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Course update: lessons, CTF 0x0011a_cb, and documentation
- 0x0011a_cb (Operation Dark Vector): nation-state CTF redesign with an AES-128-ECB sealed target and a plaintext launch origin; RP2350 firmware with bearing-driven servo, tri-color LEDs, GSV stats, and a realistic no-fix path - docs: story-driven classified brief, GDB and Ghidra tutorials with deep step-throughs, regenerated artifacts and PDFs - scripts: docstring standard, AES per-student randomizer, telemetry monitor - week 3 to week 5 lessons: Ghidra patching tutorial, CMSIS-SVD hardware RE, double floating-point and GPIO architecture chapters, README structure
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// MIT License
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//
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// Copyright (c) 2026 Kevin Thomas
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//
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// File: aes.c
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// Desc: Minimal AES-128-ECB block decryption for the CTF waypoint.
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// Created: 2026
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#include "aes.h"
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#include <string.h>
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#include <stdint.h>
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static const uint8_t sbox[256] = {
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0x63, 0x7C, 0x77, 0x7B, 0xF2, 0x6B, 0x6F, 0xC5, 0x30, 0x01, 0x67, 0x2B, 0xFE, 0xD7, 0xAB, 0x76,
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0xCA, 0x82, 0xC9, 0x7D, 0xFA, 0x59, 0x47, 0xF0, 0xAD, 0xD4, 0xA2, 0xAF, 0x9C, 0xA4, 0x72, 0xC0,
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0xB7, 0xFD, 0x93, 0x26, 0x36, 0x3F, 0xF7, 0xCC, 0x34, 0xA5, 0xE5, 0xF1, 0x71, 0xD8, 0x31, 0x15,
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0x04, 0xC7, 0x23, 0xC3, 0x18, 0x96, 0x05, 0x9A, 0x07, 0x12, 0x80, 0xE2, 0xEB, 0x27, 0xB2, 0x75,
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0x09, 0x83, 0x2C, 0x1A, 0x1B, 0x6E, 0x5A, 0xA0, 0x52, 0x3B, 0xD6, 0xB3, 0x29, 0xE3, 0x2F, 0x84,
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0x53, 0xD1, 0x00, 0xED, 0x20, 0xFC, 0xB1, 0x5B, 0x6A, 0xCB, 0xBE, 0x39, 0x4A, 0x4C, 0x58, 0xCF,
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0xD0, 0xEF, 0xAA, 0xFB, 0x43, 0x4D, 0x33, 0x85, 0x45, 0xF9, 0x02, 0x7F, 0x50, 0x3C, 0x9F, 0xA8,
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0x51, 0xA3, 0x40, 0x8F, 0x92, 0x9D, 0x38, 0xF5, 0xBC, 0xB6, 0xDA, 0x21, 0x10, 0xFF, 0xF3, 0xD2,
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0xCD, 0x0C, 0x13, 0xEC, 0x5F, 0x97, 0x44, 0x17, 0xC4, 0xA7, 0x7E, 0x3D, 0x64, 0x5D, 0x19, 0x73,
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0x60, 0x81, 0x4F, 0xDC, 0x22, 0x2A, 0x90, 0x88, 0x46, 0xEE, 0xB8, 0x14, 0xDE, 0x5E, 0x0B, 0xDB,
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0xE0, 0x32, 0x3A, 0x0A, 0x49, 0x06, 0x24, 0x5C, 0xC2, 0xD3, 0xAC, 0x62, 0x91, 0x95, 0xE4, 0x79,
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0xE7, 0xC8, 0x37, 0x6D, 0x8D, 0xD5, 0x4E, 0xA9, 0x6C, 0x56, 0xF4, 0xEA, 0x65, 0x7A, 0xAE, 0x08,
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0xBA, 0x78, 0x25, 0x2E, 0x1C, 0xA6, 0xB4, 0xC6, 0xE8, 0xDD, 0x74, 0x1F, 0x4B, 0xBD, 0x8B, 0x8A,
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0x70, 0x3E, 0xB5, 0x66, 0x48, 0x03, 0xF6, 0x0E, 0x61, 0x35, 0x57, 0xB9, 0x86, 0xC1, 0x1D, 0x9E,
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0xE1, 0xF8, 0x98, 0x11, 0x69, 0xD9, 0x8E, 0x94, 0x9B, 0x1E, 0x87, 0xE9, 0xCE, 0x55, 0x28, 0xDF,
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0x8C, 0xA1, 0x89, 0x0D, 0xBF, 0xE6, 0x42, 0x68, 0x41, 0x99, 0x2D, 0x0F, 0xB0, 0x54, 0xBB, 0x16,
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};
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static const uint8_t rsbox[256] = {
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0x52, 0x09, 0x6A, 0xD5, 0x30, 0x36, 0xA5, 0x38, 0xBF, 0x40, 0xA3, 0x9E, 0x81, 0xF3, 0xD7, 0xFB,
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0x7C, 0xE3, 0x39, 0x82, 0x9B, 0x2F, 0xFF, 0x87, 0x34, 0x8E, 0x43, 0x44, 0xC4, 0xDE, 0xE9, 0xCB,
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0x54, 0x7B, 0x94, 0x32, 0xA6, 0xC2, 0x23, 0x3D, 0xEE, 0x4C, 0x95, 0x0B, 0x42, 0xFA, 0xC3, 0x4E,
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0x08, 0x2E, 0xA1, 0x66, 0x28, 0xD9, 0x24, 0xB2, 0x76, 0x5B, 0xA2, 0x49, 0x6D, 0x8B, 0xD1, 0x25,
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0x72, 0xF8, 0xF6, 0x64, 0x86, 0x68, 0x98, 0x16, 0xD4, 0xA4, 0x5C, 0xCC, 0x5D, 0x65, 0xB6, 0x92,
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0x6C, 0x70, 0x48, 0x50, 0xFD, 0xED, 0xB9, 0xDA, 0x5E, 0x15, 0x46, 0x57, 0xA7, 0x8D, 0x9D, 0x84,
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0x90, 0xD8, 0xAB, 0x00, 0x8C, 0xBC, 0xD3, 0x0A, 0xF7, 0xE4, 0x58, 0x05, 0xB8, 0xB3, 0x45, 0x06,
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0xD0, 0x2C, 0x1E, 0x8F, 0xCA, 0x3F, 0x0F, 0x02, 0xC1, 0xAF, 0xBD, 0x03, 0x01, 0x13, 0x8A, 0x6B,
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0x3A, 0x91, 0x11, 0x41, 0x4F, 0x67, 0xDC, 0xEA, 0x97, 0xF2, 0xCF, 0xCE, 0xF0, 0xB4, 0xE6, 0x73,
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0x96, 0xAC, 0x74, 0x22, 0xE7, 0xAD, 0x35, 0x85, 0xE2, 0xF9, 0x37, 0xE8, 0x1C, 0x75, 0xDF, 0x6E,
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0x47, 0xF1, 0x1A, 0x71, 0x1D, 0x29, 0xC5, 0x89, 0x6F, 0xB7, 0x62, 0x0E, 0xAA, 0x18, 0xBE, 0x1B,
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0xFC, 0x56, 0x3E, 0x4B, 0xC6, 0xD2, 0x79, 0x20, 0x9A, 0xDB, 0xC0, 0xFE, 0x78, 0xCD, 0x5A, 0xF4,
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0x1F, 0xDD, 0xA8, 0x33, 0x88, 0x07, 0xC7, 0x31, 0xB1, 0x12, 0x10, 0x59, 0x27, 0x80, 0xEC, 0x5F,
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0x60, 0x51, 0x7F, 0xA9, 0x19, 0xB5, 0x4A, 0x0D, 0x2D, 0xE5, 0x7A, 0x9F, 0x93, 0xC9, 0x9C, 0xEF,
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0xA0, 0xE0, 0x3B, 0x4D, 0xAE, 0x2A, 0xF5, 0xB0, 0xC8, 0xEB, 0xBB, 0x3C, 0x83, 0x53, 0x99, 0x61,
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0x17, 0x2B, 0x04, 0x7E, 0xBA, 0x77, 0xD6, 0x26, 0xE1, 0x69, 0x14, 0x63, 0x55, 0x21, 0x0C, 0x7D,
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};
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static const uint8_t Rcon[11] = {0x00,0x01,0x02,0x04,0x08,0x10,0x20,0x40,0x80,0x1B,0x36};
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static uint8_t xtime(uint8_t x) { return (uint8_t)((x << 1) ^ (((x >> 7) & 1) * 0x1B)); }
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static uint8_t mul(uint8_t a, uint8_t b) {
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uint8_t p = 0;
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for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
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if (b & 1) p ^= a;
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uint8_t hi = a & 0x80; a <<= 1;
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if (hi) a ^= 0x1B;
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b >>= 1;
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}
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return p;
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}
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static void key_expansion(const uint8_t *key, uint8_t *rk) {
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memcpy(rk, key, 16);
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for (int i = 4; i < 44; i++) {
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uint8_t t[4];
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memcpy(t, &rk[(i - 1) * 4], 4);
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if (i % 4 == 0) {
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uint8_t tmp = t[0];
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t[0] = (uint8_t)(sbox[t[1]] ^ Rcon[i / 4]);
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t[1] = sbox[t[2]];
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t[2] = sbox[t[3]];
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t[3] = sbox[tmp];
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}
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for (int j = 0; j < 4; j++) rk[i * 4 + j] = rk[(i - 4) * 4 + j] ^ t[j];
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}
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}
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static void add_round_key(uint8_t r, uint8_t *s, const uint8_t *rk) {
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for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) s[i] ^= rk[r * 16 + i];
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}
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static void inv_sub_bytes(uint8_t *s) { for (int i = 0; i < 16; i++) s[i] = rsbox[s[i]]; }
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static void inv_shift_rows(uint8_t *s) {
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uint8_t t;
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t = s[13]; s[13] = s[9]; s[9] = s[5]; s[5] = s[1]; s[1] = t;
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t = s[2]; s[2] = s[10]; s[10] = t; t = s[6]; s[6] = s[14]; s[14] = t;
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t = s[3]; s[3] = s[7]; s[7] = s[11]; s[11] = s[15]; s[15] = t;
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}
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static void inv_mix_columns(uint8_t *s) {
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for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {
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uint8_t a = s[i * 4], b = s[i * 4 + 1], c = s[i * 4 + 2], d = s[i * 4 + 3];
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s[i * 4] = (uint8_t)(mul(a, 14) ^ mul(b, 11) ^ mul(c, 13) ^ mul(d, 9));
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s[i * 4 + 1] = (uint8_t)(mul(a, 9) ^ mul(b, 14) ^ mul(c, 11) ^ mul(d, 13));
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s[i * 4 + 2] = (uint8_t)(mul(a, 13) ^ mul(b, 9) ^ mul(c, 14) ^ mul(d, 11));
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s[i * 4 + 3] = (uint8_t)(mul(a, 11) ^ mul(b, 13) ^ mul(c, 9) ^ mul(d, 14));
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}
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}
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void aes128_ecb_decrypt_block(const uint8_t in[16], const uint8_t key[16], uint8_t out[16]) {
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uint8_t rk[176];
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key_expansion(key, rk);
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memcpy(out, in, 16);
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add_round_key(10, out, rk);
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for (int r = 9; r > 0; r--) {
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inv_shift_rows(out);
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inv_sub_bytes(out);
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add_round_key(r, out, rk);
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inv_mix_columns(out);
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}
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inv_shift_rows(out);
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inv_sub_bytes(out);
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add_round_key(0, out, rk);
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}
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