Round 7a: per-operator outbound attribution + GDELT GCS-direct fix (#292)

== Per-install operator handle for every third-party API call ==

Before this PR, every Shadowbroker install identified itself to
Wikipedia, Wikidata, Nominatim, GDELT, OpenMHz, Broadcastify,
weather.gov, NUFORC, Sentinel/Planetary Computer, TinyGS / CelesTrak,
Shodan, Finnhub, and others with a single project-wide User-Agent
("Shadowbroker/1.0" or "ShadowBroker-OSINT/1.0"). From the upstream's
perspective every install in the world looked like one giant scraper.
If one install misbehaved, the upstream's only recourse was to block
"Shadowbroker" as a whole.

PR #284 inadvertently doubled down on this in the frontend by
introducing a shared `WIKIMEDIA_API_USER_AGENT` constant. This PR
retrofits both backends to per-operator attribution.

  New setting: OPERATOR_HANDLE (env var / settings UI / auto-gen)
  New helper:  network_utils.outbound_user_agent("purpose")

The handle is auto-generated as "operator-XXXXXX" on first call (the
"shadow-" prefix from earlier drafts was deliberately dropped — too
suspicious-looking for abuse-detection systems). Operators can
override via OPERATOR_HANDLE; the value is sanitized to lowercase
alphanumeric+dash+underscore and capped at 48 chars. Persisted to
backend/data/operator_handle.json so it survives container restarts.

Retrofitted call sites (every previously-MONSTER User-Agent):
  - services/region_dossier.py (Wikipedia + Wikidata + Nominatim)
  - services/geocode.py         (Nominatim)
  - services/sentinel_search.py (Microsoft Planetary Computer)
  - services/feed_ingester.py   (operator-curated RSS feeds)
  - services/fetchers/earth_observation.py (weather.gov, NUFORC)
  - services/fetchers/infrastructure.py
  - services/fetchers/aircraft_database.py
  - services/fetchers/route_database.py
  - services/fetchers/trains.py
  - services/fetchers/meshtastic_map.py
  - services/shodan_connector.py
  - services/unusual_whales_connector.py (Finnhub)
  - services/tinygs_fetcher.py            (CelesTrak + TinyGS)
  - services/sar/sar_products_client.py
  - services/geopolitics.py               (GDELT)
  - services/radio_intercept.py           (Broadcastify + OpenMHz)
  - routers/cctv.py + main.py             (CCTV proxy)
  - routers/ai_intel.py
  - scripts/convert_power_plants.py       (release-time data refresh)

Spoofed browser UAs removed (issues #289 / #290 / #291 — tg12 audit):
  - cloudscraper-based Chrome impersonation against api.openmhz.com
    -> replaced with honest requests + per-install UA
  - Mozilla/5.0 spoofed UA on Broadcastify scrape
    -> replaced with honest UA
  - Mozilla/5.0 + fake first-party Referer on OpenMHz audio relay
    -> replaced with honest UA
  - cloudscraper dependency dropped from pyproject.toml + uv.lock

Frontend retrofit:
  - new GET /api/settings/operator-handle endpoint (local-operator
    gated) returns the install's handle
  - frontend/src/lib/wikimediaClient.ts fetches the handle once on
    first use, caches it for page lifetime, embeds it in the
    Api-User-Agent for every Wikipedia / Wikidata browser-direct call

== GDELT GCS-direct fix ==

GDELT's data.gdeltproject.org is a CNAME to a Google Cloud Storage
bucket. GCS responds with the wildcard *.storage.googleapis.com cert
which legitimately does NOT cover the GDELT custom domain, so Python's
TLS verification correctly refuses the connection. Some networks
happen to route through a path where this works; many (notably Docker
Desktop's outbound NAT on local installs) do not. Verified on the
maintainer's local install: GDELT was unreachable; 1610 geopolitical
events / 48 export files were dropping silently.

Fix: services/geopolitics._gcs_direct_gdelt_url() rewrites any
data.gdeltproject.org URL to its GCS-direct equivalent
(storage.googleapis.com/data.gdeltproject.org/...) where the standard
GCS cert is genuinely valid. api.gdeltproject.org and every other host
are left untouched.

Confirmed live: backend log goes from
  GDELT lastupdate failed: 500
to
  Downloading 48 GDELT export files...
  Downloaded 48/48 GDELT exports
  GDELT parsed: 1610 conflict locations from 48 files

== Tests ==

  backend/tests/test_per_operator_outbound_attribution.py (12 tests)
  backend/tests/test_gdelt_gcs_direct_rewrite.py          (6 tests)
  backend/tests/test_region_dossier_wikimedia_ua.py       (updated to
    pin the helper + per-operator handle, not the old constant)
  frontend/src/__tests__/utils/wikimediaClient.test.ts    (rewritten
    to mock /api/settings/operator-handle and assert per-operator UA)

Local: backend 114/114 security+audit+round7a suite green;
       frontend 718/718 vitest suite green.

Credit: tg12 (external security audit, issues #289/#290/#291
relating to spoofed UAs); BigBodyCobain (operator-prefix call,
GDELT cloud-vs-local diagnosis).

backend/services/fetchers/aircraft_database.py

@@ -21,6 +21,13 @@ from typing import Any
 import defusedxml.ElementTree as ET
 import requests
 
+
+
+def _aircraft_db_user_agent() -> str:
+    """Round 7a: lazy import so the per-install operator handle is included."""
+    from services.network_utils import outbound_user_agent
+    return outbound_user_agent("aircraft-database")
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _BUCKET_LIST_URL = (
@@ -44,7 +51,7 @@ def _latest_snapshot_key() -> str:
     response = requests.get(
         _BUCKET_LIST_URL,
         timeout=_LIST_TIMEOUT_S,
-        headers={"User-Agent": _USER_AGENT},
+        headers={"User-Agent": _aircraft_db_user_agent()},
     )
     response.raise_for_status()
     root = ET.fromstring(response.text)
@@ -71,7 +78,7 @@ def _stream_csv_index(url: str) -> dict[str, dict[str, str]]:
         url,
         timeout=_DOWNLOAD_TIMEOUT_S,
         stream=True,
-        headers={"User-Agent": _USER_AGENT},
+        headers={"User-Agent": _aircraft_db_user_agent()},
     ) as response:
         response.raise_for_status()
         line_iter = (

backend/services/fetchers/earth_observation.py

@@ -15,7 +15,11 @@ import time
 import heapq
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from pathlib import Path
-from services.network_utils import external_curl_fallback_enabled, fetch_with_curl
+from services.network_utils import (
+    external_curl_fallback_enabled,
+    fetch_with_curl,
+    outbound_user_agent,
+)
 from services.fetchers._store import latest_data, _data_lock, _mark_fresh
 from services.fetchers.nuforc_enrichment import enrich_sighting
 from services.fetchers.retry import with_retry
@@ -279,13 +283,13 @@ def fetch_weather_alerts():
         return
     alerts = []
     try:
-        # weather.gov requires a User-Agent per their API policy, but it
-        # need not identify the operator. Use a project-generic string and
-        # let the user override via SHADOWBROKER_USER_AGENT if needed.
-        from services.network_utils import DEFAULT_USER_AGENT
+        # weather.gov requires a User-Agent per their API policy. Round 7a:
+        # send the per-install operator handle so they can rate-limit per
+        # operator instead of treating "Shadowbroker" as one entity.
+        from services.network_utils import outbound_user_agent
         url = "https://api.weather.gov/alerts/active?status=actual"
         headers = {
-            "User-Agent": DEFAULT_USER_AGENT,
+            "User-Agent": outbound_user_agent("weather-gov"),
             "Accept": "application/geo+json",
         }
         response = fetch_with_curl(url, timeout=15, headers=headers)
@@ -713,7 +717,12 @@ _NUFORC_LIVE_NONCE_RE = re.compile(
     r'id=["\']wdtNonceFrontendServerSide_1["\'][^>]*value=["\']([a-f0-9]+)["\']'
 )
 _NUFORC_LIVE_SIGHTING_ID_RE = re.compile(r"id=(\d+)")
-_NUFORC_LIVE_USER_AGENT = "Mozilla/5.0 (ShadowBroker-OSINT NUFORC-fetcher)"
+# Round 7a: NUFORC's site is sensitive to non-browser UAs but we send a
+# per-install operator handle prefixed by Mozilla/5.0 so we're identifiable
+# without being aggregately blocked. Operators who want stricter privacy
+# can override the entire UA via SHADOWBROKER_USER_AGENT.
+def _nuforc_live_user_agent() -> str:
+    return f"Mozilla/5.0 ({outbound_user_agent('nuforc-live')})"
 _NUFORC_LIVE_SESSION_COOKIES = _NUFORC_DATA_DIR / "nuforc_session.cookies"
 
 # Sample grid covering continental US, Alaska, Hawaii, Canada, UK, Australia
@@ -957,7 +966,7 @@ def _photon_lookup(query: str) -> list[float] | None:
         res = fetch_with_curl(
             url,
             headers={
-                "User-Agent": "ShadowBroker-OSINT/1.0 (NUFORC-UAP-layer)",
+                "User-Agent": outbound_user_agent("nuforc-uap-geocode"),
                 "Accept-Language": "en",
             },
             timeout=10,
@@ -1053,7 +1062,7 @@ def _nuforc_fetch_month_live(yyyymm: str, cookie_jar: Path) -> list[dict]:
         index_res = subprocess.run(
             [
                 curl_bin, "-sL",
-                "-A", _NUFORC_LIVE_USER_AGENT,
+                "-A", _nuforc_live_user_agent(),
                 "-c", str(cookie_jar),
                 "-b", str(cookie_jar),
                 index_url,
@@ -1089,7 +1098,7 @@ def _nuforc_fetch_month_live(yyyymm: str, cookie_jar: Path) -> list[dict]:
         ajax_res = subprocess.run(
             [
                 curl_bin, "-sL",
-                "-A", _NUFORC_LIVE_USER_AGENT,
+                "-A", _nuforc_live_user_agent(),
                 "-c", str(cookie_jar),
                 "-b", str(cookie_jar),
                 "-X", "POST",

backend/services/fetchers/infrastructure.py

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ import heapq
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 from cachetools import TTLCache
-from services.network_utils import fetch_with_curl
+from services.network_utils import fetch_with_curl, outbound_user_agent
 from services.fetchers._store import latest_data, _data_lock, _mark_fresh
 from services.fetchers.retry import with_retry
 
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ def _geocode_region(region_name: str, country_name: str) -> tuple:
 
         query = urllib.parse.quote(f"{region_name}, {country_name}")
         url = f"https://nominatim.openstreetmap.org/search?q={query}&format=json&limit=1"
-        response = fetch_with_curl(url, timeout=8, headers={"User-Agent": "ShadowBroker-OSINT/1.0"})
+        response = fetch_with_curl(url, timeout=8, headers={"User-Agent": outbound_user_agent("infrastructure-data")})
         if response.status_code == 200:
             results = response.json()
             if results:

backend/services/fetchers/meshtastic_map.py

@@ -191,8 +191,13 @@ def fetch_meshtastic_nodes():
         _os.environ.get("MESHTASTIC_SEND_CALLSIGN_HEADER", "true")
     ).strip().lower() not in {"0", "false", "no", "off", ""}
 
-    from services.network_utils import DEFAULT_USER_AGENT
-    ua_base = f"{DEFAULT_USER_AGENT}; 24h polling"
+    # Round 7a: outbound_user_agent already includes the per-install handle.
+    # The optional Meshtastic callsign is appended as additional context so
+    # meshtastic.liamcottle.net's operator can identify both the install AND
+    # the registered radio operator (when MESHTASTIC_OPERATOR_CALLSIGN is set
+    # and MESHTASTIC_SEND_CALLSIGN_HEADER is true; see issue #203).
+    from services.network_utils import outbound_user_agent
+    ua_base = f"{outbound_user_agent('meshtastic-map')}; 24h polling"
     if callsign and send_callsign_header:
         user_agent = f"{ua_base}; node={callsign}"
     else:

backend/services/fetchers/route_database.py

@@ -17,6 +17,12 @@ from typing import Any
 
 import requests
 
+
+
+def _route_db_user_agent() -> str:
+    from services.network_utils import outbound_user_agent
+    return outbound_user_agent("route-database")
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _ROUTES_URL = "https://vrs-standing-data.adsb.lol/routes.csv.gz"
@@ -37,7 +43,7 @@ def _fetch_csv_gz(url: str) -> list[dict[str, str]]:
     response = requests.get(
         url,
         timeout=_HTTP_TIMEOUT_S,
-        headers={"User-Agent": _USER_AGENT, "Accept-Encoding": "gzip"},
+        headers={"User-Agent": _route_db_user_agent(), "Accept-Encoding": "gzip"},
     )
     response.raise_for_status()
     text = gzip.decompress(response.content).decode("utf-8-sig")

backend/services/fetchers/trains.py

@@ -10,6 +10,12 @@ from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from services.fetchers._store import _data_lock, _mark_fresh, latest_data
 from services.network_utils import fetch_with_curl
 
+
+
+def _trains_user_agent() -> str:
+    from services.network_utils import outbound_user_agent
+    return outbound_user_agent("trains")
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 _EARTH_RADIUS_KM = 6371.0
@@ -379,7 +385,7 @@ def _fetch_digitraffic() -> list[dict]:
             timeout=15,
             headers={
                 "Accept-Encoding": "gzip",
-                "User-Agent": "ShadowBroker-OSINT/1.0",
+                "User-Agent": _trains_user_agent(),
             },
         )
         if resp.status_code != 200: