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Week 4-BN: PEP8 inline comments (two spaces before #) across all snippets
Normalize every inline comment in the code blocks so it is separated from the statement by exactly two spaces.
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Kevin Thomas committed
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@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ pwd > ~/.embedded-hacking-repo
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip()
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os.environ["PATH"] = "/opt/homebrew/bin:" + os.environ["PATH"] # the console's PATH omits Homebrew
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os.environ["PATH"] = "/opt/homebrew/bin:" + os.environ["PATH"] # the console's PATH omits Homebrew
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for name in ("0x0005_intro-to-variables", "0x0008_uninitialized-variables"):
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proj = os.path.join(root, name)
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subprocess.run(["cmake", "-B", "build", "-G", "Ninja", "-DPICO_BOARD=pico2",
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@@ -282,10 +282,10 @@ A `.bin` has no headers, so OpenOCD must be told the base address `0x10000000`.
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0005_intro-to-variables", "build", "0x0005_intro-to-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(root, "flash.sh"), bin_path],
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stdout=open(log, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, start_new_session=True)
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print("flashing in the background; log:", log)
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@@ -295,10 +295,10 @@ print("flashing in the background; log:", log)
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0005_intro-to-variables", "build", "0x0005_intro-to-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.Popen(["powershell", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File",
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os.path.join(root, "flash.ps1"), "-Bin", bin_path],
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stdout=open(log, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
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@@ -335,7 +335,7 @@ age: 43
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0008_uninitialized-variables", "build", "0x0008_uninitialized-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"])
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@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ print("flashing in the background; log:", log)
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0008_uninitialized-variables", "build", "0x0008_uninitialized-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"])
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@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ $env:BP_ADDR="0x10000234"; .\debug-server.ps1
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # stop any running server first
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # stop any running server first
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log = os.path.join(root, "openocd.log")
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p = subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(root, "debug-server.sh")], cwd=root,
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env=dict(os.environ, BP_ADDR="0x10000234"),
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@@ -500,8 +500,8 @@ print("OpenOCD started (pid", p.pid, "); log:", log)
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # stop any running server first
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # stop any running server first
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log = os.path.join(root, "openocd.log")
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p = subprocess.Popen(["powershell", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File",
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os.path.join(root, "debug-server.ps1")], cwd=root,
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@@ -891,7 +891,7 @@ The halfword is `0x212b`, stored little-endian as `2b 21`. The immediate is the
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```python
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bv.write(0x1000023a, b"\x46")
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print(hex(bv.read(0x1000023a, 1)[0])) # -> 0x46
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print(hex(bv.read(0x1000023a, 1)[0])) # -> 0x46
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```
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After reanalysis the instruction reads `movs r1, #70`.
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@@ -910,7 +910,7 @@ The format string `"age: %d\r\n"` starts at `0x100034a0`. Its first three bytes
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```python
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bv.write(0x100034a0, b"foo")
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print(bv.read(0x100034a0, 10)) # -> b'foo: %d\r\n\x00'
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print(bv.read(0x100034a0, 10)) # -> b'foo: %d\r\n\x00'
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```
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Keep the replacement exactly three bytes. If you use a shorter string you must pad it, or `%d` shifts and `printf` reads the wrong argument. A longer string would overwrite the `: %d` tail.
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@@ -919,11 +919,11 @@ Keep the replacement exactly three bytes. If you use a shorter string you must p
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```python
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import os
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seg = next(s for s in bv.segments if s.data_length) # the loadable image segment
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data = bv.read(seg.start, seg.data_length) # base + size come from the view itself
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seg = next(s for s in bv.segments if s.data_length) # the loadable image segment
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data = bv.read(seg.start, seg.data_length) # base + size come from the view itself
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out = os.path.join(os.path.join(root, "0x0005_intro-to-variables", "build"), "0x0005_intro-to-variables-h.bin")
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open(out, "wb").write(data)
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print(len(data), out) # -> 15292 /.../build/0x0005_intro-to-variables-h.bin
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print(len(data), out) # -> 15292 /.../build/0x0005_intro-to-variables-h.bin
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```
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Where the two numbers come from — nothing is hardcoded:
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@@ -1060,10 +1060,10 @@ Part 4 left the Pico running the patched Project 1 image. Put the original Proje
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0008_uninitialized-variables", "build", "0x0008_uninitialized-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(root, "flash.sh"), bin_path],
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stdout=open(log, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, start_new_session=True)
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print("flashing Project 2 in the background; log:", log)
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@@ -1073,10 +1073,10 @@ Part 4 left the Pico running the patched Project 1 image. Put the original Proje
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```python
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip() # set once (Step 3)
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bin_path = os.path.join(root, "0x0008_uninitialized-variables", "build", "0x0008_uninitialized-variables.bin")
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log = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(bin_path), "flash.log")
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # free the probe first
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subprocess.Popen(["powershell", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File",
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os.path.join(root, "flash.ps1"), "-Bin", bin_path],
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stdout=open(log, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT)
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@@ -1111,7 +1111,7 @@ Confirm the Pico prints `age: 0` and blinks the red LED.
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip()
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log = os.path.join(root, "openocd.log")
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # kill any running server first
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subprocess.run(["pkill", "-TERM", "-f", "openocd"]) # kill any running server first
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subprocess.Popen([os.path.join(root, "debug-server.sh")], cwd=root,
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env=dict(os.environ, BP_ADDR="0x10000234"),
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stdout=open(log, "w"), stderr=subprocess.STDOUT, start_new_session=True)
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@@ -1124,7 +1124,7 @@ Confirm the Pico prints `age: 0` and blinks the red LED.
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import os, subprocess
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root = open(os.path.expanduser("~/.embedded-hacking-repo")).read().strip()
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log = os.path.join(root, "openocd.log")
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # kill any running server first
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subprocess.run(["taskkill", "/F", "/IM", "openocd.exe"]) # kill any running server first
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subprocess.Popen(["powershell", "-ExecutionPolicy", "Bypass", "-File",
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os.path.join(root, "debug-server.ps1")], cwd=root,
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env=dict(os.environ, BP_ADDR="0x10000234"),
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@@ -1400,7 +1400,7 @@ The format string starts at `0x10003618`; change its first three bytes `61 67 65
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```python
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bv.write(0x10003618, b"foo")
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print(bv.read(0x10003618, 10)) # -> b'foo: %d\r\n\x00'
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print(bv.read(0x10003618, 10)) # -> b'foo: %d\r\n\x00'
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```
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Exactly three bytes, same rule as Project 1: a shorter string must be padded, a longer one overwrites the `: %d` tail.
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@@ -1409,11 +1409,11 @@ Exactly three bytes, same rule as Project 1: a shorter string must be padded, a
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```python
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import os
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seg = next(s for s in bv.segments if s.data_length) # the loadable image segment
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data = bv.read(seg.start, seg.data_length) # base + size from the view itself
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seg = next(s for s in bv.segments if s.data_length) # the loadable image segment
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data = bv.read(seg.start, seg.data_length) # base + size from the view itself
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out = os.path.join(os.path.join(root, "0x0008_uninitialized-variables", "build"), "0x0008_uninitialized-variables-h.bin")
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open(out, "wb").write(data)
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print(len(data), out) # -> 15668 /.../build/0x0008_uninitialized-variables-h.bin
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print(len(data), out) # -> 15668 /.../build/0x0008_uninitialized-variables-h.bin
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```
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Same as Project 1: `seg.start` is the load base and `seg.data_length` is the image size (here `0x3d34` = 15668) — both read from the view, and no relative path (the console's CWD is read-only).
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@@ -1687,7 +1687,7 @@ Do **not** run `monitor reset run` before `hbreak`. `0x1000023e` is inside `main
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GDB stops at the `printf` call. Confirm the value, change it, and let it run:
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```
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info registers pc r1 # pc = 0x1000023e, r1 = 0x2b
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info registers pc r1 # pc = 0x1000023e, r1 = 0x2b
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set $r1 = 0x46
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stepi
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continue
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@@ -1710,7 +1710,7 @@ Project 2 is the same with the other call site and value:
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```
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hbreak *0x1000024e
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continue
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info registers pc r1 # pc = 0x1000024e, r1 = 0
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info registers pc r1 # pc = 0x1000024e, r1 = 0
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set $r1 = 0x42
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stepi
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```
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