diff --git a/internals.txt b/internals.txt index d63c02e..d583dac 100644 --- a/internals.txt +++ b/internals.txt @@ -1,30 +1,37 @@ +1TR One True Recovery; booting into macOS recovery on Apple Silicon by holding the power button to verify physical presence; enables interaction with SEP to change Boot Policy AA Apple account +AAC Automatic Assessment Configuration; AutomaticAssessmentConfiguration.framework; puts device in a locked mode for exam-style test applications AAT Apple Advanced Typography; font format and rendering engine Accounts launchd service: com.apple.accountsd; /System/Library/Accounts ACDE Apple Connect Device External? ACDEClient.framework, old two-step verification, derived from a company-internal AppleConnect system? server: appleconnect.apple.com ACFS Apple Clustered File System; deprecated file system for Xsan; acfs.framework Acoustic ID Siri feature to recognize songs Action extension type for quick interaction with foreign content within a host app; extension points: com.apple.services, com.apple.ui-services +Activation cryptographic check-in with iCloud to lock devices reported by the user as lost; verified by iBoot; MobileActivationMacOS.framework; launchd service: com.apple.mobileactivationd; servers: humb.apple.com, albert.apple.com Activity jobs, coarse-grained work units of applications; tracked by the system across XPC, bears a QoS class for scheduling; low-level mechanism not to be confused with User Activity AE Apple Events; messaging system to invoke application functionality; CoreServices.framework/AE.framework; launchd services: com.apple.coreservices.appleevents, com.apple.AEServer (AE over network) AGC Apple Graphics Control, management of multiple displays and display port connections; launchd service: com.apple.displaypolicyd +AIR Apple Intermediate Representation; synthetic bytecode architecture target for GPU binary toolchain ALF Application-Level Firewall, launchd service: com.apple.alf (socketfilterfw) Alloy substrate for communication between user devices over Bluetooth and devices to iCloud, implemented over IDS; /System/Library/IdentityServices/ServiceDefinitions; launchd service: com.apple.identityservicesd ALS Ambient Light Sensor, AmbientDisplay.framework Amber Swift UI; SwiftUI.framework -AMFI Apple Mobile File Integrity, checks code integrity based on code signature, stronger enforcement with hardened runtime, validates entitlement restrictions; launchd service: com.apple.MobileFileIntegrity (amfid, invoked by kernel through host special port 18) +AMFI Apple Mobile File Integrity, checks code integrity based on code signature, stronger enforcement with hardened runtime, validates entitlement restrictions; launchd service: com.apple.MobileFileIntegrity (amfid, invoked by kernel through host special port 18); disabled by setting amfi_get_out_of_my_way=0x1 in boot-args AMP Apple Media Protocol? former parts of iTunes for iPod and iOS device access in Finder, Home Sharing; AMPDevices.framework, AMPSharing.framework; launchd services: com.apple.AMPDeviceDiscoveryAgent, com.apple.AMPDevicesAgent, com.apple.amp.mediasharingd +AMX Apple Matrix Extension; ARM instruction set extension for matrix operations Anisette two-factor authentication creates security codes on trusted devices using TOTP, probably using Circle keys, checked by HSA; AuthKit.framework; launchd service: com.apple.akd AOS Apple Online Services? historical name for iCloud +Apache built-in web server; command line tool: apachectl APFS Apple File System; copy-on-write file system with support for volume space-sharing, per-file encryption, and snapshots APNS Apple Push Notification service, server infrastructure for remote push notifications over a single connection, clients subscribe to push topics, can be authenticated by app (remote notifications), device (Find My …), or Apple ID login (DSID); credentials in apsd keychain; launchd service: com.apple.apsd; server: push.apple.com -App Nap quiescence detection for applications and corresponding self-demotion in scheduler parameters, implemented within the application by frameworks, listens for occlusion notifications from WindowServer +App Nap quiescence detection for applications and corresponding self-demotion in scheduler parameters, implemented within application frameworks and RunningBoard, listens for occlusion notifications from WindowServer App Sandbox Seatbelt-based sandbox for apps; /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles/application.sb; enabled with com.apple.security.app-sandbox entitlement; launchd service: com.apple.secinitd +AppleCare extended warranty; NewDeviceOutreach.framework; launchd service: com.apple.ndoagent APT Adaptive Picture Timing? ProMotion; dynamic screen updates with 120Hz base frequency ASL Apple System Logger, superseded by Unified Logging; /etc/asl; stored in /var/log/asl; launchd service: com.apple.syslogd; command line tool: syslog ASR Apple Software Restore; restore entire volumes from sources like disk images (HDI, SIU), also restores based on APFS snapshots and snapshot deltas; command line tool: asr Assertions power state management allowing applications to prevent sleeping; launchd service: com.apple.powerd; command line tools: caffeinate, pmset -Assessment checking of System Policy; term also used for school exam apps that lock the device +Assessment checking of System Policy; term also used for AAC Asset Cache discretionary caching server for Mobile Assets, Packages, iOS updates, App Store content, ODR, MMCS data; launchd services: com.apple.AssetCache.builtin, com.apple.AssetCacheLocatorService, com.apple.AssetCacheManagerService, com.apple.AssetCacheTetheratorService; command line tools: AssetCacheLocatorUtil, AssetCacheManagerUtil, AssetCacheTetheratorUtil Assistant Siri; dictation and semantic understanding, Intent is communicated to and enacted on the client, uses TTS; /System/Library/Assistant, AssistantServices.framework; server: *.siri.apple.com ATS App Transport Security, sandbox mechanism only allowing TLS-secured connections @@ -35,11 +42,13 @@ Avatar Memoji; AvatarKit.framework AVB Audio Video Bridging, low-latency audio over Ethernet; launchd service: com.apple.avbdeviced; command line tool: avbdiagnose, avbutil AWD Apple Wireless Diagnostics, sends system telemetry to Apple; CoreAnalytics.framework, WirelessDiagnostics.framework; launchd services: com.apple.awdd, com.apple.analyticsd AWDL Apple Wireless Direct Link; secondary WiFi interface that runs in parallel to an active WiFi access point connection, similar to WiFi Direct (p2p interface), uses a randomized MAC, used for peer-to-peer networking: AirDrop, AirPlay; DeviceToDeviceManager.framework +Bento Box UI with aggregated Control Center widgets Bezel on-screen overlays for hardware volume buttons, screen brightness, Bluetooth HID, and others; /Library/Application Support/Apple/BezelServices, launchd services: com.apple.loginwindow, com.apple.OSDUIHelper +Blast Door sandboxed sanitization process for untrusted iMessage input; BlastDoor.framework BOM Bill of Materials; format to store contents of installer Packages; command line tool: lsbom Bonjour mDNS; launchd service: com.apple.mDNSResponder.reloaded; command line tool: dns-sd Boot Cache disk cache pre-heating at boot time with typically loaded applications; /var/db/BootCaches; launchd service: com.apple.warmd -Boot Policy decides by signature check which OSes can be booted; boot-time equivalent for System Policy, configurable by SEP on Apple Silicon Macs, enforced by iBoot; command line tools: bputil, kmutil (to enroll custom kernels) +Boot Policy decides by signature check which OSes can be booted, boot-time equivalent for System Policy; LocalPolicy stores user settings, configurable from 1TR, stored by SEP, enforced by iBoot; command line tools: bputil, kmutil (to enroll custom kernels) BPR Boot Progress Register; set-only flags to track boot mode (normal, DFU, recovery), part of Keybag class key derivation within SEP, so passcode-protected keys are inaccessible in DFU and recovery Bridge T2 ARM CPU in Intel Macs to drive Touch Bar and Boot Policy; runs bridgeOS, a derivative of watchOS; boots the platform and the Intel CPU, communication from macOS uses RemoteXPC, which uses HTTP/2 over a USB-Ethernet interface; launchd service: com.apple.multiversed, com.apple.remoted; /System/Library/MultiversePlugins; command line tool: remotectl Bulletin Board application push notification management, aggregates local and remote push notifications; BulletinBoard.framework @@ -55,19 +64,19 @@ Cloud Pairing part of Alloy, Bluetooth out-of-band pairing over iCloud for Conti CMAS Commerial Mobile Alert System, now known as Wireless Emergency Alerts (WEA) Commpage user-mapped kernel data, like vdso/vsyscall on Linux; mapped at 0x7fffffe00000 Communications Filter recipient blocking for iMessage, FaceTime, Mail; launchd service: com.apple.cmfsyncagent -Companion iPhone that is paired with Watch; communication uses Alloy over Bluetooth +Companion iPhone that is paired with Watch; communication uses Alloy over IPsec over Bluetooth Continuity umbrella term for Handoff, Sidecar, SMS relay, Universal Clipboard, Watch unlock, WiFi call relay and others; SMS relay works by proxying to iMessage, other services use Alloy CPML CorePrediction Machine Learning; CPMLBestShim.framework CRD Conference Room Display; Apple TV mode -CSR Code Security/Signing Restrictions/Requirements? also called System Integrity Protection (SIP) or rootless mode; collection of kernel-level security restrictions regarding file system modification, unsigned Kexts, Taskport access, NVRAM access, DTrace; /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf; command line tool: csrutil, rootless-init -CTK Crypto Token Kit; smart card management, also for the secure element on iOS? launchd service: com.apple.ctkd; command line tool: sc_auth -CTRR Configurable Text Read-only Region; ARM CPU register to downgrade actual permissions of memory pages; used for JIT protection and by AMFI to freeze user code after checking +CTK Crypto Token Kit; smart card management, also for the Secure Element on iOS? launchd service: com.apple.ctkd; command line tool: sc_auth CTS Centralized Task Scheduling; execution of DAS tasks; /System/Library/UserEventPlugins/com.apple.cts.plugin CVMS Core VM Server/Service? compilation of GPU shaders; launchd service: com.apple.cvmsServ DAAP Digital Audio Access Protocol; used by Home Sharing (with Rapport token) and by the Remote app to control Apple TV (with pairing token); payload unencrypted; DAAPKit.framework; Bonjour services: _atc._tcp, _home-sharing._tcp, _mediaremotetv._tcp, _touch-able._tcp +Daily Briefing Siri giving an overview of information for the day; SiriDailyBriefingInternal.framework +DART DMA Address Relocation Table; IOMMU implementation in Apple silicon, positioned in front of peripheral devices, offers sub-page protection; SART: streaming variant for high-throughput devices (like NVMe) DAS Duet Activity Scheduler; scheduling policy engine behind NSBackgroundActivityScheduler and XPC activities; /System/Library/DuetActivityScheduler; launchd service: com.apple.dasd Data Detectors text analysis to highlight phone numbers, street addresses, and the like; DataDetectors.framework -DataVaults directories with the UF_DATAVAULT special flag; read access limited under CSR +Data Vault directories with the UF_DATAVAULT special flag; CSR limits access to one application DAV Distributed Authoring and Versioning; network protocol on top of HTTP for syncing calendars (CalDAV), contacts (CardDAV), and formerly also bookmarks (BookmarkDAV) DCIM Digital Camera Images; DCIMServices.framework DEP Device Enrollment Program; devices check in with Apple during Setup Assistant to query for their enrollment status, retrieve MDM server URL to fetch initial configuration profile @@ -75,6 +84,7 @@ DFR Dynamic Function Row?, TouchBar; /System/Library/CoreServices/ControlStrip.a DFU Device Firmware Update; special boot mode where iOS has not booted and the system can be installed over the Lightning connection Differential Privacy crowdsourcing without user tracking; privacy budget for management of anonymity set; used for keyboard words, emoji, Spotlight searches, Parsec deep links, HealthKit usage, Safari telemetry; /System/Library/DifferentialPrivacy; stored in /var/db/DifferentialPrivacy; launchd service: com.apple.dprivacyd DND Do Not Disturb +Domain Association signed files in .well-known directory on websites; equivalent to Entitlements for websites DSID Destination Signaling Identifier, unique ID for IDS login on a specific device DTrace system-wide tracing infrastructure, command line tools: dtrace, *.d, dappprof, dapptrace, dtruss, errinfo, execsnoop, fddist, fs_usage, imptrace, iopattern, iopending, iosnoop, iotop, lastwords, latency, opensnoop, plockstat, rwsnoop, sampleproc, sc_usage, topsyscall, topsysproc Duet telemetry collection engine for system and user events, forecasting by machine learning, backend for DAS, Proactive, Relevance, Screen Time, thermal and battery management; /System/Library/DuetKnowledgeBase; CoreDuet.framework, CoreKnowledge.framework, CorePrediction.framework; launchd services: com.apple.coreduetd, com.apple.knowledge-agent @@ -91,14 +101,17 @@ Family Circle Family Sharing; launchd services: com.apple.familycircled, com.app FDE Full Disk Encryption, FileVault; command line tool: fdesetup, sysadminctl FDR Factory Data/Device Reset? ensures that no downgrades are performed? servers: skl.apple.com, gg.apple.com; /System/Library/FDR Feldspar Apple News; Silex.framework -FiDES Fi? Distributed Evaluation Service? ingests and aggregates Differential Privacy data for unlinkability? used for emoji, Suggestions, Dictation; /System/Library/DistributedEvaluation; DistributedEvaluation.framework; server: fides-pol.apple.com +FiDES Fi? Distributed Evaluation Service? aggregates Differential Privacy data for unlinkability? maybe private federated learning? used for emoji, Suggestions, Dictation; /System/Library/DistributedEvaluation; DistributedEvaluation.framework; server: fides-pol.apple.com Find My … location sharing by explicitly querying devices remotely or collateral beacon detection using Search Party; launchd service: com.apple.icloud.fmfd (find my friends) Firmlink bi-directional non-symbolic link between the read-only system volume and the data volume, additional symlinks and mountpoints in the root directory are virtually allocated; /usr/share/firmlinks, /etc/synthetic.conf FollowUp user interaction for Secure Backup wrapping with device passcode, CoreFollowUp.framework; launchd service: com.apple.followupd FoundationDB fundamental iCloud storage database, marketed as CloudKit, separated into containers; records, blobs, and large asset storage with MMCS, server-side continuous queries can trigger push notifications, user management by IDS, sharing between users; PCS keys used for hierarchical zone, record, and asset encryption; CloudKitDaemon.framework; launchd service: com.apple.cloudd; locally stored in ~/Library/Caches/CloudKit, ~/Library/Containers/*/Data/CloudKit +FPR Fast Permission Restrictions; Apple CPU registers (APRRs) to downgrade actual permissions of memory pages per thread; used for JIT protection and by AMFI to freeze user code after checking FUD Firmware Update Daemon; /var/db/fud; launchd service: com.apple.MobileAccessoryUpdater +GID group ID key, shared across all devices of the same SoC generation, derived keys are used to prove device type over the network, only accessible by SEP Gizmo Apple Watch; watch settings managed by Companion; /Applications/Bridge.app, /System/Library/BridgeManifests GSS Generic Security Service; part of Kerberos; GSS.framework; launchd service: com.apple.gssd (invoked by kernel through host special port 19); command line tool: gsstool +GXF Guarded Execution Faults, additional exception levels on Apple Silicon from FPR? implements lightweight intra-address-space protection contexts HAP Home Automation Protocol; CoreHAP.framework HDA High Definition Audio; HDAInterface.framework HDI Hard Disk Image; command line tool: hdiutil @@ -109,13 +122,14 @@ HSA Hardware Security Architecture; version 1 used for two-step verification, SO HSM Hardware Security Module; HSM fleet runs escrow service for Secure Backup; public keys for authenticating the HSM services in /System/Library/Security/Certificates.bundle/Contents/Resources/AppleESCertificates.plist Hyperion iCloud Photos, uses CloudKit; launchd service: com.apple.cloudphotod; command line tool: cpldiagnose IAP iPod Accessory Protocol; IAP.framework -iBoot second boot loader stage after UEFI (macOS) or boot ROM (iOS); DFU mode is implemented here; /System/Library/CoreServices/boot.efi +iBoot boot loader stage after boot ROM or UEFI (macOS on Intel); intermediate Low-Level Bootloader (LLB); DFU mode is implemented here; /System/Library/CoreServices/boot.efi iCDP iCloud Data Protection, codename for a set of enhancements to iCloud privacy: device passcodes used as iCSC for Secure Backup, root keys for CKKS-enabled services only synced between devices and not stored at Apple; launchd service: com.apple.cdpd iCloud umbrella term for a conglomerate of services, consists of FoundationDB containers with PCS views for key management, supported by CKKS; uses IDS and APNS; some services under the iCloud name are actually served by the iTunes conglomerate or by IMAP or DAV iCSC iCloud Security Code, credential wrapping for Secure Backup, previously used a separate code, with HSA2/iCDP uses device passcodes IDAM Inter-Device Audio and MIDI; audio connection between devices IDS Identity Service, also IDMS, Apple ID identity management for all of Apple’s online services; APNS topics for signaling and messaging, see also Alloy, ESS, FaceTime, iMessage; authentication to services with Kerberos -IM Instant Messaging; usually means iMessage and FaceTime, formerly also XMPP +IM Instant Messaging; usually means iMessage and FaceTime +IMG4 boot files (Mach-O binaries or configuration data) with ASN.1 signature, contains RemotePolicy certificate constraints to restrict Boot Policy evaluation Intent use-case-driven interaction with 3rd-party apps from a host app; used for Siri, Maps, Widgets (configuration); extension points: com.apple.intents-service, com.apple.intents-ui-service IOKit device driver subsystem for in-kernel and DriverKit drivers, command line tool: ioreg Ironwood dictation, customized on server with selected user data (contacts, app names, music titles, HomeKit names, Siri Shortcut phrases), not tied to Apple ID; server: guzzoni.apple.com @@ -125,15 +139,15 @@ ITP Intelligent Tracking Prevention, cross-site tracking defenses in Safari, sta iTunes old umbrella term for a conglomerate of media services: App Stores, Apple Music, Apple TV, iCloud media library, Apple Podcasts, Podcast sync, Books Store, Books sync; server: phobos.apple.com JARVIS Just A Rather Very Intelligent Scheduler, Mesos cluster manager for Siri, iCloud, iTunes Jellyfish Animoji -Jetsam reclaiming of purgeable memory and terminatable apps during memory pressure; see TAL +Jetsam reclaiming of purgeable memory and termination of apps during memory pressure JSC JavaScript Core; JavaScriptCore.framework; command line tool: jsc Kerberos single-sign-on mechanism; Heimdal.framework; command line tools: kinit, ktutil Kext kernel extension mechanism, loaded at boot time as part of a Kext Collection; /Library/Extensions, /Library/StagedExtensions (for user approval), /System/Library/Extensions; command line tool: kextutil (manages deprecated runtime loading) Kext Collection prelinked sets of kernel extensions; /System/Library/KernelCollections (for boot and system kexts), /Library/KernelCollections (for auxiliary third-party kexts); the latter is only loaded at a lower-security Boot Policy; launchd service: com.apple.kernelmanagerd (invoked by kernel through host special port 15); command line tool: kmutil -Keybag storage of protection class keys for Keychain and filesystem, protected by SEP with passcode and lockout; stored in user.kb; launchd services: com.apple.mobile.keybagd, com.apple.securityd_service, com.apple.secd +Keybag storage of protection class keys for Keychain and filesystem, protected by SEP using SKP; stored in user.kb; launchd services: com.apple.mobile.keybagd, com.apple.securityd_service, com.apple.secd Keychain storage for credentials; launchd service: com.apple.securityd; command line tools: certtool, security, systemkeychain KIP Kernel Integrity Protection, locking of physical memory pages to prevent changes to kernel -Launch Services management for applications, uses Spotlight to update cached info; launchd services: com.apple.coreservices.launchservicesd, com.apple.lsd; CoreServices.framework/LaunchServices.framework; command line tools: lsappinfo, lsregister +Launch Services management for application launches, association of UTIs to apps, uses Spotlight to update cached info; launchd services: com.apple.coreservices.launchservicesd, com.apple.lsd; CoreServices.framework/LaunchServices.framework; command line tools: lsappinfo, lsregister Liverpool PCS codename for CloudKit LKDC Local Key Distribution Center, Kerberos on client machines LSM Latent Semantic Mapping, text analysis, used for spam filtering, command line tool: lsm @@ -152,7 +166,7 @@ MDS Module Directory Services, ancient part of the old security APIs (CSDA, CSSM Memory Debugging uses Taskport; command line tools: heap, leaks, malloc_history, stringdups, vmmap Mesa Touch ID; /Library/Catacomb; /var/db/bkad.db Metadata Spotlight; file indexing on macOS; CoreServices.framework/Metadata.framework, CoreServices.framework/SearchKit.framework; stored in .Spotlight-V100; launchd service: com.apple.metadata.mds; command line tools: mddiagnose, mdfind, mdimport, mdls, mdutil; in addition to auto-indexing, apps can explicitly register searchable items; CoreSpotlight.framework; launchd service: com.apple.corespotlightd -MMCS MobileMe Chunk Storage, used by iCloud, splits blobs into chunks and stores them at Amazon/Google with convergent encryption; MMCS.framework +MMCS MobileMe Chunk Storage, used by iCloud, splits blobs into chunks and stores them at Apple/AWS/GCP with convergent encryption (content hash as key); MMCS.framework Mobile prefix for iOS Mobile Assets demand-downloaded system components like fonts, dictionaries, linguistic data; stored in /System/Library/Assets; launchd services: com.apple.languageassetd (language-dependent assets), com.apple.mobileassetd; server: mesu.apple.com Mobile Device connectivity to iOS devices over USB or WiFi (AirTrafficHost) for syning, development, and debugging; MobileDevice.framework; launchd service: com.apple.usbmuxd; Bonjour service: _apple-mobdev2._tcp @@ -178,7 +192,8 @@ OTUT One-Time Unlock Token; security mechanism to allow keybag unwrapping after PAC Pointer Authentication Codes; pointers signed in unused bits to prevent ROP attacks Packages unit of software installation; command line tools: pkgutil, installer, softwareupdate; launchd services: com.apple.softwareupdated, com.apple.bootinstalld, com.apple.installd, com.apple.system_installd, com.apple.uninstalld; /var/db/softwareupdate, /Library/Apple/System/Library/Receipts (system), /System/Library/Receipts (read-only), /private/var/db/receipts (App Store) Parsec Spotlight web results and searching of crowdsourced User Activity deep links; server: *.smoot.apple.com; launchd services: com.apple.parsecd, com.apple.parsec-fbf (Feedback Flush to Differential Privacy) -Pasteboard storage for cut, copy, and paste; launchd service: com.apple.pboard; command line tools: pbcopy, pbpaste +Password Breach monitoring of Keychain passwords against a breach database; round-robin matching in fixed-size batches, local match against common leaks, remote match using hash prefix; launchd service: com.apple.Safari.passwordbreachd +Pasteboard storage for cut, copy, and paste; type of content remembered as UTI; launchd service: com.apple.pboard; command line tools: pbcopy, pbpaste PCS Protected Cloud Storage; key management for separate iCloud storage compartments (PCS calls them views), each can contain FoundationDB plus bulk data stored by MMCS; see also iCDP, CKKS, Manatee; ProtectedCloudStorage.framework; /System/Library/Preferences/ProtectedCloudStorage; command line tool: pcsstatus PCSC Personal Computer Smart Card; PCSC.framework, uses CTK PDE Print Dialog Extension; old name, not a proper Extension @@ -197,37 +212,42 @@ Quick Look file preview and thumbnail generation; comand line tool: qlmanage RAOP Remote Audio Output Protocol, AirPlay; Bonjour service: _raop._tcp Rapport device pairing by proximity using Alloy, with PIN entry, or using iCloud; once paired, devices can access services; used for HomeKit, HomePod, AirPlay, Home Sharing, SideCar; Rapport.framework; launchd service: com.apple.rapportd; Bonjour service: _companion-link._tcp Recents recently used items (not files) in various applications, synced with Synced Defaults; CoreRecents.framework, /System/Library/Recents; launchd service: com.apple.recentsd -Relevance Engine backend for Siri suggestions (for example of Siri Shortcuts), Siri watch face, Widget smart stacks; consumes Duet knowledge and app-provided timelines; /System/Library/RelevanceEngine; launchd service: com.apple.relevanced +Relevance Engine backend for Siri suggestions (for example of Siri Shortcuts), Widget smart stacks (also Siri watch face); consumes Duet knowledge and app-provided timelines with relevance hints; /System/Library/RelevanceEngine; launchd service: com.apple.relevanced Revisions document autosave and auto-versioning; stored in .DocumentRevisions-V100; GenerationalStorage.framework; launchd service: com.apple.revisiond Routine frequently visited locations on iOS, interacts with Duet; launchd service: com.apple.routined RTC Real-time Telemetry and Crash reporting; RTCReporting.framework; launchd service: com.apple.rtcreportingd +RunningBoard discretionary systemwide runtime management of applications, opted in by frameworks, handles process assertions (frontmost app, see App Nap), memory pressure (see Jetsam) and compute resources (see TAL); launchd service: com.apple.runningboardd; /System/Library/RunningBoard SBPL Sandbox Profile Language; a TinyScheme-based embedded DSL for Seatbelt profiles SCIP System Coprocessor Integrity Protection; like KIP, but for SEP, ISP, Motion coprocessor Screen Reader VoiceOver and Braille; /System/Library/ScreenReader; ScreenReader.framework Screen Time digital wellbeing and parental controls system, uses Device Management as policy engine, self-enforced within the application by frameworks; launchd services: com.apple.ScreenTimeAgent, com.apple.dmd SDB SQL Database; CoreSDB.framework, used by iCloud communication Search Party portion of Find My service for offline devices; devices emit public part of rotating key pair via Bluetooth LE, other devices encrypt current location with this key and send to Apple, private key shared over CloudKit -Seatbelt process sandbox by filtering system calls; /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles, /usr/share/sandbox; profiles written in a SBPL; command line tool: sandbox-exec; launchd service: com.apple.sandboxd (invoked by kernel through host special port 14 for logging) -Secure Backup escrow part of CKKS; escrow key individually wrapped with passcodes of trusted devices, stored in HSM to prevent brute forcing, uses SRP so passcodes are not visible to iCloud, limited number of recovery attempts; protocol called Lakitu, uses FollowUp; launchd service: com.apple.SecureBackupDaemon; CloudServices.framework -SEP Secure Enclave Processor; dedicated ARM core for security services, runs L4/Darbat, inline encryption to DRAM, factory-paired channels to Touch ID/Face ID hardware and Secure Element; SEP can use but not read device UID key, usage restricted to ROM code +Seatbelt process sandbox by filtering system calls; profiles written in SBPL; /System/Library/Sandbox/Profiles, /usr/share/sandbox; default file access policy asks for TCC confirmation before access to folders with user data (like Documents) is allowed; command line tool: sandbox-exec; launchd service: com.apple.sandboxd (invoked by kernel through host special port 14 for logging) +Secure Backup escrow part of CKKS; escrow key individually wrapped with passcodes of trusted devices, stored in HSM to prevent brute forcing, uses SRP so passcodes are not visible to iCloud, limited number of recovery attempts; protocol called Lakitu, uses FollowUp; launchd service: com.apple.SecureBackupDaemon (com.apple.sbd); CloudServices.framework +SEP Secure Enclave Processor; dedicated ARM core for security services, runs L4/Darbat-based sepOS, inline encryption to DRAM, manages AES keys in storage DMA engine, factory-paired channels to Touch ID/Face ID hardware, Secure Element, Neural Engine; SEP can use but not read UID and GID keys; credential verification performed by hardware lockbox with retry count enforcement +Seymour Apple Fitness+; workout videos integrated with Watch sensors; SeymourCore.framework Sharing umbrella term for wireless proximity services: AirDrop, Continuity, Instant Hotspot, WiFi sharing; used by loginwindow for Watch unlock; Sharing.framework; launchd service: com.apple.sharingd; also serves connection sharing and remote disk +Shazam music recognition service; ShazamKit.framework; launchd service: com.apple.shazamd Shoebox Passbook Sidecar using iPhone/iPad as Mac accessory: camera for photos and scanning, annotations, external display over low-latency WiFi (llw interface) using avconferenced encoding; SidecarCore.framework; launchd services: com.apple.sidecar-display-agent (SidecarDisplayAgent), com.apple.sidecar-relay (SidecarRelay) Signpost telemetry API to report points of interest in code; launchd service: com.apple.signpost.signpost_reporter Simulator running an iOS/tvOS/watchOS personality on macOS, uses sandboxing and a separate Mach bootstrap namespace for container-like isolation, command line tool: simctl +SIP System Integrity Protection or rootless mode; collection of kernel-level security restrictions regarding file system modification, unsigned Kexts, Taskport access, NVRAM access, DTrace; /System/Library/Sandbox/rootless.conf; command line tool: csrutil, rootless-init +SKP Sealed Key Protection; measurement of system state (boot chain IMG4 manifests, BPR, Boot Policy data, UID key, user passcode) to derive Keybag keys SKS Secure Key Store; handling of keybag keys within the SEP SkyLight WindowServer; SkyLight.framework -Skywalk network subsystem in XNU, links together actual technologies (Bluetooth, WiFi, Thunderbolt) and interfaces/tunnels; transacts in nexus (for conduits) and agent (for endpoints) objects; command line tool: skywalkctl +Skywalk network subsystem in XNU, links together actual technologies (Bluetooth, WiFi, Thunderbolt) and interfaces/tunnels; transacts in nexus (for conduits) and agent (for endpoints) objects; DriverKit network drivers use Skywalk; command line tool: skywalkctl Social Gaming Game Center; multiplayer gaming services on top of CloudKit, shared storage and low-latency multicast for multiplayer sessions; launchd service: com.apple.gamed Sock Puppet Watch interaction that requires Companion device SOS Secure Object Sync; syncing backend for iCloud Keychain, not to be confused with the emergency call feature; transferred items previously staged in Synced Defaults, now uses CKKS; launchd services: com.apple.secd (access to local keychain), com.apple.security.cloudkeychainproxy3 (connects to Synced Defaults), com.apple.security.keychain-circle-notification SPI System Private Interface; /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks -SpringBoard iOS home screen; like Dock (Launchpad, Mission Control, desktop picture), Control Center, SystemUIServer (menu extras icons), loginwindow (lock screen), and WindowServer (compositor) on macOS; /System/Library/CoreServices/SpringBoard.app, /Applications/PreBoard.app, BaseBoard.framework, FrontBoard.framework, SplashBoard.framework, /System/Library/RunningBoard; launchd service: com.apple.backboardd (compositor) +SpringBoard iOS home screen; like Dock (Launchpad, Mission Control, desktop picture), Control Center, SystemUIServer (menu extras icons), loginwindow (lock screen), and WindowServer (compositor) on macOS; /System/Library/CoreServices/SpringBoard.app, /Applications/PreBoard.app, BaseBoard.framework, FrontBoard.framework, SplashBoard.framework; launchd service: com.apple.backboardd (compositor) SRP Secure Remote Password; standard cryptographic protocol for proving knowledge of a secret such that attackers cannot brute-force the secret; AppleSRP.framework SSO Single Sign-On SSV Signed System Volume, als called Authenticated Root Volume (ARV); macOS boots from blessed read-only APFS snapshot, merkle-tree and root-hash stored in Preboot volume; modifications require disabling root authentication with csrutil from recovery, then the live filesystem can be mounted, modified, and re-blessed; command line tools: apfs_systemsnapshot, bless, csrutil Stark CarPlay -Stockholm Apple Pay; also Warsaw +Stockholm Secure Element in Apple SoCs, a processor running crypto protocols on keys it protects; used for Apple Pay and Car Key; related codenames: Icefall, Warsaw Storage Management freeing up disk space by managing bulky items; UI in System Information.app; StorageManagement.framework; launchd service: com.apple.diskspaced; extension point: com.apple.storagemanagement; extends Cache Delete service Suggestions semantic analysis of mails and websites to suggest contacts, calendar events and the like; launchd services: com.apple.suggestd, com.apple.reversetemplated; custom JavaScript parsers in /System/Library/AssetsV2/com_apple_MobileAsset_CoreSuggestions Symbols debug symbols for backtraces; CoreSymbolication.framework; launchd services: com.apple.coresymbolicationd; command line tools: symbols, symbolscache @@ -235,7 +255,7 @@ Symptoms network diagnostics; Symptoms.framework; /var/networkd/db/netusage.sqli Synced Defaults simple key-value store for applications, no user control over data; can use iCloud key-value backend (old) or Manatee container (new, marked as com.apple.kvs) as storage; launchd service: com.apple.syncdefaultsd; locally stored in ~/Library/SyncedPreferences System Configuration SystemConfiguration.framework; launchd service: com.apple.configd; command line tool: scutil System Extension user-level components formerly in the kernel; currently either a DriverKit, Network, or Endpoint Security extension; /System/DriverKit, /System/Library/DriverExtensions; command line tool: systemextensionsctl; launchd services: com.apple.sysextd, com.apple.nesessionmanager, com.apple.endpointsecurity.endpointsecurityd -System Policy Gatekeeper; policy engine for application launches and kext loading; /var/db/SystemPolicy; launchd service: com.apple.security.syspolicy (invoked by kernel through host special port 29); command line tool: spctl +System Policy Gatekeeper; policy engine for application launches and kext loading, malware signatures from /Library/Apple/System/Library/CoreServices/XProtect.bundle; /var/db/SystemPolicy; launchd service: com.apple.security.syspolicy (invoked by kernel through host special port 29); command line tool: spctl TAL Transparent App Lifecycle; app process is started and stopped independently of the user launching and quitting app; also handles session restore across reboots; ~/Library/Saved Application State; launchd service: com.apple.talagent Taskport Mach kernel concept for ptrace-like access to task internals; access policy implemented by daemon; launchd service: com.apple.taskgated (invoked by kernel through task special port 9); command line tool: DevToolsSecurity TCC Transparency, Consent, and Control; user control over app access to privacy-related services (kTCCService*); TCC.framework; launchd services: com.apple.tccd, com.apple.tccd.system; command line tool: tccutil; stored in /Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC, ~/Library/Application Support/com.apple.TCC, /var/db/locationd (for kTCCServiceLocation) @@ -247,15 +267,17 @@ Transparency key transparency for ESS keys? Transparency.framework; launchd serv TTS Text To Speech, command line tool: say; /System/Library/Speech; synthesizer engines: MacinTalk (historic), Polyglot (phoneme-based?), Gryphon (current, DNN-based?) TVML TV Markup Language; declarative UI language for TV apps; TVMLKit.framework Ubiquity iCloud Drive; uses CloudKit, codename Bladerunner; CloudDocs.framework; command line tools: fileproviderctl; launchd service: com.apple.bird (iclouddrive-agent); locally stored in ~/Library/Mobile Documents (was supposed to move to Library/CloudStorage/iCloud Drive and iclouddrivectl but this was reverted) +UID unique ID key, used as root key for cryptographic subsystems, generated during manufacturing by SEP and fused into hardware, only accessible by SEP Unified Logging system-wide logging and Activity tracking; launchd service: com.apple.logd, com.apple.diagnosticd; command line tool: log; /dev/oslog; data stored in /var/db/diagnostics, support files in /var/db/uuidtext User Activity abstraction behind deep-linking into apps with structured context data (people, places); used for Universal Links (with schema.org on websites), Handoff, Parsec, Siri Shortcuts, Proactive; UserActivity.framework; launchd service: com.apple.coreservices.useractivityd User Notifications user interface for notification center; launchd service: com.apple.usernoted +UTI Uniform Type Identifiers; system for document types; file extensions and MIME types are mapped to UTIs, UTIs form a conformance graph, apps register their UTIs with Launch Services; /System/Library/CoreServices/CoreTypes.bundle; also Apple’s hardware devices are represented as UTIs VA Video Acceleration; AppleGVA.framework, AppleVA.framework, AppleVPA.framework Viceroy video conferencing used by FaceTime and ReplayKit VSDB volume status database; /var/db/volinfo.database; command line tool: vsdbutil -Waldo VPN key management? location aware? seen in NSP, server: waldo.apple.com +Waldo Apple VPN service? seen in NSP, server: waldo.apple.com WFS WebDAV File Sharing; built-in file sharing with Apache; /etc/wfs; command line tool: wfsctl -Widgets content excerpt from apps; provided via a timeline of views, configuration uses Intents; extension point: com.apple.widgetkit-extension +Widgets content excerpt from apps; provided via a timeline of view hierarchies, configuration uses Intents, technically very similar to complications on watch face; extension point: com.apple.widgetkit-extension Willow HomeKit; end-to-end-encrypted communication protocol and API for IoT-accessories; pairing with SRP using code printed on device, credential sync by CKKS, transported over Alloy, remote access using Apple TV as proxy; launchd service: com.apple.homed -xART persistent storage for SEP, used by Mesa; /System/Volumes/xarts; launchd service: com.apple.xartstorageremoted; command line tool: xartutil +xART eXtended Anti-Replay Technology; persistent storage for SEP, used by Mesa; /System/Volumes/xarts; launchd service: com.apple.xartstorageremoted; command line tool: xartutil XCS Xcode Server; continuous integration server; command line tools: xcscontrol, xcsdiagnose \ No newline at end of file