                                        oninput="searchRoleTools(this.value)" 
                                        onkeypress="if(event.key === 'Enter') searchRoleTools(this.value)" />
                                 <button class="role-tools-search-clear" id="role-tools-search-clear" 
-                                        onclick="clearRoleToolsSearch()" style="display: none;" title="清除搜索">
+                                        onclick="clearRoleToolsSearch()" style="display: none;" data-i18n="common.clearSearch" data-i18n-attr="title" title="清除搜索">
                                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                         <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
                                         <path d="M15 9l-6 6M9 9l6 6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
@@ -2160,22 +2160,22 @@ version: 1.0.0<br>
                         <div id="role-tools-stats" class="role-tools-stats"></div>
                     </div>
                     <div id="role-tools-list" class="role-tools-list">
-                        <div class="tools-loading">正在加载工具列表...</div>
+                        <div class="tools-loading" data-i18n="roleModal.loadingTools">正在加载工具列表...</div>
                     </div>
-                    <small class="form-hint">勾选要关联的工具，留空则使用MCP管理中的全部工具配置。</small>
+                    <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="roleModal.relatedToolsHint">勾选要关联的工具，留空则使用MCP管理中的全部工具配置。</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group" id="role-skills-section">
-                    <label>关联的Skills（可选）</label>
+                    <label data-i18n="roleModal.relatedSkills">关联的Skills（可选）</label>
                     <div class="role-skills-controls">
                         <div class="role-skills-actions">
-                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="selectAllRoleSkills()">全选</button>
-                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="deselectAllRoleSkills()">全不选</button>
+                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="selectAllRoleSkills()" data-i18n="roleModal.selectAll">全选</button>
+                            <button type="button" class="btn-secondary" onclick="deselectAllRoleSkills()" data-i18n="roleModal.deselectAll">全不选</button>
                             <div class="role-skills-search-box">
-                                <input type="text" id="role-skills-search" placeholder="搜索skill..." 
+                                <input type="text" id="role-skills-search" data-i18n="roleModal.searchSkillsPlaceholder" data-i18n-attr="placeholder" placeholder="搜索skill..." 
                                        oninput="searchRoleSkills(this.value)" 
                                        onkeypress="if(event.key === 'Enter') searchRoleSkills(this.value)" />
                                 <button class="role-skills-search-clear" id="role-skills-search-clear" 
-                                        onclick="clearRoleSkillsSearch()" style="display: none;" title="清除搜索">
+                                        onclick="clearRoleSkillsSearch()" style="display: none;" data-i18n="common.clearSearch" data-i18n-attr="title" title="清除搜索">
                                     <svg width="14" height="14" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
                                         <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="10" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/>
                                         <path d="M15 9l-6 6M9 9l6 6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round"/>
@@ -2186,21 +2186,21 @@ version: 1.0.0<br>
                         <div id="role-skills-stats" class="role-skills-stats"></div>
                     </div>
                     <div id="role-skills-list" class="role-skills-list">
-                        <div class="skills-loading">正在加载skills列表...</div>
+                        <div class="skills-loading" data-i18n="roleModal.loadingSkills">正在加载skills列表...</div>
                     </div>
-                    <small class="form-hint">勾选要关联的skills，这些skills的内容会在执行任务前注入到系统提示词中，帮助AI更好地理解相关专业知识。</small>
+                    <small class="form-hint" data-i18n="roleModal.relatedSkillsHint">勾选要关联的skills，这些skills的内容会在执行任务前注入到系统提示词中，帮助AI更好地理解相关专业知识。</small>
                 </div>
                 <div class="form-group">
                     <label class="checkbox-label">
                         <input type="checkbox" id="role-enabled" class="modern-checkbox" checked />
                         <span class="checkbox-custom"></span>
-                        <span class="checkbox-text">启用此角色</span>
+                        <span class="checkbox-text" data-i18n="roleModal.enableRole">启用此角色</span>
                     </label>
                 </div>
             </div>
             <div class="modal-footer">
-                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeRoleModal()">取消</button>
-                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveRole()">保存</button>
+                <button class="btn-secondary" onclick="closeRoleModal()" data-i18n="common.cancel">取消</button>
+                <button class="btn-primary" onclick="saveRole()" data-i18n="common.save">保存</button>
             </div>
         </div>
     </div>