#!/usr/bin/env python3
import lief
import uuid
import argparse
import subprocess
import os
import sys
import mmap
import plistlib
import json
import sys
import treelib
import ctypes
import stat
import struct
import threading
import time
import xattr

### --- APP BUNDLE EXTENSION --- ###
class SnakeHatchery:
    def __init__(self, args, snake_class):
        ''' This class contains code related to initiating Snake instances based on the arguments passed to the main() function. '''
        self.args = args
        self.snake_class = snake_class

        self.bundle_path = args.bundle
        if self.bundle_path is not None:
            self.bundle_path = os.path.abspath(self.bundle_path)
            self.bundle_path_exists = os.path.exists(self.bundle_path)
        else:
            self.bundle_path_exists = False

        self.file_path = args.path
        if self.file_path is not None:
            self.file_path = os.path.abspath(self.file_path)
            self.file_path_exists = os.path.exists(self.file_path)
        else:
            self.file_path_exists = False

    def hatch(self):
        ''' This function initiates 3 global classes:
        1. bundle_processor - BundleProcessor class instance, which is used to parse the App Bundle.
        2. binaries - Universal binary from wich arm64 Mach-O is extracted (used for most of the flags in CrimsonUroboros).
        3. snake_instance - the latest Snake class instance, which holds all the CrimsonUroboros flags logic (inherited starting from SnakeAppBundleExtension).
        
        In the end, it process the arguments related to --bundle flag.
        '''
        self.pathExistanceCheck()

        if self.bundleInit():
            self.filePathInit()

        self.binaryInit()

        if binaries is None and bundle_processor is None:
            sys.stderr.write('QUITING: The file used in -p is not a valid Mach-O and you did not specify a bundle (-b).\n')
            sys.stderr.write('It will only work if bundle is specified AND|OR file is a valid Mach-O.\n')
            exit() # Exit if the file is not valid Mach-O and bundle is not specified

        global snake_instance # Must be global for further processors classes.
        snake_instance = self.snake_class(binaries, self.file_path)

        if bundle_processor is not None:
            bundle_processor.process(self.args)

    def pathExistanceCheck(self):
        ''' Check if the file path specified in the --path|--bundle argument exists. '''
        if not self.bundle_path_exists and not self.file_path_exists:
            print(f'QUITING - The file you specified does not exist.')
            exit()

    def bundleInit(self):
        ''' Initialize the BundleProcessor class in global scope.'''
        global bundle_processor
        if self.bundle_path is not None:
            bundle_processor = BundleProcessor(self.bundle_path)
            return True

        bundle_processor = None
        return False

    def filePathInit(self):
        ''' Initialize the executable {file_path} in case --bundle was specified. ''' 
        if bundle_processor.info_plist_exists and not self.file_path_exists:
            bundle_executable_name = bundle_processor.getBundleInfoCFBundleExecutableValue()

            if bundle_executable_name is not None:
                executable_path = os.path.join(bundle_processor.bundle_path, 'Contents/MacOS', bundle_executable_name)
                self.file_path = executable_path # file_path set to the executable specified in the Info.plist CFBundleExecutable

        elif not bundle_processor.info_plist_exists and not self.file_path_exists:
            default_executable_path = os.path.join(args.bundle, 'Contents/MacOS', os.path.basename(args.bundle).split('.')[0])
            self.file_path = default_executable_path # File path set to the default Contents/MacOS/{bundle_name} if Info.plist does not exist

    def binaryInit(self):
        ''' Initialize the binary object in global scope.'''
        global binaries # It must be global, becuase after this object is destructed, the snake_instance would point to invalid memory ("binary" is dependant on "binaries").

        if self.file_path: # We cannot use here self.file_path_exists because at this point the file_path cpuld be set fron None to a valid path by filePathInit() method (when only -b specified)
            adhoc_macho_processor = MachOProcessor() # Just for this limited scope

            if adhoc_macho_processor.isFileMachO(self.file_path):
                binaries = adhoc_macho_processor.parseFatBinary(self.file_path)
            else:
                binaries = None
        else:
            binaries = None

class BundleProcessor:
    def __init__(self, bundle_path):
        '''This class contains part of the code related to the App Bundle Extension.
        It extends the Snake instance abilities beyond only Mach-O analysis.
        When -b/--bundle flag is used, it will analyze the App Bundle when an instance of this (BundleProcessor) class is created.
        Then, it can be communicated from Snake object with the new methods dependent on the files in App Bundle.'''
        self.bundle_path = os.path.abspath(bundle_path)
        self.info_plist_path = os.path.join(self.bundle_path, 'Contents/Info.plist')
        self.info_plist_exists = self.hasInfoPlist()
        self.frameworks_path = os.path.join(self.bundle_path, 'Contents/Frameworks')
        self.frameworks_exists = self.hasFrameworks()
        self.plugins_path = os.path.join(self.bundle_path, 'Contents/PlugIns')
        self.plugins_exists = self.hasPlugIns()

    def process(self, args):
        ''' Parse arguments from the command line related to Snake: App Bundle Extension. '''

        if args.bundle_structure: # Print bundle structure
            snake_instance.printBundleStructure()
        
        if args.bundle_info: # Print bundle info (XML -> JSON)
            snake_instance.printBundleInfo()

        if args.bundle_info_syntax_check: # Check if bundle info syntax is valid
            snake_instance.printBundleInfoSyntax()

        if args.bundle_frameworks: # Print bundle frameworks
            snake_instance.printBundleFrameworks()
            
        if args.bundle_plugins: # Print bundle plugins
            snake_instance.printBundlePlugIns()

        if args.bundle_id: # Print bundle id
            snake_instance.printBundleId()

    def hasInfoPlist(self):
        ''' Return True if Info.plist exists in the bundle. '''
        if os.path.exists(self.info_plist_path):
            return True
        return False

    def getBundleInfoCFBundleExecutableValue(self):
        ''' Return the CFBundleExecutable value from the Info.plist file if it exists. Otherwise, return None. '''
        if self.info_plist_exists:
            with open(self.info_plist_path, 'rb') as f:
                plist_data = plistlib.load(f)
            return plist_data.get('CFBundleExecutable', None)
        return None

    def getBundleStructure(self):
        ''' Return the structure of the bundle in tree format, including hidden files and with permissions. '''
        return os.popen(f"tree -ACp '{self.bundle_path}'").read()

    def getBundleInfo(self):
        ''' Return the info of the bundle in a more readable JSON format. '''
        if self.info_plist_exists:
            with open(self.info_plist_path, 'rb') as f:
                plist_data = plistlib.load(f)
            return json.dumps(plist_data, indent=4)
        return None

    def checkInfoPropertyListSyntaxErrors(self, info_plist_path):
        ''' Check the named property list file for syntax errors using /usr/bin/plutil .'''
        plutil_command = ["/usr/bin/plutil", info_plist_path]
        plutil_result = subprocess.run(plutil_command, capture_output=True)
        if plutil_result.returncode == 0:
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def checkBundleInfoSyntax(self):
        if self.info_plist_exists:
            if self.checkInfoPropertyListSyntaxErrors(self.info_plist_path):
                return True
        return False

    def hasFrameworks(self):
        ''' Return True if Frameworks directory exists in the bundle and contains at least one framework. '''
        if os.path.exists(self.frameworks_path):
            if os.listdir(self.frameworks_path):
                return True
        return False

    def getFrameworks(self):
        ''' Return list of frameworks in the Frameworks directory. '''
        if self.frameworks_exists:
            return os.listdir(self.frameworks_path)
        else:
            return None

    def hasPlugIns(self):
        ''' Return True if PlugIns directory exists in the bundle and contains at least one plug-in. '''
        if os.path.exists(self.plugins_path):
            if os.listdir(self.plugins_path):
                return True
        return False

    def getPlugIns(self):
        ''' Return list of plug-ins in the PlugIns directory. '''
        if self.plugins_exists:
            return os.listdir(self.plugins_path)
        else:
            return None

    def getBundleId(self):
        ''' Return CFBundleIdentifier from Info.plist of the App Bundle. '''
        if self.info_plist_exists:
            with open(self.info_plist_path, 'rb') as f:
                plist = plistlib.load(f)
                return plist.get('CFBundleIdentifier')
        return None

class SnakeAppBundleExtension:
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        ''' It stores only logic for CrimsonUroboros flags. Most of the code related to parsing and extracting data from App Bundle is in BundleProcessor class. 
        I created this class to move methods related only to App Bundle from SnakeI: Mach-O class. '''

    def printBundleStructure(self):
        ''' Print the structure of the bundle. '''
        print(bundle_processor.getBundleStructure())

    def printBundleInfo(self):
        ''' Print the info of the bundle. '''
        bundle_info = bundle_processor.getBundleInfo()
        if bundle_info:
            print(bundle_info)
        else:
            print("No bundle Info.plist found.")

    def printBundleInfoSyntax(self):
        ''' Print if Info.plist syntax is valid. '''
        if bundle_processor.checkBundleInfoSyntax():
            print("Valid Bundle Info.plist syntax")
        else:
            print(f"Invalid Bundle Info.plist syntax (use plutil {bundle_processor.info_plist_path} to see the error)")

    def printBundleFrameworks(self):
        ''' Print the list of frameworks in the bundle. '''
        if bundle_processor.getFrameworks():
            for framework in bundle_processor.getFrameworks():
                print(framework)
        else:
            print("No frameworks found.")

    def printBundlePlugIns(self):
        ''' Print the list of plugins in the bundle. '''
        if bundle_processor.getPlugIns():
            for plugin in bundle_processor.getPlugIns():
                print(plugin)
        else:
            print("No plugins found.")

    def printBundleId(self):
        ''' Print the CFBundleIdentifier from Info.plist of the App Bundle. '''
        bundle_id = bundle_processor.getBundleId()
        if bundle_id:
            print(bundle_id)
        else:
            print("No bundle id found.")

### --- I. MACH-O --- ###
class MachOProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeI: Mach-O part.'''
        self.macho_magic_numbers = {
            0xfeedface,  # 32-bit Mach-O
            0xfeedfacf,  # 64-bit Mach-O
            0xcefaedfe,  # 32-bit Mach-O, byte-swapped
            0xcffaedfe,  # 64-bit Mach-O, byte-swapped
            0xcafebabe,  # Fat binary
            0xbebafeca   # Fat binary, byte-swapped
        }

    def process(self, args):
        '''Executes the code for the SnakeI: Mach-O.'''

        if args.file_type: # Print binary file type
            print(f'File type: {snake_instance.getFileType()}')

        if args.header_flags: # Print binary header flags
            header_flag_list = snake_instance.getHeaderFlags()
            print("Header flags:", " ".join(header_flag.__name__ for header_flag in header_flag_list))

        if args.endian: # Print binary endianess
            print(f'Endianess: {snake_instance.getEndianess()}')

        if args.header: # Print binary header
            print(snake_instance.getBinaryHeader())

        if args.load_commands: # Print binary load commands
            load_commands_list = snake_instance.getLoadCommands()
            print("Load Commands:", " ".join(load_command.command.__name__ for load_command in load_commands_list))

        if args.has_cmd: # Check if LC exist
            snake_instance.printHasLoadCommand(args.has_cmd)
            
        if args.segments: # Print binary segments in human friendly form
            for segment in snake_instance.getSegments():
                print(segment)

        if args.has_segment: # Check if binary has given __SEGMENT
            snake_instance.printHasSegment(args.has_segment)
        
        if args.sections: # Print binary sections in human friendly form
            for section in snake_instance.getSections():
                print(section)
        
        if args.has_section: # Check if binary has given __SEGMENT,__section
            snake_instance.printHasSection(args.has_section)

        if args.symbols: # Print symbols
            for symbol in snake_instance.getSymbols():
                print(f"0x{symbol.value:016X} {symbol.name}")

        if args.imports: # Print imported symbols
            snake_instance.printImports()

        if args.exports: # Print exported symbols
            snake_instance.printExports()

        if args.imported_symbols:
            snake_instance.printImportedSymbols()

        if args.chained_fixups: # Print Chained Fixups information
            print(snake_instance.getChainedFixups())

        if args.exports_trie: # Print Exports Trie information 
            print(snake_instance.getExportTrie())    

        if args.uuid: # Print UUID
            print(f'UUID: {snake_instance.getUUID()}')

        if args.main: # Print entry point and stack size
            snake_instance.printMain()

        if args.encryption_info is not None: # Print encryption info and save encrypted data if path is specified
            snake_instance.printEncryptionInfo(args.encryption_info)

        if args.strings_section: # Print strings from __cstring section
            print('Strings from __cstring section:')
            print('-------------------------------')
            for string in (snake_instance.getStringSection()):
                print(string)

        if args.all_strings: # Print strings from all sections.
            print(snake_instance.findAllStringsInBinary())

        if args.save_strings: # Parse all sections, detect strings and save them to a file
            extracted_strings = snake_instance.findAllStringsInBinary()
            with open(args.save_strings, 'a') as f:
                for s in extracted_strings:
                    f.write(s)

        if args.info: # Print all info about the binary
            print('\n<=== HEADER ===>')
            print(snake_instance.getBinaryHeader())
            print('\n<=== LOAD COMMANDS ===>')
            for lcd in snake_instance.getLoadCommands():
                print(lcd)
                print("="*50)
            print('\n<=== SEGMENTS ===>')
            for segment in snake_instance.getSegments():
                print(segment)
            print('\n<=== SECTIONS ===>')
            for section in snake_instance.getSections():
                print(section)
            print('\n<=== SYMBOLS  ===>')
            for symbol in snake_instance.getSymbols():
                print(f"{(symbol.name).ljust(32)} {hex(symbol.value)}")
            print('\n<=== STRINGS ===>')
            print('Strings from __cstring section:')
            print('-------------------------------')
            for string in (snake_instance.getStringSection()):
                print(string)
            if snake_instance.binary.has_encryption_info:
                print('\n<=== ENCRYPTION INFO ===>')
                snake_instance.printEncryptionInfo()
            print('\n<=== UUID ===>')
            print(f'{snake_instance.getUUID()}')
            print('\n<=== ENDIANESS ===>')
            print(snake_instance.getEndianess())
            print('\n<=== ENTRYPOINT ===>')
            snake_instance.printMain()

        if args.dump_data: # Dump {size} bytes starting from {offset} to a given {filename}.
            snake_instance.dumpDataArgParser(args.dump_data)

        if args.calc_offset: # Calculate the real address of the Virtual Memory in the file.
            snake_instance.printCalcRealAddressFromVM(args.calc_offset)

        if args.constructors: # Print constructors
            snake_instance.printConstructors()

        if args.dump_section: # Dump section to a stdout
            snake_instance.dumpSectionToStdout(args.dump_section)

        if args.dump_binary: # Dump binary to a given file
            snake_instance.dumpBinaryToFile(args.dump_binary)

    def isFileMachO(self, file_path):
        '''Check if file is Mach-O. '''
        try:
            with open(file_path, 'rb') as f:
                magic = f.read(4)
                if len(magic) < 4:
                    return False
                magic_number = int.from_bytes(magic, byteorder='big')
                return magic_number in self.macho_magic_numbers
        except Exception:
            return False

    def parseFatBinary(self, file_path):
        '''Return Fat Binary object if file exists.'''
        if os.path.exists(file_path):
            if self.isFileMachO(file_path):
                return lief.MachO.parse(file_path)
        else:
            return None

class SnakeI(SnakeAppBundleExtension):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        '''
            When initiated, the program parses a Universal binary (binaries parameter) and extracts the ARM64 Mach-O. 
            If the file is not in a universal format but is a valid ARM64 Mach-O, it is taken as a binary parameter during initialization.
        '''
        if binaries is not None: # Exception for bundles where binaries are not valid Mach-O
            self.binary = self.extractArm64MachOFromUniversalBinary(binaries)
            self.segments_count, self.file_start, self.file_size, self.file_end = self.getSegmentsInfo()
            self.load_commands = self.getLoadCommands()
            self.endianess = self.getEndianess()
            self.format_specifier = '<I' if self.getEndianess() == 'little' else '>I' # For struct.pack
            self.reversed_format_specifier = '>I' if self.getEndianess() == 'little' else '<I' # For CS blob which is in Big Endian.
            self.fat_offset = self.binary.fat_offset # For various calculations, if ARM64 Mach-O extracted from Universal Binary 
        self.file_path = file_path
        self.prot_map = {
        0: '---',
        1: 'r--',
        2: '-w-',
        3: 'rw-',
        4: '--x',
        5: 'r-x',
        6: '-wx',
        7: 'rwx'
        }
        self.segment_flags_map = {
        0x1: 'SG_HIGHVM',
        0x2: 'SG_FVMLIB',
        0x4: 'SG_NORELOC',
        0x8: 'SG_PROTECTED_VERSION_1',
        0x10: 'SG_READ_ONLY',
        }
        self.symbol_types = {
            'N_STAB': 0xE0,  # DEBUG SYMBOL
            'N_PEXT': 0x10,  # PRIVATE EXTERNAL SYMBOL
            'N_TYPE': 0x0E,  # CHECK N_TYPES
            'N_EXT' : 0x01,  # EXTERNAL SYMBOL
            'N_TYPES': {
                'N_UNDF': 0x00, # UNDEFINED
                'N_ABS':  0x02, # ABSOLUTE
                'N_SECT': 0x0E, # DEFINED IN SECTION
                'N_PBUD': 0x0C, # PREBOUND UNDEFINED (in dylib)
                'N_INDR': 0x0A, # INDIRECT
            }
        }

    def getSegmentsInfo(self):
        ''' Helper function for gathering various initialization information about the binary if extracted from FAT. '''
        segments_count = 0
        
        for s in self.binary.segments:
            segments_count+=1            
        
        for s in self.binary.segments:
            if s.index == 0:
                file_start = s.file_offset + self.binary.fat_offset

            elif s.index == segments_count-1:
                file_end = s.file_offset + s.file_size + self.binary.fat_offset
                pass # self.binary.fat_offset

        file_size = file_end - file_start
        return segments_count, file_start, file_size, file_end
    
    def mapProtection(self, numeric_protection):
        '''Maps numeric protection to its string representation.'''
        return self.prot_map.get(numeric_protection, 'Unknown')

    def getSegmentFlags(self, flags):
        '''Maps numeric segment flags to its string representation.'''
        return self.segment_flags_map.get(flags, '')
        #return " ".join(activated_flags)

    def extractArm64MachOFromUniversalBinary(self, binaries):
        '''
            Parse Mach-O file, whether compiled for multiple architectures or just for a single one. 
            It returns the ARM64 binary if it exists. 
            If not, it exits the program.
        '''
        for binary in binaries:
            if binary.header.cpu_type == lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64:
                return binary

        print('The specified Mach-O file is not in ARM64 architecture.')
        exit()

    def getFileType(self):
        '''Extract and return the file type from a binary object's header.'''
        return self.binary.header.file_type.__name__

    def getHeaderFlags(self):
        '''Return binary header flags.'''
        return self.binary.header.flags_list

    def getEndianess(self):
        '''Check the endianness of a binary based on the system and binary's magic number.'''
        magic = self.binary.header.magic.__name__
        endianness = sys.byteorder
        if endianness == 'little' and (magic == 'MAGIC_64' or magic == 'MAGIC' or magic == 'FAT_MAGIC'):
            return 'little'
        else:
            return 'big'

    def getBinaryHeader(self):
        '''https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#header'''
        return self.binary.header

    def getLoadCommands(self):
        '''https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#loadcommand'''
        return self.binary.commands

    def getSegment(self, segment_name):
        ''' Return segment object for the given {segment_name} __SEGMENT. '''
        segment_name = segment_name.lower()
        
        for segment in self.binary.segments:
            if (segment.name).lower() == segment_name:
                return segment
        return None

    def getSegments(self):
        '''Extract segmenents from binary and return a human readable string: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#lief.MachO.SegmentCommand'''
        segment_info = []
        for segment in self.binary.segments:
            name = segment.name
            va_start = '0x' + format(segment.virtual_address, '016x')
            va_end = '0x' + format(int(va_start, 16) + segment.virtual_size, '016x')
            file_start = hex(segment.file_size + self.fat_offset)
            file_end = hex(int(file_start, 16) + segment.file_size)
            init_prot = self.mapProtection(segment.init_protection)
            max_prot = self.mapProtection(segment.max_protection)            
            flags = self.getSegmentFlags(segment.flags)
            if flags != '':
                segment_info.append(f'{name.ljust(16)}{init_prot}/{max_prot.ljust(8)} VM: {va_start}-{va_end.ljust(24)} FILE: {file_start}-{file_end} ({flags})')
            else:
                segment_info.append(f'{name.ljust(16)}{init_prot}/{max_prot.ljust(8)} VM: {va_start}-{va_end.ljust(24)} FILE: {file_start}-{file_end}')                
        return segment_info

    def hasSegment(self, segment_name):
        ''' Check if binary has given segment {segment_name}. '''
        for segment in self.binary.segments:
            if segment.name == segment_name:
                return True
        return False

    def printHasSegment(self, segment_name):
        ''' Printing function for --has_segment. '''
        if self.hasSegment(segment_name):
            print(f'{self.file_path} has {segment_name}')
    
    def calcSectionRange(self, section):
        '''
            The function calculates a section's start and end offset by adding the FAT slide in case of fat binary.
            
                Arg section is iterator object from the self.binary.sections (for section in self.binary.sections)
                Return the start and end offset of the section.
        '''
        start = section.offset + self.fat_offset
        end = section.size + section.offset + self.fat_offset
        return start, end

    def getSectionRange(self, segment_name, section_name):
        '''
            Return section start and end file offset. 
            If there is no such section return False, False.
        '''
        segment_name = segment_name.lower()
        section_name = section_name.lower()
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            if segment_name == section.segment_name.lower():
                if section_name == section.fullname.decode():
                    section_offset_start, section_offset_end = self.calcSectionRange(section)
                    return section_offset_start, section_offset_end
        return False, False

    def getSection(self, segment_section):
        ''' Return segment object for the given {segment_section} __SEGMENT,__section. '''
        segment_section = segment_section.lower()

        for section in self.binary.sections:
            current_segment_section = f'{section.segment_name},{section.name}'.lower()

            if current_segment_section == segment_section:
                return section

        return None

    def getSections(self):
        '''Extract sections from binary and return in human readable format: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#lief.MachO.Section'''
        sections_info = []
        sections_info.append("SEGMENT".ljust(14) + "SECTION".ljust(20) + "TYPE".ljust(28) + "VIRTUAL MEMORY".ljust(32) + "FILE".ljust(26) + "FLAGS".ljust(40))
        sections_info.append(len(sections_info[0])*"=")
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            segment_name = section.segment_name
            section_name = section.fullname.decode()
            section_type = section.type.__name__
            section_va_start = hex(section.virtual_address)
            section_va_end = hex(section.virtual_address + section.offset)
            section_size_start, section_size_end = self.calcSectionRange(section)
            section_size_start = hex(section_size_start)
            section_size_end = hex(section_size_end)
            section_flags_list = section.flags_list
            flags_strings = [flag.__name__ for flag in section_flags_list]
            flags = " ".join(flags_strings)
            sections_info.append((f'{segment_name.ljust(14)}{section_name.ljust(20)}{section_type.ljust(28)}{section_va_start}-{section_va_end.ljust(20)}{section_size_start}-{section_size_end}\t\t({flags})'))
        return sections_info

    def getSymbols(self):
        '''Get all symbols from the binary (LC_SYMTAB, Chained Fixups, Exports Trie): https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#symbol'''
        return self.binary.symbols

    def getImports(self):
        ''' Imported symbols are undefined and external. '''
        imported_symbols = []

        for symbol in self.getSymbols():
            if (symbol.type & self.symbol_types['N_EXT']):
                if (symbol.type & self.symbol_types['N_TYPE']) == self.symbol_types['N_TYPES']['N_UNDF']:
                    imported_symbols.append(symbol)

        return(imported_symbols)

    def printImports(self):
        ''' Printing only imported symbol names. '''
        for symbol in self.getImports():
            print(symbol.name)

    def getExports(self):
        ''' Exported symbols are external but not undefined or private. '''
        exported_symbols = []

        for symbol in self.getSymbols():
            if (symbol.type & self.symbol_types['N_EXT']):
                if (symbol.type & self.symbol_types['N_TYPE']) != self.symbol_types['N_TYPES']['N_UNDF']:
                    exported_symbols.append(symbol)

        return(exported_symbols)

    def printExports(self):
        ''' Printing only exported symbol names. '''
        for symbol in self.getExports():
            print(symbol.name)

    def getChainedFixups(self):
        '''Return Chained Fixups information: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/latest/api/python/macho.html#chained-binding-info'''
        return self.binary.dyld_chained_fixups

    def getExportTrie(self):
        '''Return Export Trie information: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/latest/api/python/macho.html#dyldexportstrie-command'''
        try:
            return self.binary.dyld_exports_trie.show_export_trie()
        except:
            return "NO EXPORT TRIE"

    def getUUID(self):
        '''Return UUID as string and in UUID format: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#uuidcommand'''
        for cmd in self.binary.commands:
            if isinstance(cmd, lief.MachO.UUIDCommand):
                uuid_bytes = cmd.uuid
                break
        uuid_string = str(uuid.UUID(bytes=bytes(uuid_bytes)))
        return uuid_string

    def getMain(self):
        '''Determine the entry point of an executable (LC_MAIN or LC_THREAD or LC_UNIXTHREAD)'''
        LC_MAIN = self.binary.main_command

        if LC_MAIN:
            return LC_MAIN

        LC_UNIXTHREAD = self.binary.thread_command
        return LC_UNIXTHREAD

    def printMain(self):
        '''Prints entry point and stack size or Thread flavor if exists.'''
        entry_point = self.getMain()

        if entry_point and hasattr(entry_point, 'entrypoint'):
            print(f'Entry point: {hex(entry_point.entrypoint)}')
            print(f'Stack size: {hex(entry_point.stack_size)}')

        elif entry_point and hasattr(entry_point, 'pc'):
            print(f'Entry point (PC): {hex(entry_point.pc)}')
            print(f'Thread flavor: {hex(entry_point.flavor)}')

        else:
            print(f"{self.file_path} has no entry point (LC_MAIN or LC_THREAD or LC_UNIXTHREAD).")

    def getStringSection(self):
        '''Return strings from the __cstring (string table).'''
        extracted_strings = []
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            if section.type == lief.MachO.SECTION_TYPES.CSTRING_LITERALS:
                strings_bytes = section.content.tobytes()
                strings = strings_bytes.decode('utf-8', errors='ignore')
                extracted_strings.extend(strings.split('\x00'))
        return extracted_strings

    def findAllStringsInBinary(self):
        '''Check every binary section to find strings.'''
        extracted_strings = ""
        byte_set = set()
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            byte_set.update(section.content.tobytes().split(b'\x00'))
        for byte_item in byte_set:
            try:
                decoded_string = byte_item.decode('utf-8')
                extracted_strings += decoded_string + "\n"
            except UnicodeDecodeError:
                pass
        return extracted_strings

    def getEncryptionInfo(self):
        '''Return information regardles to LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO(_64).'''
        if self.binary.has_encryption_info:
            crypt_id = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_id
            crypt_offset = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_offset
            crypt_size = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_size
            return crypt_id, crypt_offset, crypt_size
        else:
            return None

    def printEncryptionInfo(self, save_path=''):
        '''
            Pretty prints Encryption Info data if it exists.
            If save_path argument is specified, save the encrypted data there.
            If the cryptid is 0, the data is unencrypted.
        '''
        encryption_info = self.getEncryptionInfo()
        if encryption_info:
            crypt_id, crypt_offset, crypt_size = encryption_info
            print(f"cryptid: {crypt_id}")
            print(f"cryptoffset: {hex(crypt_offset)}")
            print(f"cryptsize: {hex(crypt_size)}")
            if save_path: # args.encryption_info
                self.saveEcryptedData(save_path.strip())
        else:
            print(f"{os.path.basename(self.file_path)} binary does not have encryption info.")

    def extractBytesAtOffset(self, offset, size):
        '''Extract bytes at a given offset and of a specified size in a binary file'''
        # Open the binary file in binary mode
        with open(self.file_path, "rb") as file:
            # Check if the specified offset and size are within bounds
            file_size = os.path.getsize(self.file_path)
            #offset += self.fat_offset # Add the fat_offset in case of the Fat Binary (ARM binary data is most of the time after x86_64 binary data)
            #print(hex(offset) + hex(size))
            if offset + size > file_size:
                raise ValueError("Offset and size exceed the binary file's length.")
            # Seek to the offset considering the fat_offset
            file.seek(offset)
            # Read the specified size of bytes
            extracted_bytes = file.read(size)
        return extracted_bytes

    def saveBytesToFile(self, data, filename):
        ''' Save bytes to a file. '''
        with open(filename, 'wb') as file:
            file.write(data)

    def readBytesFromFile(self, filename):
        ''' Read bytes from a file. '''
        with open(filename, 'rb') as file:
            data = file.read()

        return data

    def dumpData(self, offset, size, filename):
        ''' Extract {size} bytes starting from {offset} to a given {filename}. '''
        extracted_bytes = self.extractBytesAtOffset(offset, size)
        
        if extracted_bytes:
            self.saveBytesToFile(extracted_bytes, filename)

    def dumpDataArgParser(self, args):
        ''' Parse comma separated values for dumpData from --dump_data 'offset,size,filename'. '''
        offset, size, filename = args.split(',')

        offset = offset.strip().lower()
        if offset.startswith("0x"):
            offset = int(offset, 16)

        size = size.strip().lower()
        if size.startswith("0x"):
            size = int(size, 16)

        filename = filename.strip()

        self.dumpData(offset, size, filename)

    def saveEcryptedData(self, output_path):
        '''Method for saving encrypted data sector to specified file.'''
        _, cryptoff, cryptsize = self.getEncryptionInfo()
        self.saveBytesToFile(self.extractBytesAtOffset(cryptoff + self.fat_offset, cryptsize), output_path)

    def hasSection(self, segment_section):
        ''' 
            Takes "__SEGMENT,__section" as an input.
            Return True if it exists.
        '''
        segment_section = segment_section.lower()

        for section in self.binary.sections:
            current_segment_section = f'{section.segment_name},{section.name}'.lower()

            if current_segment_section == segment_section:
                return True

        return False

    def printHasSection(self, segment_section):
        ''' Printing function for --has_section. '''
        if self.hasSection(segment_section):
            print(f'{self.file_path} has {segment_section}')

    def extractSection(self, segment_name, section_name):
        '''
            As argument takes segment name (e.g. "__PRELINK_INFO") and section name that is a part of the segment (e.g. '__text').
            Return data (bytes) stored in a given section.
            If section was not found or is empty -> return False.
        '''
        segment_section = f'{segment_name},{section_name}' 

        if not self.hasSection(segment_section): # If section was not found, break.
            return False

        section_offset_start, section_offset_end = self.getSectionRange(segment_name, section_name)

        if section_offset_start and section_offset_end:
            size = section_offset_end - section_offset_start
            extracted_bytes = self.extractBytesAtOffset(section_offset_start, size)
            return extracted_bytes
        return False

    def dumpSection(self, segment_name, section_name, filename):
        '''
            Dump '__SEGMENT,__section' to a given file.
                Reutrn False if the section does not exist.
        '''
        segment_name = segment_name.lower()
        section_name = section_name.lower()
        extracted_bytes = self.extractSection(segment_name, section_name)
        if extracted_bytes:
            self.saveBytesToFile(extracted_bytes, filename)
            return True
        return False

    def hasLoadCommand(self, load_command):
        ''' Check if the given Load Command exists in the binary. '''
        if load_command.startswith("LC_"):
            load_command = load_command[3:]
        load_command = load_command.lower()

        for cmd in self.load_commands:
            cmd = str(cmd.command.__name__).lower()
            if load_command == cmd:
                return True
        return False

    def printHasLoadCommand(self, load_command):
        ''' Printing function for has_cmd. '''
        original_user_input = load_command
        if self.hasLoadCommand(load_command):
            print(f'{self.file_path} has {original_user_input}')

    def getVirtualMemoryStartingAddress(self):
        ''' Get start VM base addr of the __TEXT segment '''
        vm_base = 0
        if self.hasSegment('__TEXT'):
            for segment in self.binary.segments:
                if segment.name == '__TEXT':
                    vm_base = segment.virtual_address
        return vm_base

    def calcRealAddressFromVM(self, vm_offset):
        ''' 
            Calculate the real address of the Virtual Memory in the file.
                vm_start == __TEXT segment
                vm_offset == your address
                real = vm_offset - vm_start
        '''
        # Handling strings and hexes
        if type(vm_offset) is not int:
            if (vm_offset.lower()).startswith("0x"):
                vm_offset = int(vm_offset, 16)
            else:
                vm_offset = int(vm_offset)

        vm_base = self.getVirtualMemoryStartingAddress()
        vm_offset = vm_offset - vm_base
        return vm_offset

    def printCalcRealAddressFromVM(self, vm_offset):
        ''' Printing function for --calc_offset '''
        real_offset = self.calcRealAddressFromVM(vm_offset)
        real_offset_hex = hex(real_offset)
        print(f'{vm_offset} : {real_offset_hex}')

    def printConstructors(self):
        ''' Print all constructors functions from the binary. '''
        for ctor in self.binary.ctor_functions:
            print(ctor)

    def dumpSectionToStdout(self, segment_section):
        ''' Dump '__SEGMENT,__section' to stdout. '''
        segment_section = segment_section.lower().split(',')
        segment_name = segment_section[0]
        section_name = segment_section[1]
        extracted_bytes = self.extractSection(segment_name, section_name)
        sys.stdout.buffer.write(extracted_bytes)

    def dumpBinaryToFile(self, output_path):
        ''' Dump ARM64 binary from FAT binary and save to a given file. '''
        if binaries is not None:
            if self.binary is not None:
                if not output_path.startswith('/'):
                    output_path = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), output_path)
                self.binary.write(output_path)

### --- II. CODE SIGNING --- ### 
class CodeSigningProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeII: Code Signing.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
        if args.verify_signature: # Verify if Code Signature match the binary content ()
            if snake_instance.isSigValid(snake_instance.file_path):
                print("Valid Code Signature (matches the content)")
            else:
                print("Invalid Code Signature (does not match the content)")

        if args.cd_info: # Print Code Signature information
            print(snake_instance.getCodeSignature(snake_instance.file_path).decode('utf-8'))

        if args.cd_requirements: # Print Requirements.
            print(snake_instance.getCodeSignatureRequirements(snake_instance.file_path).decode('utf-8'))

        if args.entitlements: # Print Entitlements.
            snake_instance.printEntitlements(snake_instance.file_path, args.entitlements)

        if args.extract_cms: # Extract the CMS Signature and save it to a given file.
            cms_signature = snake_instance.extractCMS()
            snake_instance.saveBytesToFile(cms_signature, args.extract_cms)

        if args.extract_certificates: # Extract Certificates and save them to a given file.
            snake_instance.extractCertificatesFromCodeSignature(args.extract_certificates)

        if args.remove_sig: # Save a new file on a disk with the removed signature:
            snake_instance.removeCodeSignature(args.remove_sig)

        if args.sign_binary: # Sign the given binary using specified identity:
            snake_instance.signBinary(args.sign_binary)

        if args.cs_offset: # Print Code Signature offset
            snake_instance.printCodeSignatureOffset()

        if args.cs_flags: # Print Code Signature flags
            snake_instance.printCodeSignatureFlags()

        if args.verify_bundle_signature: # Verify if Code Signature match the bundle content
            snake_instance.printIsSigValidInAppBundle()

        if args.remove_sig_from_bundle: # Remove the Code Signature from the App Bundle
            snake_instance.removeSignatureFromBundle()

class SnakeII(SnakeI):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        self.magic_bytes = (0xFADE0B01).to_bytes(4, byteorder='big')  # CMS Signature Blob magic bytes, as Code Signature as a whole is in network byte order(big endian).

    def isSigValid(self, file_path):
        '''Checks if the Code Signature is valid (if the contents of the binary have been modified.)'''
        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-v", file_path], capture_output=True)
        if result.stderr == b'':
            return True
        else:
            return False

    def getCodeSignature(self, file_path):
        '''Returns information about the Code Signature.'''
        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "-vvvvvv", file_path], capture_output=True)
        return result.stderr

    def getCodeSignatureRequirements(self, file_path):
        '''Returns information about the Code Signature Requirements.'''
        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "-r", "-", file_path], capture_output=True)
        return result.stdout

    def getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(self, file_path, format=None):
        '''Returns information about the Entitlements for Code Signature.'''
        if format == 'human' or format == None:
            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", file_path], capture_output=True)
            return result.stdout.decode('utf-8')
        elif format == 'xml':
            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", "--xml", file_path], capture_output=True)
        elif format == 'der':
            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", "--der", file_path], capture_output=True)
        return result.stdout

    def printEntitlements(self, file_path, format=None):
        ''' Helper function for printing entitlements. '''
        entitlements = self.getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(file_path, format)
        try:
            print(entitlements.decode('utf-8'))
        except:
            print(entitlements)

    def extractCMS(self):
        '''Find the offset of magic bytes in a binary using LIEF.'''
        cs = self.binary.code_signature
        cs_content = bytes(cs.content)
        offset = cs_content.find(self.magic_bytes)
        cms_len_in_bytes = cs_content[offset + 4:offset + 8]
        cms_len_in_int = int.from_bytes(cms_len_in_bytes, byteorder='big')
        cms_signature = cs_content[offset + 8:offset + 8 + cms_len_in_int]
        return cms_signature

    def extractCertificatesFromCodeSignature(self, cert_name):
        '''Extracts certificates from the CMS Signature and saves them to a file with _0, _1, _2 indexes at the end of the file names.'''
        subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", f"--extract-certificates={cert_name}_", self.file_path], capture_output=True)

    def removeCodeSignature(self, new_name):
        '''Save new file on a disk with removed signature.'''
        self.binary.remove_signature()
        self.binary.write(new_name)

    def signBinary(self, security_identity=None):
        '''Sign binary using pseudo identity (adhoc) or specified identity.'''
        if security_identity == 'adhoc' or security_identity == None:
            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", "-", "-f", self.file_path], capture_output=True)
            return result.stdout.decode('utf-8')
        else:
            try:
                result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", security_identity, "-f", self.file_path], capture_output=True)
            except Exception as e:
                print(f"An error occurred during Code Signing using {security_identity}\n {e}")

    def getCodeSignatureOffset(self):
        ''' Return the file offset of the Code Signature. Takes into account Fat binaries. '''
        return self.binary.code_signature.data_offset + self.fat_offset

    def printCodeSignatureOffset(self):
        print(f'Code Signature offset: {hex(self.getCodeSignatureOffset())}')

    def getCodeSignatureSize(self):
        ''' Return Code Signature size. '''
        return self.binary.code_signature.data_size

    def extractCodeSignatureBytes(self):
        ''' Extract the content of the Code Signature as raw bytes. Takes into account Fat binaries. '''
        #The self.binary.code_signature.content.tobytes() takes into account Fat binaries, so no need to calculate the offset of valid signature manually.
        #cs_offset = self.getCodeSignatureOffset() 
        #cs_size = self.getCodeSignatureSize()
        #cs_bytes = self.extractBytesAtOffset(cs_offset, cs_size)
        #self.saveBytesToFile(cs_bytes, 'test.bin')
        cs_bytes = self.binary.code_signature.content.tobytes()
        return cs_bytes
    
    def findBytes(self, magic, bytes):
        ''' Find [magic] bytes in a given [bytes]. '''
        offset = bytes.find(magic)
        return offset

    def parseCodeDirectoryBlob(self):
        ''' Parse Code Directory blob from Code Signature to extract its version and then use AppleStructuresManager to parse the whole structure according to its version. '''
        # Extracting version number
        CS_MAGIC_CODEDIRECTORY = 0xFADE0C02
        cs_magic_codedirectory_as_bytes = struct.pack(self.reversed_format_specifier, CS_MAGIC_CODEDIRECTORY)
        cs_blob = self.extractCodeSignatureBytes()
        cs_directory_offset = self.findBytes(cs_magic_codedirectory_as_bytes, cs_blob)
        version_offset = cs_directory_offset + 8
        version_bytes = cs_blob[version_offset:version_offset+4]
        version = struct.unpack(self.reversed_format_specifier, version_bytes)[0]

        # Extracting size
        size_offset = version_offset - 4
        size_bytes = cs_blob[size_offset:size_offset+4]
        size = struct.unpack(self.reversed_format_specifier, size_bytes)[0]

        # Parsing __CodeDirectory
        code_directory_struct_instance = AppleStructuresManager.CodeDirectory(version)
        code_directory_dict = code_directory_struct_instance.parse(cs_blob[cs_directory_offset:size])
        return code_directory_dict

    def getCodeSignatureFlags(self):
        ''' Extract CS flags: https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/1031c584a5e37aff177559b9f69dbd3c8c3fd30a/osfmk/kern/cs_blobs.h#L35'''
        code_directory_dict = self.parseCodeDirectoryBlob()
        return code_directory_dict['flags']

    def printCodeSignatureFlags(self):
        print(f'CS_FLAGS: {hex(self.getCodeSignatureFlags())}')

    def isSigValidInAppBundle(self):
        ''' Check if the Code Signature is valid (if the contents of the binary have been modified.)'''
        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-v", bundle_processor.bundle_path], capture_output=True)
        if result.stderr == b'':
            return True
        return result.stderr

    def printIsSigValidInAppBundle(self):
        '''Helper function for printing if the Code Signature is valid in the App Bundle.'''
        verification_result = self.isSigValidInAppBundle()
        if verification_result == True:
            print("Valid Bundle Code Signature (matches the content)")
        else:
            print(f"Invalid Bundle Code Signature:\n {verification_result.decode('utf-8')}")

    def removeSignatureFromBundle(self):
        ''' Remove the Code Signature from the App Bundle (it does not remove the signature from bundled frameworks). '''
        subprocess.run(["codesign", "--remove-signature", bundle_processor.bundle_path], capture_output=True)

### --- III. CHECKSEC --- ###
class ChecksecProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeIII: Checksec.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
        if args.has_pie: # Check if PIE is set in the header flags
            print("PIE: " + str(snake_instance.hasPIE()))

        if args.has_arc: # Check if ARC is in use
            print("ARC: " + str(snake_instance.hasARC()))

        if args.is_stripped: # Check if binary is stripped
            print("STRIPPED: " + str(snake_instance.isStripped()))

        if args.has_canary: # Check if binary has stack canary
            print("CANARY: " + str(snake_instance.hasCanary()))

        if args.has_nx_stack: # Check if binary has non executable stack
            print("NX STACK: " + str(snake_instance.hasNXstack()))

        if args.has_nx_heap: # Check if binary has non executable heap
            print("NX HEAP: " + str(snake_instance.hasNXheap()))

        if args.has_xn: # Check if binary is protected by eXecute Never functionality
            print(f"eXecute Never: {str(snake_instance.hasXN())}")

        if args.is_notarized: # Check if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification
            print("NOTARIZED: " + str(snake_instance.isNotarized(snake_instance.file_path)))

        if args.is_encrypted: # Check if the application has encrypted data
            print("ENCRYPTED: " + str(snake_instance.isEncrypted()))

        if args.is_restricted: # Check if the application has encrypted data
            print("RESTRICTED: " + str(snake_instance.isRestricted(snake_instance.file_path)))

        if args.is_hr: # Check if Hardened Runtime is in use   
            print("HARDENED: " + str(snake_instance.hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(snake_instance.file_path)))

        if args.is_as: # Check if App Sandbox is in use
            print("APP SANDBOX: " + str(snake_instance.hasAppSandbox(snake_instance.file_path)))

        if args.is_fort: # Check if binary is fortified
            fortified_symbols = snake_instance.getForifiedSymbols()
            print("FORTIFIED: " + str(snake_instance.isFortified(fortified_symbols)))   

        if args.has_rpath: # Check if binary has @rpaths
            print("RPATH: " + str(snake_instance.hasRpath()))                

        if args.has_lv: # Check if binary is protected against Dylib Hijacking
            print("LIBRARY VALIDATION: " + str(snake_instance.checkDylibHijackingProtections(snake_instance.file_path)))

        if args.checksec: # Run all checks from above and present it in a table
            print("<==== CHECKSEC ======")
            print("PIE: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasPIE()))
            print("ARC: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasARC()))
            print("STRIPPED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isStripped()))
            print("CANARY: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasCanary()))
            print("NX STACK: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasNXstack()))
            print("NX HEAP: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasNXheap()))
            print("XN:".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasXN()))
            print("NOTARIZED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isNotarized(snake_instance.file_path)))
            print("ENCRYPTED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isEncrypted()))
            print("RESTRICTED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isRestricted(snake_instance.file_path)))
            print("HARDENED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(snake_instance.file_path)))
            print("APP SANDBOX: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasAppSandbox(snake_instance.file_path)))
            fortified_symbols = snake_instance.getForifiedSymbols()
            print("FORTIFIED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isFortified(fortified_symbols)))
            print("RPATH: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasRpath()))
            print("LV: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.checkDylibHijackingProtections(snake_instance.file_path)))
            print("=====================>")

class SnakeIII(SnakeII):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)

    def hasPIE(self):
        '''Check if MH_PIE (0x00200000) is set in the header flags.'''
        return self.binary.is_pie

    def hasARC(self):
        '''Check if the _objc_release symbol is imported.'''
        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
            if symbol.name.lower().strip() == '_objc_release':
                return True
        return False

    def isStripped(self):
        '''Check if binary is stripped.'''
        filter_symbols = ['radr://5614542', '__mh_execute_header']

        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
            symbol_type = symbol.type
            symbol_name = symbol.name.lower().strip()

            is_symbol_stripped = (symbol_type & 0xe0 > 0) or (symbol_type in [0x0e, 0x1e, 0x0f])
            is_filtered = symbol_name not in filter_symbols

            if is_symbol_stripped and is_filtered:
                return False
        return True

    def hasCanary(self):
        '''Check whether in the binary there are symbols: ___stack_chk_fail and ___stack_chk_guard.'''
        canary_symbols = ['___stack_chk_fail', '___stack_chk_guard']
        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
            if symbol.name.lower().strip() in canary_symbols:
                return True
        return False

    def hasNXstack(self):
        '''Check if MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION (0x00020000 ) is not set in the header flags.'''
        return not bool(self.binary.header.flags & lief.MachO.HEADER_FLAGS.ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION.value)

    def hasNXheap(self):
        '''Check if MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION (0x01000000 ) is set in the header flags.'''
        return bool(self.binary.header.flags & lief.MachO.HEADER_FLAGS.NO_HEAP_EXECUTION.value)

    def isXNos():
        '''Check if the OS is running on the ARM architecture.'''
        system_info = os.uname()
        if "arm" in system_info.machine.lower():
            return True
        return False

    def checkXNmap():
        '''If XN is ON, you will not be able to map memory page that has W&X at the same time, so to check it, you can create such page.'''
        try:
            mmap.mmap(-1,4096, prot=mmap.PROT_READ | mmap.PROT_WRITE | mmap.PROT_EXEC)
        except mmap.error as e:
            #print(f"Failed to create W&X memory map - eXecute Never is supported on this machine. \n {str(e)}")
            return True
        return False

    def convertXMLEntitlementsToDict(self, entitlements_xml):
        '''Takes the Entitlements in XML format from getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature() method and convert them to a dictionary.'''
        return plistlib.loads(entitlements_xml)

    def convertDictEntitlementsToJson(self,entitlements_dict):
        '''Takes the Entitlements in dictionary format from convertXMLEntitlementsToDict() method and convert them to a JSON with indent 4.'''
        return json.dumps(entitlements_dict, indent=4)

    def checkIfEntitlementIsUsed(self, entitlement_name, entitlement_value, file_path):
        '''Check if the given entitlement exists and has the specified value.'''
        try:
            entitlements_xml = self.getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(file_path, 'xml')
            if entitlements_xml == b'': # Return False if there are no entitlements
                return False
            entitlements_dict = self.convertXMLEntitlementsToDict(entitlements_xml)
            # Convert the entire parsed data to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison
            parsed_data = {key.lower(): value for key, value in entitlements_dict.items()}
            # Convert entitlement name and value to lowercase for case-insensitive and type-insensitive comparison
            entitlement_name_lower = entitlement_name.lower()
            entitlement_value_lower = str(entitlement_value).lower()

            if entitlement_name_lower in parsed_data and str(parsed_data[entitlement_name_lower]).lower() == entitlement_value_lower:
                return True
            else:
                return False
        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
            # Handle JSON decoding error if any
            print(f"Error in checkIfEntitlementIsUsed: {e}")
            return False

    def hasAllowJITentitlement(self, file_path):
        '''Checks if the binary has missing com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit entitlement that allows the app to create writable and executable memory using the MAP_JIT flag.'''
        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit', 'true', file_path):
            print(f"[INFO -> XN]: {os.path.basename(file_path)} contains allow-jit entitlement.")
            return True
        return False

    def checkIfCompiledForOtherThanARM(self):
        '''Iterates over FatBinary and check if there are other architectures than ARM.'''
        XN_types = [lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64, lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM]
        for binary in binaries:
            if binary.header.cpu_type not in XN_types:
                print(f"[INFO -> XN]: {os.path.basename(file_path)} is compiled for other CPUs than ARM or ARM64.")
                return True
        return False

    def hasXN(self):
        '''Check if binary allows W&X via com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit entitlement or is compiled for other CPU types than these which supports eXecuteNever feature of ARM.'''
        if self.hasAllowJITentitlement(self.file_path) or self.checkIfCompiledForOtherThanARM():
            return False
        return True

    def isNotarized(self, file_path):
        '''Verifies if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification.'''
        result = subprocess.run(["spctl", "-a", file_path], capture_output=True)
        if result.stderr == b'':
            return True
        else:
            #print(f"[INFO -> NOTARIZATION]: {result.stderr.decode().rstrip()}")
            return False

    def isEncrypted(self):
        '''If the cryptid has a non-zero value, some parts of the binary are encrypted.'''
        if self.binary.has_encryption_info:
            if self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_id == 1:
                return True
        return False

    def hasRestrictSegment(self):
        '''Check if binary contains __RESTRICT segment. Return True if it does.'''
        for segment in self.binary.segments:
            if segment.name.lower().strip() == "__restrict":
                return True
        return False

    def hasRestrictFlag(self, file_path):
        '''Check if Code Signature flag CS_RESTRICT 0x800(restrict) is set for the given binary'''
        if b'restrict' in self.getCodeSignature(file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def isRestricted(self, file_path):
        '''Check if binary has __RESTRICT segment or CS_RESTRICT flag set.'''
        if self.hasRestrictSegment() or self.hasRestrictFlag(file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(self, file_path):
        '''Check if Hardened Runtime flag is set for the given binary.'''
        if b'runtime' in self.getCodeSignature(file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def hasAppSandbox(self, file_path):
        '''Check if App Sandbox is in use (com.apple.security.app-sandbox entitlement is set).'''
        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.app-sandbox', 'true', file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def getForifiedSymbols(self):
        '''Check for symbol names that contain _chk suffix and filter out stack canary symbols. Function returns a list of all safe symbols.'''
        symbol_fiter = ['___stack_chk_fail', '___stack_chk_guard']
        fortified_symbols = []
        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
            symbol_name = symbol.name.lower().strip()
            if ('_chk' in symbol_name) and (symbol_name not in symbol_fiter):
                fortified_symbols.append(symbol_name)
        return fortified_symbols

    def isFortified(self, fortified_symbols):
        '''Check if there are any fortified symbols in the give fortified_symbols list.'''
        if len(fortified_symbols) > 0:
            return True
        return False

    def hasRpath(self):
        return self.binary.has_rpath

### --- IV. DYLIBS --- ### 
class DylibsProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeIV: Dylibs.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
            if args.dylibs: # Shared dylibs with unresolved paths
                snake_instance.printDylibs()

            if args.rpaths: # All resolved paths from LC_RPATHs
                snake_instance.printRpathsResolved()

            if args.rpaths_u: # All inresolved paths from LC_RPATHs
                snake_instance.printRpathsUnresolved()

            if args.dylibs_paths: # Resolved dylib loading paths in order they are searched for
                snake_instance.printResolvedDylibPaths()

            if args.dylibs_paths_u: # Unresolved dylib loading paths (same as --dylibs, but without version info)
                snake_instance.printUnresolvedDylibPaths()

            if args.broken_relative_paths: #  Relative paths
                snake_instance.printBrokenRelativePaths()

            if args.dylibtree: #  Dylibtree
                args_dylibtree = args.dylibtree.split(',')
                dylibtree = snake_instance.getDylibTree(args_dylibtree[0], args_dylibtree[1],args_dylibtree[2])
                snake_instance.printTreeFromTreelib(dylibtree)

            if args.dylib_id: # Path from Dylib ID Load Command
                print(snake_instance.getPathFromDylibID())

            if args.reexport_paths: # All reexported libraries paths
                print(*snake_instance.getReExportPaths(), sep="\n")

            if args.hijack_sec: # Check Dylib Hijacking protection on binary
                print("DYLIB HIJACKIG PROTECTION: " + str(snake_instance.checkDylibHijackingProtections(snake_instance.file_path)))

            if args.dylib_hijacking: # Direct & Indirect Dylib Hijacking check
                if args.dylib_hijacking == 'default':
                    args.dylib_hijacking = None
                all_results = snake_instance.dylibHijackingScanner(args.dylib_hijacking)
                snake_instance.parseDylibHijackingScannerResults(all_results)

            if args.dylib_hijacking_a: # Show only possible vectors 
                if args.dylib_hijacking_a == 'default':
                    args.dylib_hijacking_a = None
                all_results = snake_instance.dylibHijackingScanner(args.dylib_hijacking_a)
                dh_check = snake_instance.isVulnDylibHijacking(all_results)
                if dh_check:
                    print(dh_check)

            if args.prepare_dylib is not None: # Compile rogue dylib
                snake_instance.prepareRogueDylib(args.prepare_dylib)

class SnakeIV(SnakeIII):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        '''
            When initiated, it run series of commands to extract:
                - all load commands
                - dylib loading commands
                - dylib ID (if exists)
                - rpaths (resolved)
                - absolute paths (@executable_path|@loader_path|@rpath resolved)
            Sets default Dyld Shared Cache location
        '''
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        self.dylib_load_commands_names = {
        'LAZY_LOAD_DYLIB',
        'LOAD_DYLIB',
        'LOAD_UPWARD_DYLIB',
        'LOAD_WEAK_DYLIB',
        'PREBOUND_DYLIB',
        'REEXPORT_DYLIB',
        }
        if binaries is not None: # Exception for bundles where binaries are not valid Mach-O
            self.dylib_id_path = self.getPathFromDylibID() # Get Dylib ID for @loader_path resolving
            self.dylib_loading_commands, self.dylib_loading_commands_names = self.getDylibLoadCommands() # 1. Get dylib specific load commands
            self.rpath_list = self.resolveRunPathLoadCommands() # 2. Get LC_RPATH list
            self.absolute_paths = self.resolveDylibPaths() # 3. Get all dylib absolute paths dictionary {dylib_name[dylib_paths]}
        self.dyld_share_cache_path = '/System/Volumes/Preboot/Cryptexes/OS/System/Library/dyld/dyld_shared_cache_arm64e'

    def getSharedLibraries(self, only_names=True):
        '''
            Return array of shared libraries used by the binary. 
            When the only_names is set to False it aslo prints compatibility and current version of each library.
        '''
        dylibs = []
        for library in self.binary.libraries:
            if only_names:
                dylibs.append(library.name)
            else:
                formatted_compat_version = ".".join(map(str, library.compatibility_version))
                formatted_current_version = ".".join(map(str, library.current_version))
                dylibs.append(f"{library.name} (compatibility version: {formatted_compat_version}, current version: {formatted_current_version})")
        return dylibs

    def getDylibLoadCommands(self):
        '''Return a list of load commands that load dylibs.'''
        dylib_loading_commands = []
        dylib_loading_commands_names = []

        for cmd in self.load_commands:
            cmd_name = cmd.command.__name__
            if cmd_name in self.dylib_load_commands_names:
                dylib_loading_commands.append(cmd)
                dylib_loading_commands_names.append(cmd_name)

        return dylib_loading_commands, dylib_loading_commands_names

    def getUnresolvedRunPathLoadCommandsPaths(self):
        '''
            Return a list of unresolved paths (like @executable_path/Frameworks) from LC_RPATH load commands. Example return:
            ['/usr/lib/swift', '@executable_path/Frameworks', '@loader_path/Frameworks']
        '''
        return [cmd.path for cmd in self.load_commands if cmd.command.__name__ == 'RPATH']

    def resolveRunPathLoadCommands(self):
        '''
            Return a list of resolved (absolute) paths from LC_RPATH. Example return:
            ['/usr/lib/swift', '/Applications/Suunto.app/WrappedBundle/Frameworks', '/Applications/Suunto.app/WrappedBundle/Frameworks']
        '''
        executable_path = os.path.dirname(self.file_path)
        if self.dylib_id_path:
            loader_path = self.dylib_id_path
        else:
            loader_path = executable_path

        unresolved_LC_RPATHS = self.getUnresolvedRunPathLoadCommandsPaths()
        LC_RPATHS = []
        for path in unresolved_LC_RPATHS:
            if path.startswith('@executable_path'):
                path = path.replace('@executable_path',executable_path)
                LC_RPATHS.append(path)
            elif path.startswith('@loader_path'):
                path = path.replace('@loader_path',loader_path)
                LC_RPATHS.append(path)
            else:
                LC_RPATHS.append(path)
        return LC_RPATHS

    def extractPathFromDylibLoadCommandStruct(self, dylib_load_command):
        '''Extracts the string path from a dylib load command structure.'''
        cmd_data = bytes(dylib_load_command.data)
        offset_data = cmd_data[8:]
        offset = int.from_bytes(offset_data[:4], byteorder=self.endianess)
        string_data = cmd_data[offset:]
        null_index = string_data.find(0)
        path_bytes = string_data[:null_index]
        path_string = path_bytes.decode('utf-8')
        return path_string

    def resolveRunPathPaths(self, path):
        '''
            Return ordered list of resolved @rpaths for the given dylib path.
            Example return for self.rpath_list = ['/1/', '/2/'] and dylib path = @rpath/test.dylib
                [ '/1/test.dylib', '/2/test.dylib']
        '''
        resolved_rpaths = []
        for rpath in self.rpath_list:
            resolved_rpaths.append(path.replace('@rpath',rpath))
        return resolved_rpaths

    def resolveDylibPaths(self):
        '''
            Return a dictionary of dylib_name : dylib_absolute_paths
            Paths are absolute (with resolved @rpath, @executable_path, @loader_path)
        '''
        executable_path = os.path.dirname(self.file_path)
        if self.dylib_id_path:
            loader_path = self.dylib_id_path
        else:
            loader_path = executable_path 
        absolute_paths = {}

        for dylib_load_command in self.dylib_loading_commands:
            path = self.extractPathFromDylibLoadCommandStruct(dylib_load_command)
            name = os.path.basename(path)

            if name not in absolute_paths:
                absolute_paths[name] = []

            if path.startswith('@executable_path'):
                path = path.replace('@executable_path', executable_path)
                absolute_paths[name].append(path)

            elif path.startswith('@rpath'):
                paths = self.resolveRunPathPaths(path)
                absolute_paths[name].extend(paths)

            elif path.startswith('@loader_path'):
                path = path.replace('@loader_path', loader_path)
                absolute_paths[name].append(path)

            else:
                absolute_paths[name].append(path)

        return absolute_paths

    def checkBrokenRelativeDylibSource(self):
        '''
            Check for bad dylib source.
            When Dylib is relative, but does not use @executable_path | @loader_path | @rpath.
            For example: mylib.dylib instead of @executable_path/mylib.dylib
        '''
        broken_relative_dylibs = []
        for _, paths in self.absolute_paths.items(): # Iterate dylibs:paths dictionary
            for path in paths:
                if not path.startswith('/'):
                    broken_relative_dylibs.append(path)

        return broken_relative_dylibs

    def checkIfPathExists(self, path):
        '''Check if specified path exists on the filesystem.'''
        return os.path.exists(path)

    def checkIfPathExistsInDyldSharedCache(self, path, extracted_dyld_share_cache_directory_path):
        '''Return if the path exists in the DSC - you must first extract it.'''
        path = os.path.abspath(extracted_dyld_share_cache_directory_path) + "/" + path
        return self.checkIfPathExists(path)

    def runDyldSharedCacheExtractor(self, dyld_share_cache_path, extracted_output_path):
        '''Run dyld-shared-cache-extractor command.'''
        command = ['dyld-shared-cache-extractor', dyld_share_cache_path, extracted_output_path]
        subprocess.run(command, check=True)

    def getDylibTree(self, dyld_share_cache_path=None, extracted_output_path=None, is_extracted=0):
        '''
            A function that inspects the dynamic dependencies of a Mach-O binary recursively (like recursive otool -L). 
            You must use absolute path in --path if you are using --dylibtree from extracted Dyld Shared Cache.
        '''
        if dyld_share_cache_path in [None, '']:
            dyld_share_cache_path = self.dyld_share_cache_path

        if extracted_output_path in [None, '']:
            extracted_output_path = 'extracted_dyld_share_cache/'
        extracted_output_path = os.path.abspath(extracted_output_path) # Convert to absolute path

        if is_extracted == '0':
            self.runDyldSharedCacheExtractor(dyld_share_cache_path, extracted_output_path)

        dylibtree = treelib.Tree()
        path_to_process = [self.file_path]
        already_checked_paths = []
        not_existing_paths = [] # It could be the already_checked_paths for optimization, but for code clarity it stay.
        node_id = 0
        dylibtree.create_node(self.file_path, node_id)

        while path_to_process:
            current_path = path_to_process.pop()

            if (current_path not in path_to_process) and (current_path not in already_checked_paths) and (current_path not in not_existing_paths):
                fat_binary = lief.MachO.parse(current_path)
                dylib_snake_instance = SnakeIV(fat_binary, current_path)

                if current_path.startswith(extracted_output_path): 
                    current_path = current_path.removeprefix(extracted_output_path)

                for _, dylib_paths in dylib_snake_instance.absolute_paths.items():
                    for path in dylib_paths: # All dylibs for current binary (current_path from existing_path_to_process)
                        absolute_path = os.path.abspath(path)
                        node_id += 1
                        filtered_nodes = list(dylibtree.filter_nodes(lambda node: node.tag == current_path))
                        nid_of_first_occurance_of_dylib_in_dylibtree = filtered_nodes[0].identifier
                        # If path exist on the filesystem or DSC, add as a leaf to tree
                        ## current_path(root) -> absolute_path(leaf)
                        if absolute_path not in path_to_process:
                            if dylib_snake_instance.checkIfPathExists(absolute_path):
                                path_to_process.append(absolute_path) # Add this path to process recursively in while loop
                                dylibtree.create_node(absolute_path, node_id, parent=nid_of_first_occurance_of_dylib_in_dylibtree) # Add a path as a leaf
                            elif dylib_snake_instance.checkIfPathExistsInDyldSharedCache(path, extracted_output_path):
                                dsc_path = extracted_output_path + path
                                path_to_process.append(dsc_path)
                                dylibtree.create_node(absolute_path, node_id, data='\033[94mDSC\033[0m',  parent=nid_of_first_occurance_of_dylib_in_dylibtree) # Add a path as a leaf
                            else:
                                not_existing_paths.append(absolute_path)
                                dylibtree.create_node(absolute_path, node_id, data='\033[91mWARNING - not existing path\033[0m',  parent=nid_of_first_occurance_of_dylib_in_dylibtree)

                # If the node path (current_path) was checked, it should not be unwind again.
                already_checked_paths.append(current_path)
                already_checked_paths.append(extracted_output_path + current_path)

        return dylibtree 

    def getDylibID(self):
        '''
        Return a LC_ID_DYLIB Load Command if exists.
        Dyld additionally check if the FILE TYPE == MH_DYLIB.
        I intentionally omit this step to always extract ID.
        '''
        for cmd in self.load_commands:
            if cmd.command.__name__ == 'ID_DYLIB':
                return cmd
        return None

    def getPathFromDylibID(self):
        '''Return a path stored inside the Dylib ID Load Command.'''
        dylib_id_lc = self.getDylibID()
        if dylib_id_lc:
            return self.extractPathFromDylibLoadCommandStruct(dylib_id_lc)
        return None

    def printTreeFromTreelib(self, tree):
        '''
            Helper function for printing the dylibtree. 
            It will only work with this structure because the root id is equal to 0 (tree.get_node(0)), which is not always true.
            I had to write this to make pretty printing with data work because, by default, tree limb does not support printing with data.
            Data is needed to show warnings if any library is missing on the filesystem and to inform if the library was from Dyld Share Cachce.
        '''
        def recursivePrint(node, prefix="", last=True):
            data_str = f": {node.data}" if node.data else ""
            print(f"{prefix}{'`-- ' if last else '|-- '}{node.tag}{data_str}")

            children = tree.children(node.identifier)
            count = len(children)

            for i, child in enumerate(children):
                is_last = i == count - 1
                child_prefix = f"{prefix}{'    ' if last else '|   '}"
                recursivePrint(child, child_prefix, is_last)

        root = tree.get_node(0)
        recursivePrint(root)

    def printDylibs(self):
        dylibs = self.getSharedLibraries(only_names=False)
        if dylibs:
            print(f"{self.file_path} depends on libraries:")
            for d in dylibs:
                print(f"\t{d}")
        else:
            print(f"{self.file_path} does not depend on any libraries.")

    def printRpathsResolved(self):
        '''Print all paths that @rpath can be resolved to.'''
        print(*self.rpath_list, sep="\n")

    def printRpathsUnresolved(self):
        print(*self.getUnresolvedRunPathLoadCommandsPaths(), sep="\n")

    def printResolvedDylibPaths(self):
        '''Prints all resolved (absolute) dylib loading commands paths.'''
        for _, dylib_paths in self.absolute_paths.items():
            print(*dylib_paths, sep='\n')

    def printUnresolvedDylibPaths(self):
        '''Prints all unresolved (with @rpath|@executable_path|@loader_path) dylib loading commands paths.'''
        for dylib_load_command in self.dylib_loading_commands:
            print(self.extractPathFromDylibLoadCommandStruct(dylib_load_command))

    def printBrokenRelativePaths(self):
        '''Print 'broken' relative paths from the binary (cases where the dylib source is specified for an executable directory without @executable_path)'''
        for broken_path in self.checkBrokenRelativeDylibSource():
            print(broken_path)

    def getMissingPaths(self):
        '''Return two unique lists of missing and existing paths.'''
        missing_paths = []
        existing_paths = []
        for _, paths in self.absolute_paths.items():
            for path in paths:
                if os.path.exists(path):
                    existing_paths.append(path)
                    break  # Stop checking further paths for this dylib
                else:
                    missing_paths.append(path)
        unique_missing = list(set(missing_paths))
        unique_existing = list(set(existing_paths))
        return unique_missing, unique_existing

    def checkWriteAccessMissing(self, paths):
        '''
            Check write access for the given paths.
            In case the directory does not exists, traverse back till directory that exists and check write access there.
            Return a list of writeable directories.
        '''
        write_accessible_paths = []
        for path in paths:
            current_path = path
            if os.access(current_path, os.W_OK):
                write_accessible_paths.append(path)
                continue
            while current_path:
                current_path = os.path.dirname(current_path)
                if not os.path.exists(current_path):
                    continue
                if os.access(current_path, os.W_OK):
                    write_accessible_paths.append(path)
                    break
                else:
                    break

        return write_accessible_paths

    def checkWriteAccessExisting(self, paths):
        '''Return a list of write-accessible paths.'''
        write_accessible_paths = []
        for path in paths:
            if os.access(path, os.W_OK):
                write_accessible_paths.append(path)

        return write_accessible_paths

    def hasLibraryValidationFlag(self, file_path):
        '''Check Library validation flag for given binary.'''
        if b'library-validation' in self.getCodeSignature(file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def hasDisableLibraryValidationEntitlement(self, file_path):
        '''
            Checks if the binary has com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation or com.apple.private.security.clear-library-validation entitlement set.
            They allows loading dylibs without requiring code signing.
        '''
        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation', 'true', file_path) or self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.private.security.clear-library-validation','true', file_path):
            return True
        return False

    def getDyldSharedCacheDylibsPaths(self, dsc_path):
        '''
            Parse Dyld Shared Cache using ipsw to extract dylib paths.
            Ref: https://blacktop.github.io/ipsw/docs/guides/dyld/
        '''
        if dsc_path == None:
            dsc_path = self.dyld_share_cache_path

        command = f"ipsw dyld info {dsc_path} -l -j >> /tmp/dyld_shared_cache_temp_1234.json"
        subprocess.run(command, shell=True, check=True)

        with open('/tmp/dyld_shared_cache_temp_1234.json', 'r') as file:
            data = json.load(file)
        os.remove('/tmp/dyld_shared_cache_temp_1234.json')

        # jq -r '.dylibs[].name' dsc.json
        paths = [dylib['name'] for dylib in data.get('dylibs', [])]
        return paths

    def printDyldSharedCacheDylibsPaths(self, dsc_path):
        '''Print Dyld paths from Dyld Shared Cache.'''
        if dsc_path == None:
            dsc_path = self.dyld_share_cache_path

        paths = self.getDyldSharedCacheDylibsPaths(dsc_path)
        for path in paths:
            print(path)

    def checkDylibHijackingProtections(self, file_path):
        '''
            Check protections against dylib hijacking.
            Return True if protected (has library validation ON).
        '''
        
        # Check if 'com.apple.security.cs.disable-library-validation' or 'com.apple.private.security.clear-library-validation' entitlements are present and set to true - INSECURE.
        has_insecure_entitlement = self.hasDisableLibraryValidationEntitlement(file_path)

        # Check if Library validation or Hardened runtime is active - SECURE
        is_hardened_runtime_active = self.hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(file_path)
        is_library_validation_active = self.hasLibraryValidationFlag(file_path)
        
        if has_insecure_entitlement: # Entitlements disables protections
            return False
        elif is_hardened_runtime_active or is_library_validation_active: # If there are no entitlements and HR or LV exists, then protections is ON 
            return True
        else: # If there are no insecure entitlements, but there are also no HR or LV, there are no protections
            return False

    def dylibHijackingScanner(self, dyld_share_cache_path):
        '''
            Direct and Indirect Dylib Hijacking Scanner - return dictionary of results for main binary and each dependancy.
            Save JSON format to /tmp/dylib_hijacking_log.json.
            Return results dictionary.
        '''

        if dyld_share_cache_path in [None, '']:
            dyld_share_cache_path = self.dyld_share_cache_path

        dsc_paths = self.getDyldSharedCacheDylibsPaths(dyld_share_cache_path)
        already_checked_paths = []
        all_results = {}
        path_to_process = [self.file_path]

        while path_to_process:
            current_path = path_to_process.pop()

            result = {
            'is_protected' : bool,
            'writeable_missing_paths' : [],
            'writeable_existing_paths' : []
            }

            if (current_path not in already_checked_paths) and (current_path not in dsc_paths):
                fat_binary = lief.MachO.parse(current_path)
                dylib_snake_instance = SnakeIV(fat_binary, current_path)

                missing_paths, existing_paths = dylib_snake_instance.getMissingPaths()
                result['writeable_missing_paths'] = dylib_snake_instance.checkWriteAccessMissing(missing_paths)
                result['writeable_existing_paths'] = dylib_snake_instance.checkWriteAccessExisting(existing_paths)
                result['is_protected'] = dylib_snake_instance.checkDylibHijackingProtections(dylib_snake_instance.file_path)

                already_checked_paths.append(current_path)
                path_to_process.extend(existing_paths)
                all_results[current_path] = result

        json_file_path = '/tmp/dylib_hijacking_log.json'
        with open(json_file_path, 'a') as json_file:
            json.dump(all_results, json_file)

        return all_results

    def isVulnDylibHijacking(self, all_results):
        '''
            Automatically decide if target is vulnerable to Dylib Hijacking.
            Returns vulnerability info or None if protected.
        '''
        root_binary = True
        info = ''

        for current_path, result in all_results.items():

            if root_binary and result['is_protected']:
                return # Root binary is protected - not vuln

            if not result['is_protected']:
                if result['writeable_existing_paths'] or result['writeable_missing_paths']:
                    if root_binary:
                        info += (f'\033[91mVULNERABLE ROOT BINARY\033[0m: {current_path}\n')
                        root_binary = False
                    else:
                        info += (f'\033[91mVULNERABLE DEPENDENCY\033[0m: {current_path}\n')
                if result['writeable_existing_paths']:
                    info += (f"\033[91mWRITEABLE EXISTING PATHS\033[0m: {', '.join(map(str, result['writeable_existing_paths']))}\n")
                if result['writeable_missing_paths']:
                    info += (f"\033[91mWRITEABLE MISSING PATHS\033[0m: {', '.join(map(str, result['writeable_missing_paths']))}\n")

        if info:
            return info
        else:
            return

    def parseDylibHijackingScannerResults(self, all_results):
        '''
            Print the dylibHijackingScanner results in a nice format.
        '''            
        first_iteration = True

        for current_path, result in all_results.items():
            if first_iteration:
                if result['is_protected']:
                    print(f"\033[92mROOT BINARY PROTECTED\033[0m: {current_path}")
                else:
                    print(f"\033[91mROOT BINARY NOT PROTECTED\033[0m: {current_path}")
                first_iteration = False
            else:
                if result['is_protected']:
                    print(f"\033[92mPROTECTED\033[0m: {current_path}")
                else:
                    print(f"\033[91mNOT PROTECTED\033[0m: {current_path}")
            if result['writeable_existing_paths']:
                print(f"\033[91mWRITEABLE EXISTING PATHS\033[0m: {', '.join(map(str, result['writeable_existing_paths']))}")
            if result['writeable_missing_paths']:
                print(f"\033[91mWRITEABLE MISSING PATHS\033[0m: {', '.join(map(str, result['writeable_missing_paths']))}")
            print("-"*28)

    def getReExportLoadCommands(self):
        '''
        Return a list of REEXPORT_DYLIB Load Commands if exists.
        '''
        reexport_load_commands = []
        for cmd in self.load_commands:
            if cmd.command.__name__ == 'REEXPORT_DYLIB':
                reexport_load_commands.append(cmd)
        return reexport_load_commands

    def getReExportPaths(self):
        '''Return paths stored inside the REEXPORT_DYLIB Load Commands.'''
        reexport_load_commands = self.getReExportLoadCommands()
        paths = []
        if reexport_load_commands:
            for load_command in reexport_load_commands:
                paths.append(self.extractPathFromDylibLoadCommandStruct(load_command))
        return paths 

    def getImportedSymbols(self):
        '''Return a dictionary of imported symbols and names of external libraries where they come from.'''
        imported_symbols = {}

        for symbol in self.binary.imported_symbols:
            binding_info = symbol.binding_info

            if binding_info:
                dylib = binding_info.library
                
                if dylib:
                    imported_symbols[symbol.name] = dylib.name

        return imported_symbols

    def printImportedSymbols(self):
        '''
            Parse getImportedSymbols dictionary in grepable form and print it.
            Symbol names are grouped (sorted) by library. Example output:
                symbol_name : library1
                symbol_name : library1
                symbol_name : library2
                symbol_name : library3
        '''
        imported_symbols = self.getImportedSymbols()
        grouped_symbols = {}

        # Group symbols by unresolved library path
        for symbol_name, unresolved_library_path in imported_symbols.items():
            if unresolved_library_path not in grouped_symbols:
                grouped_symbols[unresolved_library_path] = []
            grouped_symbols[unresolved_library_path].append(symbol_name)

        # Print the grouped symbols
        for unresolved_library_path, symbols in grouped_symbols.items():
            for symbol_name in symbols:
                print(f'{symbol_name} : {unresolved_library_path}')

    def getImportedSymbolsFromTargetLib(self, external_library_name):
        '''
            This function is like a `cat printImportedSymbols | grep external_library`.
            Filter imported symbols in binary (--path binary) to only those from specified external library (--preapre_dylib external_library_name).
            
            https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#binary
            https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#binding-info
            https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#dylibcommand
        '''
        imported_symbols = self.getImportedSymbols()
        grep_result = []
        for symbol_name, unresolved_library_path in imported_symbols.items():
                if external_library_name in unresolved_library_path:
                    grep_result.append(symbol_name)
        
        return grep_result

    def prepareRogueDylib(self, target_library_path=''):
        '''
            Compile m.dylib which by default:
                1. Prints log about successful injection to stdout & stderr syslog.
                2. If the binary is SUID, sets RUID to EUID and prints user ID.
        '''
        file_name_c = 'm.c'
        source_code = SourceCodeManager.dylib_hijacking
        output_filename = 'm.dylib'
        flag_list = ['-dynamiclib']

        if target_library_path:
            imported_sybols = self.getImportedSymbolsFromTargetLib(target_library_path)
        else:
            imported_sybols = []

        if imported_sybols:
            for symbol in imported_sybols:
                if symbol.startswith('_'):
                    symbol = symbol[1:]
                function_to_add = f'\nvoid {symbol}(void){{}}'
                source_code += function_to_add

        SourceCodeManager.clangCompilerWrapper(file_name_c, source_code, output_filename, flag_list)

### --- V. DYLD --- ###
class DyldProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeV: Dyld.'''
        pass
    
    def process(self, args):
            if args.is_built_for_sim: # Check if binary is build for a simulator
                snake_instance.printIsBuiltForSimulator()

            if args.get_dyld_env: # Extract DYLD environment variables from the loader binary
                snake_instance.printDyldEnv()

            if args.compiled_with_dyld_env: # Print Environment variables from the LC_DYLD_ENVIRONMENT
                snake_instance.printDyldEnvLoadCommands()
            
            if args.has_interposing: # Print if binary has interposing sections
                print("INTERPOSING: " + str(snake_instance.hasInterposing()))
                
            if args.interposing_symbols: # Print all replacement symbols from the __interpose section
                snake_instance.printInterposingSymbols()

class SnakeV(SnakeIV):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        self.platforms = {
            1: 'PLATFORM_MACOS',
            2: 'PLATFORM_IOS',
            3: 'PLATFORM_TVOS',
            4: 'PLATFORM_WATCHOS',
            5: 'PLATFORM_BRIDGEOS',
            6: 'PLATFORM_MACCATALYST',
            7: 'PLATFORM_IOSSIMULATOR',
            8: 'PLATFORM_TVOSSIMULATOR',
            9: 'PLATFORM_WATCHOSSIMULATOR',
            10: 'PLATFORM_DRIVERKIT'
        } # https://github.com/Karmaz95/Snake_Apple/blob/main/IV.%20Dylibs/macos/loader.h#L1275

    def isBuiltForSimulator(self):
        '''
            Function for --is_built_for_sim flag.
            https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#lief.MachO.BuildVersion.PLATFORMS
            Returns True if platform is in :
            #define PLATFORM_IOSSIMULATOR 7
            #define PLATFORM_TVOSSIMULATOR 8
            #define PLATFORM_WATCHOSSIMULATOR 9.
        '''
        simulator_platforms = [7,8,9]
        platform_value = self.binary.build_version.platform.value
        if platform_value in simulator_platforms:
            return True, platform_value
        elif platform_value > 10:
            return None, platform_value
        else:
            return False, platform_value

    def printIsBuiltForSimulator(self):
        '''
            Print text instead of True|False from the isBuiltForSimulator return.
            Example outputs:
                test platform is PLATFORM_IOSSIMULATOR -> built for simulator.
                executable platform is PLATFORM_MACOS -> not built for simulator
        '''
        name = os.path.basename(self.file_path)
        platform_check, platform_value = self.isBuiltForSimulator()
        if platform_check == True:
            print(f'{name} platform is \033[94m{self.platforms[platform_value]}\033[0m\033[91m -> built for simulator\033[0m. ')
        elif platform_check == None:
            print(f'{name} is build for UNKNOWN platform -> \033[94m{platform_value}\033[0m')
        else:
            print(f'{name} platform is \033[94m{self.platforms[platform_value]}\033[0m\033[92m -> not built for simulator\033[0m')

    def getDyldEnv(self):
        '''Return a list of DYLD environment variables from the binary.'''
        dyld_env = []
        strings_from_CSTRING = self.getStringSection()
        for s in strings_from_CSTRING:
            if s.startswith('DYLD_') and '/' not in s:
                # Exclude DYLD_$ paths (that starts and ends with DYLD_)
                if s.endswith('DYLD_'):
                    continue
                # Remove spaces and all after the first occurrence of space
                s = s.split(' ')[0].strip()
                if s not in dyld_env:
                    dyld_env.append(s)
        return dyld_env

    def printDyldEnv(self):
        '''Print DYLD environment variables from the binary.'''
        dyld_env = self.getDyldEnv()
        if dyld_env:
            print(*dyld_env, sep='\n')
        else:
            print("No DYLD environment variables found.")

    def enumDyldEnvLoadCommands(self):
        '''Check if binary has DYLD_ENVIRONMENT load commands.'''
        all_dyld_env = []

        for cmd in self.load_commands:
            if cmd.command.__name__ == 'DYLD_ENVIRONMENT':
                all_dyld_env.append(cmd)

        return all_dyld_env

    def printDyldEnvLoadCommands(self):
        '''Print DYLD_ENVIRONMENT load commands.'''
        all_dyld_env = self.enumDyldEnvLoadCommands()

        if all_dyld_env:
            for cmd in all_dyld_env:
                print(cmd.value)

    def hasInterposing(self):
        '''Check if binary has interposing sections.'''
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            if section.name == "__interpose":
                return True
        return False

    def getInterposingSymbolsAddresses(self):
        '''Get replacement symbols addresses from the __interpose section.'''
        interposing_symbols_addresses = []
        bit_mask = 0xffffffff
        
        if self.hasInterposing():
            for section in self.binary.sections:
                if section.name == "__interpose":
                    for i in range(0, len(section.content), 16):
                        address = int.from_bytes(section.content[i:i+8], byteorder=self.endianess)
                        interposing_symbols_addresses.append(address)
            
            # Remove binary virtual address base to get the symbol offset only ['0x3f54'] instead of ['0x10000000003f54']
            i = 0
            for addr in interposing_symbols_addresses:
                interposing_symbols_addresses[i] = addr & bit_mask
                i+=1

            return interposing_symbols_addresses

    def getInterposingSymbols(self):
        '''Get all replacement symbols from the __interpose section.'''
        interposing_symbols_addresses = self.getInterposingSymbolsAddresses()
        interposing_symbols_names = []
        
        if interposing_symbols_addresses:
            for symbol in self.getSymbols():
                if symbol.value in interposing_symbols_addresses:
                    interposing_symbols_names.append(symbol.name)

        return interposing_symbols_names, interposing_symbols_addresses
    
    def printInterposingSymbols(self):
        '''Print all replacement symbols from the __interpose section.'''
        symbol_names, symbol_addrs = self.getInterposingSymbols()
        for symbol_name, symbol_addrs in zip(symbol_names, symbol_addrs):
            print(f"{(symbol_name).ljust(32)} {hex(symbol_addrs)}")

### --- VI. AMFI --- ###
class AMFIProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeVI: AMFI.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
        if args.dump_prelink_info is not None: # nargs="?", const='PRELINK_info.txt' # Dump '__PRELINK_INFO,__info' to a given file (default: 'PRELINK_info.txt')
            snake_instance.dumpPrelink_info(args.dump_prelink_info)

        if args.dump_prelink_text is not None: # Dump '__PRELINK_TEXT,__text' to a given file (default: 'PRELINK_text.txt')
            snake_instance.dumpPrelink_text(args.dump_prelink_text)

        if args.dump_prelink_kext is not None: # Dump prelinked KEXT from decompressed Kernel Cache to a file named: prelinked_{kext_name}.bin
            snake_instance.dumpKernelExtensionFromPRELINK_TEXT(args.dump_prelink_kext)

        if args.kext_prelinkinfo: # Print _Prelink properties from PRELINK_INFO,__info for a give kext
            snake_instance.printParsedPRELINK_INFO_plist(args.kext_prelinkinfo)

        if args.kmod_info: # Print parsed kmod_info for the given kext
            snake_instance.printParsedkmod_info(args.kmod_info)
        
        if args.kext_entry: # Print kext entrypoint
            snake_instance.printKextEntryPoint(args.kext_entry)
        
        if args.kext_exit: # Print kext exitpoint
            snake_instance.printKextExitPoint(args.kext_exit)

        if args.mig: # Search for MIG subsystem and prints message handlers
            snake_instance.printMIG()

        if args.has_suid: # Print file SUID status
            snake_instance.printHasSetUID()

        if args.has_sgid: # Print file SGID status 
            snake_instance.printHasSetGID()

        if args.has_sticky: # Print file sticky bit status 
            snake_instance.printStickyBit()

        if args.injectable_dyld: # Static check for DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
            snake_instance.printCheckDyldInsertLibraries()

        if args.test_insert_dylib: # INVASIVE check for DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
            snake_instance.printTestDyldInsertLibraries()

        if args.test_prune_dyld: # INVASIVE check for DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS (if DEV are cleared)
            snake_instance.printTestPruneDyldEnv()

        if args.test_dyld_print_to_file: # INVASIVE check for DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE
            snake_instance.printTestDyldPrintToFile()

        if args.test_dyld_SLC: # INVASIVE check for DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR
            snake_instance.printTestDyldSLC()

class SnakeVI(SnakeV):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        # This map is just a helper for --dump_kext so the user can specify different names for the same kext. 
        # For instance, amfi instead of AppleMobileFileIntegrity.kext
        self.kext_map = {
            'amfi' : 'applemobilefileintegrity',
            'com.apple.driver.applemobilefileintegrity' : 'applemobilefileintegrity',
            'applemobilefileintegrity.kext' : 'applemobilefileintegrity',
        }

    def loadPRELINK_INFOFromFile(self, prelink_info_filename): # Not used yet.
        ''' 
            Read PRELINK_INFO,__info section from file (with alignment).
            The last line in the dumped section plist is broken, because of alignment.
            This function remove it so the plistlib.loads work.
            It returns loaded PLIST {prelink_info_plist}.
        '''
        prelink_info_plist_bytes = self.readBytesFromFile(prelink_info_filename)
        prelink_as_bytes_without_last_line = self.removeNullBytesAlignment(prelink_info_plist_bytes)
        prelink_info_plist = plistlib.loads(prelink_as_bytes_without_last_line)
        return prelink_info_plist
    
    def calcTwoComplement64(self, value):
        ''' Convert negative int to hex representation. '''
        return hex((value + (1 << 64)) % (1 << 64))

    def removeNullBytesAlignment(self, string_as_bytes):
        ''' 
            The last line in the PLISTs and other files dumped from memory will almost always be aligned with 0x00 bytes. 
            This function:
                Detects lines in a given bytes {string_as_bytes}.
                Removes the last line.
                Returns a new {string_as_bytes}.
        '''
        decoded_string = string_as_bytes.decode('utf-8')
        decoded_string_without_last_line = decoded_string[:decoded_string.rfind('\n')]
        string_as_bytes_without_last_line = decoded_string_without_last_line.encode()
        return string_as_bytes_without_last_line

    def dumpPrelink_info(self, filename):
        ''' Dump '__PRELINK_INFO,__info' to a given file (default: 'PRELINK_info.txt') '''
        segment_name = '__PRELINK_INFO'
        section_name = '__info'
        if self.dumpSection(segment_name, section_name, filename):
            print("SUCCESS: __PRELINK_INFO,__info dump")

    def dumpPrelink_text(self, filename):
        ''' Dump '__PRELINK_TEXT,__text' to a given file (default: 'PRELINK_text.txt') '''
        segment_name = '__PRELINK_TEXT'
        section_name = '__text'
        if self.dumpSection(segment_name, section_name, filename):
            print("SUCCESS: __PRELINK_TEXT,__text dump")

    def extractPRELINK_INFO_plist(self):
        ''' Extract '__PRELINK_INFO,__info' and return it. '''
        segment_name = '__PRELINK_INFO'
        section_name = '__info'
        extracted_bytes = self.extractSection(segment_name, section_name)
        return extracted_bytes

    def parsePRELINK_INFO_plist(self, kext_name):
        ''' Extract PLIST properties values from '__PRELINK_INFO,__info' section for the given {kext_name}: 
                _PrelinkBundlePath
                _PrelinkExecutableLoadAddr
                _PrelinkExecutableRelativePath
                _PrelinkExecutableSize
                _PrelinkExecutableSourceAddr
                _PrelinkKmodInfo
        '''
        #prelink_info_plist = self.loadPRELINK_INFO(prelink_info_filename) # For loading PRELINK_INFO from file
        prelink_as_bytes = self.extractPRELINK_INFO_plist()
        prelink_as_bytes_without_last_line = self.removeNullBytesAlignment(prelink_as_bytes)
        prelink_info_plist = plistlib.loads(prelink_as_bytes_without_last_line)

        kext_name = kext_name.lower()
        if kext_name in self.kext_map:
            kext_name = self.kext_map[kext_name]

        # Iterate over the parsed dictionary
        for item in prelink_info_plist['_PrelinkInfoDictionary']:
            PrelinkExecutableRelativePath = item.get('_PrelinkExecutableRelativePath', '').lower()

            # Check if the '_PrelinkExecutableRelativePath' contains {kext_name} in its path
            if  kext_name in PrelinkExecutableRelativePath:
                # Extract the desired keys and their corresponding values
                bundle_path = item.get('_PrelinkBundlePath')

                executable_load_addr = str(item.get('_PrelinkExecutableLoadAddr')).lower()
                if executable_load_addr.startswith("0x"):
                    executable_load_addr = int(executable_load_addr, 16)
                elif executable_load_addr.startswith("-"):
                    executable_load_addr = self.calcTwoComplement64(int(executable_load_addr))
                    
                executable_relative_path = item.get('_PrelinkExecutableRelativePath')
                
                executable_size = str(item.get('_PrelinkExecutableSize')).lower()
                if executable_size.startswith("0x"):
                    executable_size = int(executable_size, 16)
                elif executable_size.startswith("-"):
                    executable_size = self.calcTwoComplement64(int(executable_size))
                
                source_addr = str(item.get('_PrelinkExecutableSourceAddr')).lower()
                if source_addr.startswith("0x"):
                    source_addr = int(source_addr, 16)
                elif source_addr.startswith("-"):
                    source_addr = self.calcTwoComplement64(int(source_addr))
                
                kmod_info = str(item.get('_PrelinkKmodInfo')).lower()
                if kmod_info.startswith("0x"):
                    kmod_info = int(kmod_info, 16)
                elif kmod_info.startswith("-"):
                    kmod_info = self.calcTwoComplement64(int(kmod_info))
 
                return bundle_path, executable_load_addr, executable_relative_path, executable_size, source_addr, kmod_info

    def printParsedPRELINK_INFO_plist(self, kext_name):
        ''' Print extracted properties for PRELINK_INFO Plist for a given kext. '''
        bundle_path, executable_load_addr, executable_relative_path, executable_size, source_addr, kmod_info = self.parsePRELINK_INFO_plist(kext_name)
        print(f'_PrelinkBundlePath: {bundle_path}')
        print(f'_PrelinkExecutableLoadAddr: {executable_load_addr}')
        print(f'_PrelinkExecutableRelativePath: {executable_relative_path}')
        print(f'_PrelinkExecutableSize: {hex(int(executable_size))}')
        print(f'_PrelinkExecutableSourceAddr: {source_addr}')
        print(f'_PrelinkKmodInfo: {kmod_info}')

    def dumpKernelExtensionFromPRELINK_TEXT(self, kext_name):
        ''' Dump prelinked KEXT {kext_name} from decompressed Kernel Cache PRELINK_TEXT segment -p {file_path} to a file named: prelinked_{kext_name}.bin '''
        segment_section = '__PRELINK_TEXT,__text'

        if not self.hasSection(segment_section): # If segment does not exist - break
            print(f'Specified binary file does not have {segment_section} - the extension was not dumped.')
            return False

        _, kext_load_addr, _, kext_size, source_addr, _ = self.parsePRELINK_INFO_plist(kext_name)
        kext_load_addr = int(kext_load_addr, 16)
        kext_size = int(kext_size, 16)
        output_path = f'prelinked_{kext_name}.bin'

        kext_offset = self.calcRealAddressFromVM(kext_load_addr)
        self.dumpData(kext_offset, kext_size, output_path)

    def parsekmod_info(self, kext_name):
        ''' Parse kmod_info structure for the given {kext_name} from Kernel Cache '''
        _, _, _, _, _, kmod_info_vm_addr = self.parsePRELINK_INFO_plist(kext_name)
        kmod_info_in_file = self.calcRealAddressFromVM(kmod_info_vm_addr)
        kmod_info_size = ctypes.sizeof(AppleStructuresManager.kmod_info)
        extracted_kmod_info_bytes = self.extractBytesAtOffset(kmod_info_in_file, kmod_info_size)
        # debug +
        #Utils.printQuadWordsLittleEndian64(extracted_kmod_info_bytes)
        # debug -
        kmod_info_as_dict = AppleStructuresManager.kmod_info.parse(extracted_kmod_info_bytes)
        return kmod_info_as_dict
    
    def printParsedkmod_info(self, kext_name):
        ''' Printing function for --kmod_info '''
        kmod_info_as_dict = self.parsekmod_info(kext_name)
        for k, v in kmod_info_as_dict.items():
                print(f'{k.ljust(16)}: {v}')

    def calcKextEntryPoint(self, kext_name):
        ''' Calculate the __start for the given {kext_name} Kernel Extension '''
        kmod_info_as_dict = self.parsekmod_info(kext_name)
        start = int(kmod_info_as_dict['start'], 16) & 0xFFFFFFFF
        
        kernelcache_text_segment = self.getSegment('__TEXT')
        kernelcache_text_segment_base = kernelcache_text_segment.virtual_address
        
        return start + kernelcache_text_segment_base

    def printKextEntryPoint(self, kext_name):
        ''' Printing function for --kext_entry flag. '''
        kext_entrypoint = hex(self.calcKextEntryPoint(kext_name))
        print(f'{kext_name} entrypoint: {kext_entrypoint}')

    def calcKextExitPoint(self, kext_name):
        ''' Calculate the __stop for the given {kext_name} Kernel Extension '''
        kmod_info_as_dict = self.parsekmod_info(kext_name)
        stop = int(kmod_info_as_dict['stop'], 16) & 0xFFFFFFFF

        kernelcache_text_segment = self.getSegment('__TEXT')
        kernelcache_text_segment_base = kernelcache_text_segment.virtual_address

        return stop + kernelcache_text_segment_base

    def printKextExitPoint(self, kext_name):
        ''' Printing function for --kext_exit flag. '''
        kext_exitpoint = hex(self.calcKextEntryPoint(kext_name))
        print(f'{kext_name} exitpoint: {kext_exitpoint}')

    def parseMIG(self):
        ''' Search for MIG subsystem messages. I was using this Hopper script as an inspiration: https://github.com/knightsc/hopper/blob/master/scripts/MIG%20Detect.py 
        
        Returns a dictionary like: {'_MIG_subsystem_1000': {'_MIG_msg_1000': routine_for_msg}}
        '''
        va_start = self.getVirtualMemoryStartingAddress()
        mig_subsystem_size = ctypes.sizeof(AppleStructuresManager.mig_subsystem)
        routine_descriptor_size = ctypes.sizeof(AppleStructuresManager.routine_descriptor)
        mig_subsystems = {}

        # The MIG should be in __DATA,__const | __DATA_CONST,__const | __CONST,__constdata, but it is not always the case. 
        # Great example is decompressed kernelcache, there are no __const section. Conclusion, would be to iterate over each segment, but there is a problem with alignment.
        for section in self.binary.sections:
            #if ('const' in section.name and 'DATA' in section.segment.name):
            section_bytes = section.content.tobytes()
            section_size = section.size
            alignment = pow(2,section.alignment)

            # Loop through section bytes using alignment to speed up
            current_offset = 0
            while current_offset < section_size:
                chunk = section_bytes[current_offset:current_offset+mig_subsystem_size]
                mig_subsystem_dict = AppleStructuresManager.mig_subsystem.parse(chunk)
                number_of_msgs = mig_subsystem_dict['end'] - mig_subsystem_dict['start']

                # Check for possible mig_subsystem structure:
                if (number_of_msgs > 0 and
                    number_of_msgs < 1024 and
                    mig_subsystem_dict['server'] != 0 and
                    mig_subsystem_dict['start'] > 0 and
                    mig_subsystem_dict['end'] > 0 and
                    mig_subsystem_dict['reserved'] == 0 and
                    mig_subsystem_dict['routine_0'] == 0):
                    '''
                    # print(f'{hex(mig_subsystem_dict["server"])} {hex(mig_subsystem_dict["start"])}')
                    # At this stage I get 0x8028000000007e74 instead of 0x100007e74 and I do not know why. The same goes for every impl_routine later too...
                    # I can manually repair it by: & 0xFFFFFFFF | __TEXT 
                    # It is temp fix, there must be a "proper way" - todo 
                    '''
                    mig_subsystem_dict['server'] = mig_subsystem_dict['server'] & 0xFFFFFFFF | va_start # Fix according to the above comment
                    mig_subsystem_number = mig_subsystem_dict['start']
                    subsystem_name = "MIG_subsystem_{0}".format(mig_subsystem_number)
                    mig_subsystems[subsystem_name] = {}
                    current_offset += mig_subsystem_size

                    # If mig_subsystem structure was found, iterate over all routines
                    msg = 0
                    while msg < number_of_msgs:
                        routine_name = "MIG_msg_{0}".format(mig_subsystem_number+msg)
                        chunk = section_bytes[current_offset:current_offset+routine_descriptor_size]
                        routine_descriptor_dict = AppleStructuresManager.routine_descriptor.parse(chunk)
                        if routine_descriptor_dict['impl_routine'] != 0:
                            routine_descriptor_dict['impl_routine'] = routine_descriptor_dict['impl_routine'] & 0xFFFFFFFF | va_start # Fix like subsystem
                        mig_subsystems[subsystem_name].update({routine_name: routine_descriptor_dict})
                        current_offset += routine_descriptor_size
                        msg += 1

                    continue # To find more subsystems we continue the parent while without adding below alignment, because we added routine_descriptor_size

                current_offset += alignment

        return(mig_subsystems)

    def printMIG(self):
        ''' Iterates over each subsystem and its associated messages, printing them in the nice format. '''
        mig_subsystems = self.parseMIG()

        for subsystem, messages in mig_subsystems.items():
            print(subsystem + ":")

            for message, details in messages.items():
                print(f"- {message}: {hex(details['impl_routine'])}")

    def hasSetUID(self):
        """
        Check if a file has the SUID (Set User ID) bit set.
        
        Args:
        filename (str): Path to the file to be checked.
        
        Returns:
        bool: True if SUID bit is set, False otherwise.
        """
        st_mode = os.stat(self.file_path).st_mode
        return bool(st_mode & stat.S_ISUID)

    def hasSetGID(self):
        """
        Check if a file has the setgid (Set Group ID) bit set.
        
        Args:
        filename (str): Path to the file to be checked.
        
        Returns:
        bool: True if setgid bit is set, False otherwise.
        """
        st_mode = os.stat(self.file_path).st_mode
        return bool(st_mode & stat.S_ISGID)

    def hasStickyBit(self):
        """
        Check if a file has the sticky bit set.
        
        Args:
        filename (str): Path to the file to be checked.
        
        Returns:
        bool: True if sticky bit is set, False otherwise.
        """
        st_mode = os.stat(self.file_path).st_mode
        return bool(st_mode & stat.S_ISVTX)

    def printHasSetUID(self):
        print(f'SUID: {self.hasSetUID()}')

    def printHasSetGID(self):
        print(f'SGID: {self.hasSetGID()}')

    def printStickyBit(self):
        print(f'STICKY: {self.hasStickyBit()}')

    def hasAllowDEV(self, file_path):
        '''
            Checks if the binary has com.apple.security.cs.allow-dyld-environment-variables.
            This allow for Dyld Environment Variables.
        '''
        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.cs.allow-dyld-environment-variables', 'true', file_path):
            return True

        return False

    def checkDyldInsertLibraries(self):
        ''' Check if binary is vulnerable to code injection using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES. '''
        cs_flags = self.getCodeSignatureFlags()
        if cs_flags & 0x2800: # CS_RESTRICT | CS_REQUIRE_LV
            return False

        if self.hasSetUID() or self.hasSetGID() or self.hasRestrictSegment(): # SUID | GUID | __RESTRICT,__restrict
            return False

        has_insecure_entitlements_combination = self.hasDisableLibraryValidationEntitlement(self.file_path) and self.hasAllowDEV(self.file_path)
        if (cs_flags & 0x10000) and (not has_insecure_entitlements_combination): # CS_RUNTIME without disabled LV and allowed DEV through entitlements
            return False

        return True

    def printCheckDyldInsertLibraries(self):
        #print(f'{self.file_path} injectable DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES: {self.checkDyldInsertLibraries()}')
        print(f'Injectable DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES: {self.checkDyldInsertLibraries()}')

    def listenSyslog(self, test_string, test_string_found, stop_event, timeout=2):
        ''' Function to listen (for 2 seconds by default) to macOS system logs for a specific string. '''
        # Run the log command to retrieve system log messages
        process = subprocess.Popen(['log', 'stream', '--timeout', str(timeout)], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, text=True)
        for line in process.stdout:
            if test_string in line:
                test_string_found.set()
                return

            if stop_event.is_set():
                return

    def testDyldInsertLibraries(self):
        ''' Checking if DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES is allowed.
        INVASIVE:
            0. Check if /tmp/crimson_stalker.dylib exists.
            1. If not - the library /tmp/crimson_stalker.dylib is compiled.
            2. Binary is executed with DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES=/tmp/crimson_stalker.dylib
            3. Library is NOT REMOVED it stays in /tmp/ in case of massive checks with loops.
        '''
        stalker_path = '/tmp/crimson_stalker.dylib'
        env_variable = f'DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES={stalker_path}'
        test_string = 'crimson_stalker library injected into '

        # Compile dylib if not exist:
        if not os.path.exists(stalker_path):
            file_name_c = '/tmp/crimson_stalker.c'
            source_code = SourceCodeManager.crimson_stalker
            output_filename = stalker_path
            flag_list = ['-dynamiclib']
            SourceCodeManager.clangCompilerWrapper(file_name_c, source_code, output_filename, flag_list)

        # Create a threading event to signal when the test string is found in syslog or to stop listenSyslog thread (using Event as a flag and .set() as a switch)
        test_string_found = threading.Event() # Used in listenSyslog -> when test_string_found.set() is called, it is final check if test_string was found in syslogs.
        stop_event = threading.Event() # Used in this function -> when stop_event.set() is called below, it inform listenSyslog to stop.s

        # Start listening for syslog messages in a separate thread
        syslog_listener_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.listenSyslog, args=(test_string, test_string_found, stop_event))
        syslog_listener_thread.start()
        # To avoid Race Codition false positives because syslog_listener_thread just started
        # We must wait for at least 0.1 for listenSyslog to start reading logs
        # Then we can execute the command below without a fear it will be omited in by the syslog_listener_thread.
        time.sleep(0.2) # 0.2 here and 2 for the timeout in listenSyslog is enough

        # Execute the command and capture stdout and stderr
        command = f'{env_variable} {self.file_path}'
        process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()

        # Wait for the subprocess to finish
        process.wait()
        stdout = stdout.decode('utf-8')
        stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8')

        # Check if the test string was found in stdout (it should not appear in stderr, but I check for that, you never know :D)
        if (test_string in stdout) or (test_string in stderr):
            stop_event.set()
            return True
        
        # Wait for the thread to finish
        syslog_listener_thread.join()

        # Check if the test string was found in syslog
        if test_string_found.is_set(): #
            return True

        return False

    def printTestDyldInsertLibraries(self):
        print(f'DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES is allowed: {self.testDyldInsertLibraries()}')

    def testPruneDyldEnv(self):
        ''' Checking if Dyld Environment Variables are cleared (INVASIVE - the binary is executed) '''
        env_variable = 'DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS=1'
        test_string = 'running initializer '

        # Execute the command and capture stdout and stderr
        command = f'{env_variable} {self.file_path}'
        process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
        
        stdout = stdout.decode('utf-8')
        stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8')
        if test_string in stderr:
            return False

        return True

    def printTestPruneDyldEnv(self):
        #print(f'{self.file_path} DEV Pruned: {self.testPruneDyldEnv()}')
        print(f'DEV Pruned: {self.testPruneDyldEnv()}')

    def testDyldPrintToFile(self):
        ''' Checking if DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE Dyld Environment Variables works.
        INVASIVE:
            1. The binary is executed.
            2. The file /tmp/crimson_1029384756_testDyldPrintToFile.txt is created if env works.
            3. The file is then removed 
        '''
        test_file_path = '/tmp/crimson_1029384756_testDyldPrintToFile.txt'
        env_variable = f'DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE={test_file_path}'

        # Execute the command and capture stdout and stderr
        command = f'{env_variable} {self.file_path}'
        process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
        #process.wait()

        stdout = stdout.decode('utf-8')
        stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8')

        if os.path.exists(test_file_path):
            os.remove(test_file_path)
            return True

        return False

    def printTestDyldPrintToFile(self):
        print(f'DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE allowed: {self.testDyldPrintToFile()}')  

    def testDyldSLC(self):
        ''' Checking if DYLD_SHARED_REGION=private Dyld Environment Variables works and code can be injected using DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR.
        INVASIVE:
            1. The binary is executed.
            2. DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR=/tmp - this should trigger error, as there are no SLC in tmp.
            3. If there is an error "dyld private shared cache could not be found" the binary is vulnerable.
        '''
        test_file_path = '/tmp'
        env_variable_1 = f'DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR={test_file_path}'
        env_variable_2 = f'DYLD_SHARED_REGION=private'

        # Execute the command and capture stdout and stderr
        command = f'{env_variable_1} {env_variable_2} {self.file_path}'
        process = subprocess.Popen(command, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
        stdout, stderr = process.communicate()
        stdout = stdout.decode('utf-8')
        stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8')

        if 'dyld private shared cache could not be found' in stderr:
            return True
        
        return False

    def printTestDyldSLC(self):
        print(f'DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR allowed: {self.testDyldSLC()}')

### ---- VII. ANTIVIRUS --- ###
class AntivirusProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeVII: Antivirus.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
        if args.xattr: # Print all attributes names
            snake_instance.printAllXattr()

        if args.xattr_value: # Print single attributes value
            snake_instance.printGetXattrValue(args.xattr_value)

        if args.xattr_all: # Print all extended attributes and their values
            snake_instance.printAllXattrValues()

        if args.has_quarantine: # Print if quarantine is set on file
            print("QUARANTINE: " + str(snake_instance.hasQuarantine()))

        if args.remove_quarantine: # Remoe quarantine from a file
            snake_instance.removeQuarantine()
        
        if args.add_quarantine: # Add quarantine to a file
            snake_instance.addQuarantine()

class SnakeVII(SnakeVI):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        self.kext_map.update({
            'com.apple.security.quarantine' : 'quarantine',
            'quarantine.kext' : 'quarantine',
        })

    def getAllXattr(self):
       ''' Return extended file attributes names. '''
       return xattr.listxattr(self.file_path)

    def printAllXattr(self):
        ''' Helper function for printing all xattr <file_name>. '''
        for attr in self.getAllXattr():
            print(attr)

    def getXattrValue(self, attribute_name):
        ''' Return value from single extended file attribute. '''
        return (xattr.getxattr(self.file_path, attribute_name))

    def printGetXattrValue(self, attribute_name):
        ''' Helper function for printing specified xattr value. '''
        print(Utils.hexdump(self.getXattrValue(attribute_name)))
    
    def getAllXattrValues(self):
        ''' Return xattr -l . '''
        attributes = self.getAllXattr()
        all_attributes_values = {}
        for attr in attributes:
            value = xattr.getxattr(self.file_path, attr)
            all_attributes_values.update({attr:value})

        return all_attributes_values

    def printAllXattrValues(self):
        ''' Helper function for xattr -l . '''
        all_attributes_values = self.getAllXattrValues()
        for k,v in all_attributes_values.items():
            print(f"{k}:\n{Utils.hexdump(v)}\n")

    def hasQuarantine(self):
        ''' Check if file has quarantine attribute set. '''
        # todo - make it better, check flags, because it can be set, but allow.
        all_atributes = self.getAllXattr()
        if "com.apple.quarantine" in all_atributes:
            return True
        return False

    def removeQuarantine(self):
        ''' Remove com.apple.quarantine extended attribute from the file. '''
        xattr.removexattr(self.file_path, 'com.apple.quarantine')

    def addQuarantine(self):
        ''' Add com.apple.quarantine extended attribute to the file. '''
        value = f'0004;{int(time.time())};CrimsonUroboros;'
        value_as_bytes = value.encode()
        xattr.setxattr(self.file_path, 'com.apple.quarantine', value_as_bytes)

### ---- VIII. SANDBOX --- ###
class SandboxProcessor:
    def __init__(self):
        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeVIII: Sandbox.'''
        pass

    def process(self, args):
        if args.sandbox_container_path: # Print the sandbox container path
            snake_instance.printSandboxContainerPath()

        if args.sandbox_container_metadata: # Print the sandbox container metadata
            snake_instance.printSandboxContainerMetadata()

        if args.sandbox_redirectable_paths: # Print the sandbox redirectable paths
            snake_instance.printSandboxRedirectablePaths()

        if args.sandbox_parameters: # Print the sandbox parameters
            snake_instance.printSandboxParameters()
        
        if args.sandbox_entitlements: # Print the sandbox entitlements
            snake_instance.printSandboxEntitlements()
        
        if args.sandbox_build_uuid: # Print the sandbox build UUID
            snake_instance.printSandboxBuildUUID()
        
        if args.sandbox_redirected_paths: # Print the sandbox redirected paths
            snake_instance.printSandboxRedirectedPaths()
        
        if args.sandbox_system_images: # Print the sandbox system images
            snake_instance.printSandboxSystemImages()
        
        if args.sandbox_system_profiles: # Print the sandbox system profiles
            snake_instance.printSandboxSystemProfiles()
        
        if args.sandbox_content_protection: # Print the sandbox com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass value
            snake_instance.printContentProtectionClass()
            
        if args.sandbox_profile_data: # Print the sandbox profile data
            snake_instance.printSandboxProfileData()

        if args.dump_kext: # Dump the kernel extension binary from the kernelcache.decompressed file
            snake_instance.dumpKernelExtensionBinary(args.dump_kext)

        if args.extract_sandbox_operations: # Extract sandbox operations from the kernelcache.decompressed file
            snake_instance.printSandboxOperations()


class SnakeVIII(SnakeVII):
    def __init__(self, binaries, file_path):
        super().__init__(binaries, file_path)
        self.kext_map.update({
            'com.apple.security.sandbox' : 'sandbox',
            'sandbox.kext' : 'sandbox',
        })
        self.container_metadata_file = ".com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist"

    def getSandboxContainerPath(self):
        ''' Check if sandbox container exists for the given App Bundle and if it exists, return the path to the container. '''
        bundle_id = bundle_processor.getBundleId()
        if bundle_id:
            container_path = os.path.join(os.path.expanduser('~'), 'Library', 'Containers', bundle_id)
            if os.path.exists(container_path):
                return container_path
        else:
            print("Bundle id is not set in Info.plist for the given App Bundle.")
        return None

    def printSandboxContainerPath(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox container path. '''
        container_path = self.getSandboxContainerPath()
        if container_path:
            print(f'APP BUNDLE SANDBOX CONTAINER: {container_path}')
        else:
            print("No sandbox container found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxContainerMetadata(self):
        ''' Return the sandbox container metadata in XML format. '''
        container_path = self.getSandboxContainerPath()
        if container_path:
            container_metadata_path = os.path.join(container_path, self.container_metadata_file)
            if os.path.exists(container_metadata_path):
                with open(container_metadata_path, 'rb') as f:
                    container_metadata = plistlib.load(f)
                return container_metadata
        return None

    def printSandboxContainerMetadata(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox container metadata in XML format. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata is None:
            print("No sandbox container found for the given App Bundle.")
        else:
            container_metadata_xml = (plistlib.dumps(container_metadata, fmt=plistlib.FMT_XML).decode('utf-8'))
            print(container_metadata_xml)

    def getSandboxRedirectablePaths(self):
        ''' Return the redirectable paths as array. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            redirectable_paths = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('RedirectablePaths', [])
            return redirectable_paths
        return None

    def printSandboxRedirectablePaths(self):
        ''' Print the redirectable paths. '''
        redirectable_paths = self.getSandboxRedirectablePaths()
        if redirectable_paths:
            for path in redirectable_paths:
                print(path)
        else:
            print("No redirectable paths found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxParameters(self):
        ''' Return the sandbox parameters as dictionary. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            parameters = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('Parameters', {})
            return parameters
        return None

    def printSandboxParameters(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox parameters as key-value pairs. '''
        parameters = self.getSandboxParameters()
        if parameters:
            for parameter_key, parameter_value in parameters.items():
                print(f"{parameter_key}: {parameter_value}")
        else:
            print("No sandbox parameters found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxEntitlements(self):
        ''' Return the sandbox entitlements as dictionary. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            entitlements = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('Entitlements', {})
            return entitlements
        return None

    def printSandboxEntitlements(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox entitlements as JSON. '''
        entitlements = self.getSandboxEntitlements()
        if entitlements:
            print(json.dumps(entitlements, indent=4))
        else:
            print("No sandbox entitlements found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxBuildUUID(self):
        ''' Return the sandbox build UUID as string. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            build_uuid = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('Sandbox_Build_UUID', '')
            return build_uuid
        return None

    def printSandboxBuildUUID(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox build UUID as string. '''
        build_uuid = self.getSandboxBuildUUID()
        if build_uuid:
            print(f"Build UUID: {build_uuid}")
        else:
            print("No sandbox build UUID found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxRedirectedPaths(self):
        ''' Return the redirected paths as list. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            redirected_paths = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('RedirectedPaths', [])
            return redirected_paths
        return None

    def printSandboxRedirectedPaths(self):
        ''' Print the redirected paths as dictionary. '''
        redirected_paths = self.getSandboxRedirectedPaths()
        if redirected_paths:
            for path in redirected_paths:
                print(path)
        else:
            print("No redirected paths found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxSystemImages(self):
        ''' Return the system images as list. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            system_images = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('SystemImages', [])
            return system_images
        return None

    def printSandboxSystemImages(self):
        ''' Print the system images as dictionary. '''
        system_images = self.getSandboxSystemImages()
        if system_images:
            for path in system_images:
                print(path)
        else:
            print("No system images found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxSystemProfiles(self):
        ''' Return the system profiles as dict. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            system_profiles = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileDataValidationInfo', {}).get('SystemProfiles', {})
            return system_profiles
        return None

    def printSandboxSystemProfiles(self):
        ''' Print the system profiles as JSON. '''
        system_profiles = self.getSandboxSystemProfiles()
        if system_profiles:
            # Convert datetime to string for all profiles
            for profile in system_profiles:
                if 'AppSandboxProfileSnippetModificationDateKey' in profile:
                    profile['AppSandboxProfileSnippetModificationDateKey'] = profile['AppSandboxProfileSnippetModificationDateKey'].isoformat()
            
            # Print all profiles as a single JSON object
            print(json.dumps(system_profiles, indent=4))
        else:
            print("No system profiles found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getContentProtectionClass(self):
        '''Return the com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass value'''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            content_protection = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass')
            return content_protection
        return None

    def printContentProtectionClass(self):
        '''Print the com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass value'''
        content_protection = self.getContentProtectionClass()
        if content_protection is not None:
            print(f"com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass: {content_protection}")
        else:
            print("No com.apple.MobileInstallation.ContentProtectionClass found for the given App Bundle.")

    def getSandboxProfileData(self):
        ''' Return the sandbox profile data as bytes. '''
        container_metadata = self.getSandboxContainerMetadata()
        if container_metadata:
            sandbox_profile_data = container_metadata.get('MCMMetadataInfo', {}).get('SandboxProfileData', None)
            return sandbox_profile_data
        return None
    
    def printSandboxProfileData(self):
        ''' Print the sandbox profile data as bytes. '''
        sandbox_profile_data = self.getSandboxProfileData()
        if sandbox_profile_data:
            sys.stdout.buffer.write(sandbox_profile_data)
        else:
            print("No SandboxProfileData found for the given App Bundle.")

    def dumpKernelExtensionBinary(self, kext_name):
        ''' Dump the kernel extension binary from the kernelcache.decompressed file. 
        For now it is only wrapper arround ipsw'''
        os.system(f"ipsw kernel extract {self.file_path} {kext_name} --output .")

    def extractSandboxOperations(self):
        ''' Extract sandbox operations from the Sandbox.kext file. '''
        all_strings = self.getStringSection()
        operations = []
        capture = False

        for string in all_strings:
            if string == 'default':
                capture = True
            if capture:
                operations.append(string)
            if string == 'xpc-message-send':
                capture = False

        return operations

    def printSandboxOperations(self):
        '''Print the sandbox operations.'''
        operations = self.extractSandboxOperations()
        for operation in operations:
            print(operation)

### --- ARGUMENT PARSER --- ###  
class ArgumentParser:
    def __init__(self):
        '''Class for parsing arguments from the command line. I decided to remove it from main() for additional readability and easier code maintenance in the VScode'''
        self.parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Mach-O files parser for binary analysis")
        self.addGeneralArgs()
        self.addBundleArgs()
        self.addMachOArgs()
        self.addCodeSignArgs()
        self.addChecksecArgs()
        self.addDylibsArgs()
        self.addDyldArgs()
        self.addAMFIArgs()
        self.addAntivirusArgs()
        self.addSandboxArgs()

    def addGeneralArgs(self):
        general_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('GENERAL ARGS')
        general_group.add_argument('-p', '--path', help="Path to the Mach-O file")
        general_group.add_argument('-b', '--bundle', help="Path to the App Bundle (can be used with -p to change path of binary which is by default set to: /target.app/Contents/MacOS/target)")

    def addBundleArgs(self):
        bundle_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('BUNDLE ARGS')
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_structure', action='store_true', help="Print the structure of the app bundle")
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_info', action='store_true', help="Print the Info.plist content of the app bundle (JSON format)")
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_info_syntax_check', action='store_true', help="Check if bundle info syntax is valid")
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_frameworks', action='store_true', help="Print the list of frameworks in the bundle")
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_plugins', action='store_true', help="Print the list of plugins in the bundle")
        bundle_group.add_argument('--bundle_id', action='store_true', help="Print the CFBundleIdentifier value from the Info.plist file if it exists")

    def addMachOArgs(self):
        macho_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('MACH-O ARGS')
        macho_group.add_argument('--file_type', action='store_true', help="Print binary file type")
        macho_group.add_argument('--header_flags', action='store_true', help="Print binary header flags")
        macho_group.add_argument('--endian', action='store_true', help="Print binary endianess")
        macho_group.add_argument('--header', action='store_true', help="Print binary header")
        macho_group.add_argument('--load_commands', action='store_true', help="Print binary load commands names")
        macho_group.add_argument('--has_cmd', metavar='LC_MAIN', help="Check of binary has given load command")
        macho_group.add_argument('--segments', action='store_true', help="Print binary segments in human-friendly form")
        macho_group.add_argument('--has_segment', help="Check if binary has given '__SEGMENT'", metavar='__SEGMENT')
        macho_group.add_argument('--sections', action='store_true', help="Print binary sections in human-friendly form")
        macho_group.add_argument('--has_section', help="Check if binary has given '__SEGMENT,__section'", metavar='__SEGMENT,__section')
        macho_group.add_argument('--symbols', action='store_true', help="Print all binary symbols")
        macho_group.add_argument('--imports', action='store_true', help="Print imported symbols")
        macho_group.add_argument('--exports', action='store_true', help="Print exported symbols")
        macho_group.add_argument('--imported_symbols', action='store_true', help="Print symbols imported from external libraries with dylib names")
        macho_group.add_argument('--chained_fixups', action='store_true', help="Print Chained Fixups information")
        macho_group.add_argument('--exports_trie', action='store_true', help="Print Export Trie information")
        macho_group.add_argument('--uuid', action='store_true', help="Print UUID")
        macho_group.add_argument('--main', action='store_true', help="Print entry point and stack size")
        macho_group.add_argument('--encryption_info', nargs='?',const='', help="Print encryption info if any. Optionally specify an output path to dump the encrypted data (if cryptid=0, data will be in plain text)", metavar="(optional) save_path.bytes")
        macho_group.add_argument('--strings_section', action='store_true', help="Print strings from __cstring section")
        macho_group.add_argument('--all_strings', action='store_true', help="Print strings from all sections")
        macho_group.add_argument('--save_strings', help="Parse all sections, detect strings, and save them to a file", metavar='all_strings.txt')
        macho_group.add_argument('--info', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print header, load commands, segments, sections, symbols, and strings")
        macho_group.add_argument('--dump_data', help="Dump {size} bytes starting from {offset} to a given {filename} (e.g. '0x1234,0x1000,out.bin')", metavar=('offset,size,output_path'), nargs="?")
        macho_group.add_argument('--calc_offset', help="Calculate the real address (file on disk) of the given Virtual Memory {vm_offset} (e.g. 0xfffffe000748f580)", metavar='vm_offset')
        macho_group.add_argument('--constructors', action='store_true', help="Print binary constructors")
        macho_group.add_argument('--dump_section', help="Dump '__SEGMENT,__section' to standard output as a raw bytes", metavar='__SEGMENT,__section')
        macho_group.add_argument('--dump_binary', help="Dump arm64 binary to a given file", metavar='output_path')

    def addCodeSignArgs(self):
        codesign_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('CODE SIGNING ARGS')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--verify_signature', action='store_true', default=False, help="Code Signature verification (if the contents of the binary have been modified)")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--cd_info', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print Code Signature information")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--cd_requirements', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print Code Signature Requirements")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--entitlements', help="Print Entitlements in a human-readable, XML, or DER format (default: human)", nargs='?', const='human', metavar='human|xml|var')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--extract_cms', help="Extract CMS Signature from the Code Signature and save it to a given file", metavar='cms_signature.der')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--extract_certificates', help="Extract Certificates and save them to a given file. To each filename will be added an index at the end:  _0 for signing, _1 for intermediate, and _2 for root CA certificate", metavar='certificate_name')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--remove_sig', help="Save the new file on a disk with removed signature", metavar='unsigned_binary')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--sign_binary', help="Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to get the identity (default: adhoc)", nargs='?', const='adhoc', metavar='adhoc|identity')
        codesign_group.add_argument('--cs_offset', action='store_true', help="Print Code Signature file offset")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--cs_flags', action='store_true', help="Print Code Signature flags")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--verify_bundle_signature', action='store_true', help="Code Signature verification (if the contents of the bundle have been modified)")
        codesign_group.add_argument('--remove_sig_from_bundle', action='store_true', help="Remove Code Signature from the bundle")

    def addChecksecArgs(self):
        checksec_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('CHECKSEC ARGS')
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_pie', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Position-Independent Executable (PIE) is set")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_arc', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) is in use (can be false positive)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_stripped', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is stripped")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_canary', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Stack Canary is in use (can be false positive)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_nx_stack', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if stack is non-executable (NX stack)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_nx_heap', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if heap is non-executable (NX heap)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_xn', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is protected by eXecute Never (XN) ARM protection")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_notarized', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_encrypted', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the application is encrypted (has LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO(_64) and cryptid set to 1)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_restricted', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary has __RESTRICT segment or CS_RESTRICT flag set")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_hr', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the Hardened Runtime is in use")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_as', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the App Sandbox is in use")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_fort', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the binary is fortified")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_rpath', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the binary utilise any @rpath variables")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_lv', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the binary has Library Validation (protection against Dylib Hijacking)")
        checksec_group.add_argument('--checksec', action='store_true', default=False, help="Run all checksec module options on the binary")

    def addDylibsArgs(self):
        dylibs_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('DYLIBS ARGS')
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylibs', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print shared libraries used by specified binary with compatibility and the current version (loading paths unresolved, like @rpath/example.dylib)")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--rpaths', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print all paths (resolved) that @rpath can be resolved to")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--rpaths_u', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print all paths (unresolved) that @rpath can be resolved to")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylibs_paths', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print absolute dylib loading paths (resolved @rpath|@executable_path|@loader_path) in order they are searched for")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylibs_paths_u', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print unresolved dylib loading paths.")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--broken_relative_paths', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print 'broken' relative paths from the binary (cases where the dylib source is specified for an executable directory without @executable_path)")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylibtree', metavar=('cache_path,output_path,is_extracted'), nargs = '?', const=",,0", help='Print the dynamic dependencies of a Mach-O binary recursively. You can specify the Dyld Shared Cache path in the first argument, the output directory as the 2nd argument, and if you have already extracted DSC in the 3rd argument (0 or 1). The output_path will be used as a base for dylibtree. For example, to not extract DSC, use: --dylibs ",,1", or to extract from default to default use just --dylibs or --dylibs ",,0" which will extract DSC to extracted_dyld_share_cache/ in the current directory')
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylib_id', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print path from LC_ID_DYLIB")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--reexport_paths', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print paths from LC_REEXPORT_DLIB")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--hijack_sec', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is protected against Dylib Hijacking")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylib_hijacking', metavar='(optional) cache_path' ,nargs="?", const="default", help="Check for possible Direct and Indirect Dylib Hijacking loading paths. The output is printed to console and saved in JSON format to /tmp/dylib_hijacking_log.json(append mode). Optionally, specify the path to the Dyld Shared Cache")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--dylib_hijacking_a', metavar='cache_path', nargs="?", const="default", help="Like --dylib_hijacking, but shows only possible vectors (without protected binaries)")
        dylibs_group.add_argument('--prepare_dylib', metavar='(optional) target_dylib_name', nargs="?", const='', help="Compile rogue dylib. Optionally, specify target_dylib_path, it will search for the imported symbols from it in the dylib specified in the --path argument and automatically add it to the source code of the rogue lib. Example: --path lib1.dylib --prepare_dylib /path/to/lib2.dylib")

    def addDyldArgs(self):
        dyld_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('DYLD ARGS')
        dyld_group.add_argument('--is_built_for_sim', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is built for simulator platform.")
        dyld_group.add_argument('--get_dyld_env', action='store_true', default=False, help="Extract Dyld environment variables from the loader binary.")
        dyld_group.add_argument('--compiled_with_dyld_env', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary was compiled with -dyld_env flag and print the environment variables and its values.")
        dyld_group.add_argument('--has_interposing', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary has interposing sections.")
        dyld_group.add_argument('--interposing_symbols', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print interposing symbols if any.")

    def addAMFIArgs(self):
        amfi_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('AMFI ARGS')
        amfi_group.add_argument('--dump_prelink_info', metavar='(optional) out_name', nargs="?", const='PRELINK_info.txt', help='Dump "__PRELINK_INFO,__info" to a given file (default: "PRELINK_info.txt")')
        amfi_group.add_argument('--dump_prelink_text', metavar='(optional) out_name', nargs="?", const='PRELINK_text.txt', help='Dump "__PRELINK_TEXT,__text" to a given file (default: "PRELINK_text.txt")')
        amfi_group.add_argument('--dump_prelink_kext', metavar='kext_name', nargs="?", help='Dump prelinked KEXT {kext_name} from decompressed Kernel Cache PRELINK_TEXT segment to a file named: prelinked_{kext_name}.bin')
        amfi_group.add_argument('--kext_prelinkinfo', metavar='kext_name', nargs="?", help='Print _Prelink properties from PRELINK_INFO,__info for a give {kext_name}')
        amfi_group.add_argument('--kmod_info', metavar='kext_name', help="Parse kmod_info structure for the given {kext_name} from Kernel Cache")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--kext_entry', metavar='kext_name', help="Calculate the virtual memory address of the __start (entrypoint) for the given {kext_name} Kernel Extension")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--kext_exit', metavar='kext_name', help="Calculate the virtual memory address of the __stop (exitpoint) for the given {kext_name} Kernel Extension")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--mig', action='store_true', help="Search for MIG subsystem and prints message handlers")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--has_suid', action='store_true', help="Check if the file has SetUID bit set")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--has_sgid', action='store_true', help="Check if the file has SetGID bit set")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--has_sticky', action='store_true', help="Check if the file has sticky bit set")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--injectable_dyld', action='store_true', help="Check if the binary is injectable using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--test_insert_dylib', action='store_true', help="Check if it is possible to inject dylib using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES (INVASIVE - the binary is executed)")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--test_prune_dyld', action='store_true', help="Check if Dyld Environment Variables are cleared (using DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS=1) (INVASIVE - the binary is executed)")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--test_dyld_print_to_file', action='store_true', help="Check if DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE Dyld Environment Variables works (INVASIVE - the binary is executed)")
        amfi_group.add_argument('--test_dyld_SLC', action='store_true', help="Check if DYLD_SHARED_REGION=private Dyld Environment Variables works and code can be injected using DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR (INVASIVE - the binary is executed)")

    def addAntivirusArgs(self):
        antivirus_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('ANTIVIRUS ARGS')
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--xattr', action='store_true', help="Print all extended attributes names")
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--xattr_value', metavar='xattr_name', help="Print single extended attribute value")
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--xattr_all', action='store_true', help="Print all extended attributes names and their values")
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--has_quarantine', action='store_true', help="Check if the file has quarantine extended attribute")
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--remove_quarantine', action='store_true', help="Remove com.apple.quarantine extended attribute from the file")
        antivirus_group.add_argument('--add_quarantine', action='store_true', help="Add com.apple.quarantine extended attribute to the file")

    def addSandboxArgs(self):
        sandbox_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('SANDBOX ARGS')
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_container_path', action='store_true', help="Print the sandbox container path")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_container_metadata', action='store_true', help="Print the .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist contents for the given bundlein XML format")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_redirectable_paths', action='store_true', help="Print the redirectable paths from the sandbox container metadata as list")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_parameters', action='store_true', help="Print the parameters from the sandbox container metadata as key-value pairs")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_entitlements', action='store_true', help="Print the entitlements from the sandbox container metadata in JSON format")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_build_uuid', action='store_true', help="Print the sandbox build UUID from the sandbox container metadata")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_redirected_paths', action='store_true', help="Print the redirected paths from the sandbox container metadata as list")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_system_images', action='store_true', help="Print the system images from the sandbox container metadata as key-value pairs")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_system_profiles', action='store_true', help="Print the system profile from the sandbox container metadata in JSON format")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_content_protection', action='store_true', help="Print the content protection from the sandbox container metadata")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--sandbox_profile_data', action='store_true', help="Print raw bytes ofthe sandbox profile data from the sandbox container metadata")
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--dump_kext', help="Dump the kernel extension binary from the kernelcache.decompressed file", metavar='kext_name')
        sandbox_group.add_argument('--extract_sandbox_operations', action='store_true', help="Extract sandbox operations from the Sandbox.kext file")

    def parseArgs(self):
        args = self.parser.parse_args()

        if not args.path and not args.bundle:
            self.parser.error('One of arguments: -p/--path or -b/--bundle is required.')

        return args

    def printAllArgs(self, args):
        '''Just for debugging. This method is a utility designed to print all parsed arguments and their corresponding values.'''
        for arg, value in vars(args).items():
            print(f"{arg}: {value}")

### --- SOURCE CODE --- ### 
class SourceCodeManager:
    crimson_stalker = r'''
// clang -dynamiclib /tmp/crimson_stalker.c -o /tmp/crimson_stalker.dylib
#include <syslog.h>
#include <stdio.h>

__attribute__((constructor))
void myconstructor(int argc, const char **argv) {
    syslog(LOG_ERR, "crimson_stalker library injected into %s\n", argv[0]);
    printf("crimson_stalker library injected into %s\n", argv[0]);
}
'''
    
    dylib_hijacking = r'''
// clang -dynamiclib m.c -o m.dylib //-o $PWD/TARGET_DYLIB 
#include <syslog.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

__attribute__((constructor))
void myconstructor(int argc, const char **argv)
{
    syslog(LOG_ERR, "[+] m.dylib injected in %s\n", argv[0]);
    printf("[+] m.dylib injected in %s\n", argv[0]);
    setuid(0);
    system("id");
    //system("/bin/sh");
}
'''
    
    @staticmethod
    def clangCompilerWrapper(file_name_c, source_code, output_filename, flag_list=None):
        # Save the source code to a file
        with open(file_name_c, "w") as source_file:
            source_file.write(source_code)

        # Compile the source code using clang
        clang_command = ["clang", file_name_c, "-o", output_filename, *flag_list]
        subprocess.run(clang_command, check=True)

### --- APPLE CODE --- ### 
class AppleStructuresManager:
    ''' It stores Apple structures and their parsers. '''
    class kmod_info(ctypes.Structure):
        ''' REF: https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/1031c584a5e37aff177559b9f69dbd3c8c3fd30a/osfmk/mach/kmod.h#L87 '''
        _pack_ = 1 # Specify the byte order (little-endian)
        _fields_ = [
            ("next", ctypes.c_uint64), # Simplifying the structure, it should be: struct kmod_info  * next;
            ("info_version", ctypes.c_int32),
            ("id", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ("name", ctypes.c_char * 64),
            ("version", ctypes.c_char * 64),
            ("reference_count", ctypes.c_int32),
            ("reference_list", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ("address", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ("size", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ("hdr_size", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ("start", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ("stop", ctypes.c_uint64)
        ]
        def parse(data):
            # Create an instance of the kmod_info structure
            info = AppleStructuresManager.kmod_info()
            # Cast the binary data to the structure
            ctypes.memmove(ctypes.byref(info), data, ctypes.sizeof(info))

            # Convert name and version to strings
            name = info.name.decode('utf-8').rstrip('\x00')
            version = info.version.decode('utf-8').rstrip('\x00')

            # Return parsed data as a dictionary
            return {
                "next": info.next,
                "info_version": info.info_version,
                "id": hex(info.id),
                "name": name,
                "version": version,
                "reference_count": info.reference_count,
                "reference_list": hex(info.reference_list),
                "address": hex(info.address),
                "size": hex(info.size),
                "hdr_size": hex(info.hdr_size),
                "start": hex(info.start),
                "stop": hex(info.stop)
            }

    class mig_subsystem(ctypes.Structure):
        ''' REF: https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/1031c584a5e37aff177559b9f69dbd3c8c3fd30a/osfmk/mach/mig.h#L121C16-L121C29 '''
        _pack_ = 1 # Specify the byte order (little-endian)
        _fields_ = [
            ("server", ctypes.c_uint64),    # Pointer to demux routine
            ("start", ctypes.c_uint32),     # Min routine number
            ("end", ctypes.c_uint32),       # Max routine number + 1
            ("maxsize", ctypes.c_uint64),   # Max reply message size
            ("reserved", ctypes.c_uint64),  # Reserved for MIG use
            ("routine_0", ctypes.c_uint64)  # Routine descriptor array
        ]

        def parse(data):
            # Create an instance of the structure
            info = AppleStructuresManager.mig_subsystem()
            # Cast the binary data to the structure
            ctypes.memmove(ctypes.byref(info), data, ctypes.sizeof(info))

            # Return parsed data as a dictionary
            return {
                "server": info.server,
                "start": info.start,
                "end": info.end,
                "maxsize": info.maxsize,
                "reserved": info.reserved,
                "routine_0": info.routine_0,
            }

    class routine_descriptor(ctypes.Structure):
        ''' REF: https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu/blob/1031c584a5e37aff177559b9f69dbd3c8c3fd30a/osfmk/mach/mig.h#L105C8-L105C26 '''
        _pack_ = 1 # Specify the byte order (little-endian)
        _fields_ = [
            ("impl_routine", ctypes.c_uint64),  # Server work func pointer
            ("stub_routine", ctypes.c_uint64),  # Unmarshalling func pointer
            ("argc", ctypes.c_uint32),          # Number of argument words
            ("descr_count", ctypes.c_uint32),   # Number complex descriptors
            ("arg_descr", ctypes.c_uint64),     # Pointer to descriptor array
            ("max_reply_msg", ctypes.c_uint64)  # Max size for reply msg 
        ]

        def parse(data):
            # Create an instance of the structure
            info = AppleStructuresManager.routine_descriptor()
            # Cast the binary data to the structure
            ctypes.memmove(ctypes.byref(info), data, ctypes.sizeof(info))

            # Return parsed data as a dictionary
            return {
                "impl_routine": info.impl_routine,
                "stub_routine": info.stub_routine,
                "argc": info.argc,
                "descr_count": info.descr_count,
                "arg_descr": info.arg_descr,
                "max_reply_msg": info.max_reply_msg,
            }

    class CodeDirectory(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
        ''' REF: https://github.com/Karmaz95/Snake_Apple/blob/0b5b02fdb954ca5f63eb240092cf98a68fa4e19f/II.%20Code%20Signing/mac/cs_blobs.h#L212C16-L212C31'''
        class v0(ctypes.BigEndianStructure):
            _fields_ = [
                ("magic", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("length", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("version", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("flags", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("hashOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("identOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("nSpecialSlots", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("nCodeSlots", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("codeLimit", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("hashSize", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("hashType", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("platform", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("pageSize", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("spare2", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ]

        class v20100(v0):
            _fields_ = [
                ("scatterOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ]

        class v20200(v20100):
            _fields_ = [
                ("teamOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ]

        class v20300(v20200):
            _fields_ = [
                ("spare3", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("codeLimit64", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ]

        class v20400(v20300):
            _fields_ = [
                ("execSegBase", ctypes.c_uint64),
                ("execSegLimit", ctypes.c_uint64),
                ("execSegFlags", ctypes.c_uint64),
            ]

        class v20500(v20400):
            _fields_ = [
                ("runtime", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("preEncryptOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ]

        class v20600(v20500):
            _fields_ = [
                ("linkageHashType", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("linkageApplicationType", ctypes.c_uint8),
                ("linkageApplicationSubType", ctypes.c_uint16),
                ("linkageOffset", ctypes.c_uint32),
                ("linkageSize", ctypes.c_uint32),
            ]

        def __init__(self, version):
            self.version = version
            if version == 0x20100:
                self.info = self.v20100()
            elif version == 0x20200:
                self.info = self.v20200()
            elif version == 0x20300:
                self.info = self.v20300()
            elif version == 0x20400:
                self.info = self.v20400()
            elif version == 0x20500:
                self.info = self.v20500()
            elif version == 0x20600:
                self.info = self.v20600()
            else:
                self.info = self.v0()

        def parse(self, data):
            ctypes.memmove(ctypes.byref(self.info), data, min(ctypes.sizeof(self.info), len(data)))

            # Return parsed data as a dictionary
            return {
                "magic": getattr(self.info, "magic", None),
                "length": getattr(self.info, "length", None),
                "version": getattr(self.info, "version", None),
                "flags": getattr(self.info, "flags", None),
                "hashOffset": getattr(self.info, "hashOffset", None),
                "identOffset": getattr(self.info, "identOffset", None),
                "nSpecialSlots": getattr(self.info, "nSpecialSlots", None),
                "nCodeSlots": getattr(self.info, "nCodeSlots", None),
                "codeLimit": getattr(self.info, "codeLimit", None),
                "hashSize": getattr(self.info, "hashSize", None),
                "hashType": getattr(self.info, "hashType", None),
                "platform": getattr(self.info, "platform", None),
                "pageSize": getattr(self.info, "pageSize", None),
                "spare2": getattr(self.info, "spare2", None),
                "scatterOffset": getattr(self.info, "scatterOffset", None),
                "teamOffset": getattr(self.info, "teamOffset", None),
                "spare3": getattr(self.info, "spare3", None),
                "codeLimit64": getattr(self.info, "codeLimit64", None),
                "execSegBase": getattr(self.info, "execSegBase", None),
                "execSegLimit": getattr(self.info, "execSegLimit", None),
                "execSegFlags": getattr(self.info, "execSegFlags", None),
                "runtime": getattr(self.info, "runtime", None),
                "preEncryptOffset": getattr(self.info, "preEncryptOffset", None),
                "linkageHashType": getattr(self.info, "linkageHashType", None),
                "linkageApplicationType": getattr(self.info, "linkageApplicationType", None),
                "linkageApplicationSubType": getattr(self.info, "linkageApplicationSubType", None),
                "linkageOffset": getattr(self.info, "linkageOffset", None),
                "linkageSize": getattr(self.info, "linkageSize", None),
            }

### --- UTILS / DEBUG --- ###
class Utils:
    def printQuadWordsLittleEndian64(byte_string, columns=2):
        ''' Print Q values from given {byte_string} in {columns} columns (default 2) 
            0000000000000000 FFFFFFFF00000001
            6C7070612E6D6F63 7265766972642E65
        '''
        # Ensure the byte string length is a multiple of 8
        while len(byte_string) % 8 != 0:
            byte_string += b'\x00'  # Add padding to make it divisible by 8
        
        # Convert the byte string to a list of integers
        byte_list = list(byte_string)
        
        # Group the bytes into 8-byte chunks
        chunks = [byte_list[i:i+8] for i in range(0, len(byte_list), 8)]
        
        # Print the raw bytes in 64-bit little-endian order
        print("Raw bytes (64-bit little-endian):")
        i = 1
        for chunk in chunks:
            chunk_value = int.from_bytes(chunk, byteorder='little')
            if i < columns:
                print(f"{chunk_value:016X}", end=" ")
            else:
                print(f"{chunk_value:016X}", end="\n")
                i = 0
            i+=1
        print()

    def printQuadWordsBigEndian64(byte_string, columns=2):
        ''' Print Q values from given {byte_string} in {columns} columns (default 2) 
            0000000000000000 FFFFFFFF00000001
            6C7070612E6D6F63 7265766972642E65
        '''
        # Ensure the byte string length is a multiple of 8
        while len(byte_string) % 8 != 0:
            byte_string += b'\x00'  # Add padding to make it divisible by 8
        
        # Convert the byte string to a list of integers
        byte_list = list(byte_string)
        
        # Group the bytes into 8-byte chunks
        chunks = [byte_list[i:i+8] for i in range(0, len(byte_list), 8)]
        
        # Print the raw bytes in 64-bit big-endian order
        print("Raw bytes (64-bit big-endian):")
        i = 1
        for chunk in chunks:
            chunk_value = int.from_bytes(chunk, byteorder='big')  # Changed to 'big'
            if i < columns:
                print(f"{chunk_value:016X}", end=" ")
            else:
                print(f"{chunk_value:016X}", end="\n")
                i = 0
            i += 1
        print()

    def printRawHex(byte_string):
        ''' 
            Print bytes as raw hexes (without endianess). 
            01 00 00 00 ff ff ...
        '''
        hex_string = ' '.join(f'{byte:02x}' for byte in byte_string)
        print(hex_string)

    def hexdump(byte_string):
        ''' Format data in a hexdump style. '''
        result = ""
        for i in range(0, len(byte_string), 16):
            # Create a line prefix with the offset
            line = f"{i:04x}   "

            # Add the hex values
            hex_bytes = byte_string[i:i+16]
            hex_str = " ".join(f"{byte:02x}" for byte in hex_bytes)

            # Add extra space after the first 8 bytes for readability
            if len(hex_bytes) > 8:
                hex_str = hex_str[:23] + " " + hex_str[23:]

            # Add padding if necessary
            if len(hex_bytes) < 16:
                padding = "   " * (16 - len(hex_bytes))  # 3 spaces per missing byte
                if len(hex_bytes) <= 8:
                    padding += " "  # Additional space if less than or equal to 8 bytes
                hex_str += padding

            # Add the ASCII representation
            ascii_str = "".join(chr(byte) if 32 <= byte <= 126 else "." for byte in hex_bytes)

            # Combine the line parts
            line += f"{hex_str}  {ascii_str}"
            result += line + "\n"
        
        return result.strip()


if __name__ == "__main__":
    arg_parser = ArgumentParser()
    args = arg_parser.parseArgs()

    ### --- APP BUNDLE EXTENSION --- ###
    snake_hatchery = SnakeHatchery(args, SnakeVIII)
    snake_hatchery.hatch()

    ### --- I. MACH-O --- ###
    macho_processor = MachOProcessor()
    macho_processor.process(args)

    ### --- II. CODE SIGNING --- ###
    code_signing_processor = CodeSigningProcessor()
    code_signing_processor.process(args)

    ### --- III. CHECKSEC --- ###
    checksec_processor = ChecksecProcessor()
    checksec_processor.process(args)

    ### --- IV. DYLIBS --- ###
    dylibs_processor = DylibsProcessor()
    dylibs_processor.process(args)

    ### --- V. DYLD --- ###
    dyld_processor = DyldProcessor()
    dyld_processor.process(args)

    ### --- VI. AMFI --- ###
    amfi_processor = AMFIProcessor()
    amfi_processor.process(args)

    ### --- VII. ANTIVIRUS --- ###
    antivirus_processor = AntivirusProcessor()
    antivirus_processor.process(args)

    ### --- VIII. SANDBOX --- ###
    sandbox_processor = SandboxProcessor()
    sandbox_processor.process(args)