# Embedded Systems Reverse Engineering
[Repository](https://github.com/mytechnotalent/Embedded-Hacking)

## Week 11
Structures and Functions in Embedded Systems: Debugging and Hacking w/ IR Remote Control and NEC Protocol Basics

### Non-Credit Practice Exercise 1: Add a Fourth LED

#### Objective
Find the struct initialization pattern in the `0x0026_functions` binary using GDB where `led1_pin` (0x10), `led2_pin` (0x11), and `led3_pin` (0x12) are stored, locate an unused byte in the struct memory region, and patch it to include a fourth LED on GPIO 19 (0x13) by extending the struct data and modifying the `ir_to_led_number` function to handle a fourth button mapping.

#### Prerequisites
- Completed Week 11 tutorial (GDB and hex editor sections)
- `0x0026_functions.elf` and `0x0026_functions.bin` available in your build directory
- GDB (`arm-none-eabi-gdb`) and OpenOCD installed
- A hex editor (HxD, ImHex, or similar)
- Python installed (for UF2 conversion)
- Raspberry Pi Pico 2 with IR remote and LEDs on GPIO 16, 17, 18 (and GPIO 19 wired for the new LED)

#### Task Description
The `simple_led_ctrl_t` struct stores three LED pin numbers: `led1_pin` (16/0x10), `led2_pin` (17/0x11), `led3_pin` (18/0x12). These are stored as consecutive bytes in the struct initialization. You will find where the struct is initialized in the binary, locate the `movs` instructions that set the pin values, and add `led4_pin` = 19 (0x13) by patching a nearby unused or default byte. You will also need to find where `ir_to_led_number` returns values 1, 2, or 3 and adjust the NEC command comparison to map a fourth button to LED 4.

#### Step-by-Step Instructions

##### Step 1: Start the Debug Session

**Terminal 1 - Start OpenOCD:**

```powershell
openocd ^
  -s "C:\Users\flare-vm\.pico-sdk\openocd\0.12.0+dev\scripts" ^
  -f interface/cmsis-dap.cfg ^
  -f target/rp2350.cfg ^
  -c "adapter speed 5000"
```

**Terminal 2 - Start GDB:**

```powershell
arm-none-eabi-gdb build\0x0026_functions.elf
```

**Connect to target:**

```gdb
(gdb) target remote :3333
(gdb) monitor reset halt
```

##### Step 2: Find the Struct Initialization

Disassemble main and look for the struct pin assignments:

```gdb
(gdb) disassemble 0x10000234,+300
```

Look for consecutive `movs` instructions:

```
movs r0, #0x10      ; led1_pin = 16
strb r0, [r4, #0]   ; store to struct offset 0
movs r0, #0x11      ; led2_pin = 17
strb r0, [r4, #1]   ; store to struct offset 1
movs r0, #0x12      ; led3_pin = 18
strb r0, [r4, #2]   ; store to struct offset 2
```

##### Step 3: Examine the Struct in Memory

Set a breakpoint after initialization and examine the struct:

```gdb
(gdb) break *0x10000280
(gdb) monitor reset halt
(gdb) continue
(gdb) x/8bx <struct_base_address>
```

You should see: `10 11 12 00 00 00` — the three pin values followed by the state booleans (all false/0x00).

##### Step 4: Find the `get_led_pin` Function

Look for the function that reads from the struct based on LED number:

```gdb
(gdb) disassemble 0x100002a0,+50
```

This function takes a struct pointer and LED number and returns the GPIO pin by reading from a struct offset.

##### Step 5: Calculate File Offsets

```
file_offset = address - 0x10000000
```

Note offsets for:
1. The `movs r0, #0x12` instruction (last pin assignment)
2. The byte after `led3_pin` in the struct (where `led4_pin` would go)

##### Step 6: Plan the Patches

| Patch Target          | Original | New    | Purpose                   |
| --------------------- | -------- | ------ | ------------------------- |
| Struct byte after 0x12 | `00`    | `13`   | Add led4_pin = GPIO 19    |

###### Question 1: The struct layout has `led3_pin` at offset 2 and `led1_state` at offset 3. If you write `0x13` to offset 3, what happens to `led1_state`?

##### Step 7: Patch with HxD

1. In HxD, open `C:\Users\flare-vm\Desktop\Embedded-Hacking-main\0x0026_functions\build\0x0026_functions.bin`
2. Navigate to the struct initialization area
3. Apply the patches identified in Step 6

##### Step 8: Save and Convert

1. Click **File** → **Save As** → `0x0026_functions-h.bin`

```powershell
cd C:\Users\flare-vm\Desktop\Embedded-Hacking-main\0x0026_functions
python ..\uf2conv.py build\0x0026_functions-h.bin --base 0x10000000 --family 0xe48bff59 --output build\hacked.uf2
```

##### Step 9: Flash and Verify

1. Hold BOOTSEL and plug in your Pico 2
2. Drag and drop `hacked.uf2` onto the RPI-RP2 drive

**Check the behavior:**
- Existing buttons 1, 2, 3 should still control their LEDs
- Verify with GDB that the struct now contains `10 11 12 13` at the pin offsets

#### Expected Output

After completing this exercise, you should be able to:
- Understand struct memory layout and member offsets
- Identify struct initialization patterns in ARM assembly
- Patch struct data members in binary firmware
- Reason about the consequences of overwriting adjacent struct fields

#### Questions for Reflection

###### Question 1: The original struct has 6 members (3 pins + 3 states) in 6 bytes. If you add a fourth pin at offset 3, you overwrite `led1_state`. What is the practical impact on LED 1 behavior?

###### Question 2: How would you verify the exact struct layout and offsets using GDB's memory examination commands?

###### Question 3: If the `get_led_pin` function uses a bounds check (e.g., `if led_num > 3 return 0`), what additional patch would you need?

###### Question 4: Could you extend the struct without overwriting existing fields by finding free space elsewhere in the binary? What challenges would that introduce?

#### Tips and Hints
- GPIO 19 = `0x13` in hex
- The struct is likely stack-allocated, so the initialization `movs`/`strb` sequence happens every loop iteration
- Overwriting `led1_state` (offset 3) with `0x13` means LED 1 will appear as "on" (non-zero boolean) — this may cause LED 1 to be on at startup
- The `get_led_pin` function likely uses the LED number as an index into the struct — trace how it calculates the offset