From 48883ddd03b5d344f7b1d1051dcea3657a3b7cd4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: zhom <2717306+zhom@users.noreply.github.com>
Date: Sat, 4 Apr 2026 03:16:04 +0400
Subject: [PATCH] refactor: more robust vpn handling

---
 .github/workflows/lint-rs.yml       |  12 +-
 package.json                        |   2 +-
 src-tauri/src/ip_utils.rs           |  23 +-
 src-tauri/src/lib.rs                | 133 ++++--
 src-tauri/src/proxy_runner.rs       | 151 +++++-
 src-tauri/src/traffic_stats.rs      |   8 +-
 src-tauri/src/vpn/openvpn_socks5.rs | 699 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 src-tauri/src/vpn/socks5_server.rs  |  59 ++-
 src-tauri/src/vpn_worker_runner.rs  | 162 +++++--
 src-tauri/tests/test_harness/mod.rs | 201 ++++++--
 src-tauri/tests/vpn_integration.rs  | 539 ++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/components/vpn-form-dialog.tsx  |  80 ++++
 src/i18n/locales/en.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/es.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/fr.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/ja.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/pt.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/ru.json            |  10 +
 src/i18n/locales/zh.json            |  10 +
 19 files changed, 1936 insertions(+), 203 deletions(-)

diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint-rs.yml b/.github/workflows/lint-rs.yml
index 5f9bedb..6c1cb38 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint-rs.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint-rs.yml
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04'
         run: |
           sudo apt-get update
-          sudo apt install libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev build-essential curl wget file libxdo-dev libssl-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev librsvg2-dev
+          sudo apt install libwebkit2gtk-4.1-dev build-essential curl wget file libxdo-dev libssl-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev librsvg2-dev openvpn
 
       - name: Install frontend dependencies
         run: pnpm install --frozen-lockfile
@@ -117,6 +117,16 @@ jobs:
         run: cargo test --lib && cargo test --test donut_proxy_integration && cargo test --test vpn_integration
         working-directory: src-tauri
 
+      - name: Run OpenVPN e2e test (Ubuntu only)
+        if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-22.04'
+        shell: bash
+        working-directory: src-tauri
+        env:
+          DONUTBROWSER_RUN_OPENVPN_E2E: "1"
+        run: |
+          sudo --preserve-env=PATH,CARGO_HOME,RUSTUP_HOME,DONUTBROWSER_RUN_OPENVPN_E2E \
+            cargo test --test vpn_integration test_openvpn_traffic_flows_through_donut_proxy -- --nocapture
+
       - name: Run Rust sync e2e tests
         run: node scripts/sync-test-harness.mjs
 
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 38ccf3f..d894be6 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
     "start": "next start",
     "test": "pnpm test:rust:unit && pnpm test:sync-e2e",
     "test:rust": "cd src-tauri && cargo test",
-    "test:rust:unit": "cd src-tauri && cargo test --lib && cargo test --test donut_proxy_integration",
+    "test:rust:unit": "cd src-tauri && cargo test --lib && cargo test --test donut_proxy_integration && cargo test --test vpn_integration",
     "test:sync-e2e": "node scripts/sync-test-harness.mjs",
     "lint": "pnpm lint:js && pnpm lint:rust && pnpm lint:spell",
     "lint:js": "biome check src/ && tsc --noEmit && cd donut-sync && biome check src/ && tsc --noEmit",
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/ip_utils.rs b/src-tauri/src/ip_utils.rs
index 864de89..3e35c44 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/ip_utils.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/ip_utils.rs
@@ -55,6 +55,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_public_ip(proxy: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, IpError> {
     let proxy = reqwest::Proxy::all(proxy_url)
       .map_err(|e| IpError::Network(format!("Invalid proxy: {}", e)))?;
     client_builder
+      .no_proxy()
       .proxy(proxy)
       .build()
       .map_err(|e| IpError::Network(e.to_string()))?
@@ -64,7 +65,7 @@ pub async fn fetch_public_ip(proxy: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, IpError> {
       .map_err(|e| IpError::Network(e.to_string()))?
   };
 
-  let mut last_error = None;
+  let mut errors = Vec::new();
 
   for url in &urls {
     match client.get(*url).send().await {
@@ -76,21 +77,29 @@ pub async fn fetch_public_ip(proxy: Option<&str>) -> Result<String, IpError> {
           }
         }
         Err(e) => {
-          last_error = Some(format!("Failed to read response from {}: {}", url, e));
+          errors.push(format!("{}: {}", url, e));
         }
       },
       Ok(response) => {
-        last_error = Some(format!("HTTP {} from {}", response.status(), url));
+        errors.push(format!("{}: HTTP {}", url, response.status()));
       }
       Err(e) => {
-        last_error = Some(format!("Request to {} failed: {}", url, e));
+        errors.push(format!("{}: {}", url, e));
       }
     }
   }
 
-  Err(IpError::Network(last_error.unwrap_or_else(|| {
-    "Failed to fetch public IP from any endpoint".to_string()
-  })))
+  if errors.is_empty() {
+    Err(IpError::Network(
+      "Failed to fetch public IP from any endpoint".to_string(),
+    ))
+  } else {
+    Err(IpError::Network(format!(
+      "All {} endpoints failed: {}",
+      errors.len(),
+      errors.join("; ")
+    )))
+  }
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
index 5d98832..aa86e3f 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/lib.rs
@@ -813,6 +813,42 @@ async fn download_geoip_database(app_handle: tauri::AppHandle) -> Result<(), Str
 }
 
 // VPN commands
+#[derive(serde::Serialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase")]
+struct VpnDependencyStatus {
+  is_available: bool,
+  requires_external_install: bool,
+  missing_binary: bool,
+  missing_windows_adapter: bool,
+  dependency_check_failed: bool,
+}
+
+#[tauri::command]
+async fn get_vpn_dependency_status(vpn_type: vpn::VpnType) -> Result<VpnDependencyStatus, String> {
+  match vpn_type {
+    vpn::VpnType::WireGuard => Ok(VpnDependencyStatus {
+      is_available: true,
+      requires_external_install: false,
+      missing_binary: false,
+      missing_windows_adapter: false,
+      dependency_check_failed: false,
+    }),
+    vpn::VpnType::OpenVPN => {
+      let status = crate::vpn::openvpn_socks5::OpenVpnSocks5Server::dependency_status();
+      let is_available =
+        status.binary_found && !status.missing_windows_adapter && !status.dependency_check_failed;
+
+      Ok(VpnDependencyStatus {
+        is_available,
+        requires_external_install: true,
+        missing_binary: !status.binary_found,
+        missing_windows_adapter: status.missing_windows_adapter,
+        dependency_check_failed: status.dependency_check_failed,
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 #[tauri::command]
 async fn import_vpn_config(
   content: String,
@@ -986,45 +1022,81 @@ async fn check_vpn_validity(
     .unwrap_or_default()
     .as_secs();
 
-  // Start a temporary VPN worker to send real traffic
+  let had_existing_worker = vpn_worker_storage::find_vpn_worker_by_vpn_id(&vpn_id).is_some();
+
   let vpn_worker = vpn_worker_runner::start_vpn_worker(&vpn_id)
     .await
     .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to start VPN worker: {e}"))?;
 
-  let socks_url = format!("socks5://127.0.0.1:{}", vpn_worker.local_port.unwrap_or(0));
+  let socks_url = format!(
+    "socks5://127.0.0.1:{}",
+    vpn_worker.local_port.unwrap_or_default()
+  );
 
-  // Fetch public IP through the VPN SOCKS5 proxy
-  let result = match ip_utils::fetch_public_ip(Some(&socks_url)).await {
-    Ok(ip) => {
-      let (city, country, country_code) =
-        crate::proxy_manager::ProxyManager::get_ip_geolocation(&ip)
-          .await
-          .unwrap_or_default();
-
-      crate::proxy_manager::ProxyCheckResult {
-        ip,
-        city,
-        country,
-        country_code,
-        timestamp: now,
-        is_valid: true,
-      }
-    }
-    Err(e) => {
-      log::warn!("VPN check failed to fetch public IP: {e}");
-      crate::proxy_manager::ProxyCheckResult {
-        ip: String::new(),
-        city: None,
-        country: None,
-        country_code: None,
-        timestamp: now,
-        is_valid: false,
+  let local_proxy = crate::proxy_runner::start_proxy_process(Some(socks_url), None)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|error| error.to_string());
+  let local_proxy = match local_proxy {
+    Ok(proxy) => proxy,
+    Err(error_message) => {
+      if !had_existing_worker {
+        let _ = vpn_worker_runner::stop_vpn_worker(&vpn_worker.id).await;
       }
+      return Err(format!("Failed to start validation proxy: {error_message}"));
     }
   };
 
-  // Stop the temporary VPN worker
-  let _ = vpn_worker_runner::stop_vpn_worker(&vpn_worker.id).await;
+  let local_proxy_url = format!(
+    "http://127.0.0.1:{}",
+    local_proxy.local_port.unwrap_or_default()
+  );
+
+  let mut result = None;
+  for attempt in 0..3 {
+    if attempt > 0 {
+      tokio::time::sleep(std::time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
+    }
+
+    match ip_utils::fetch_public_ip(Some(&local_proxy_url)).await {
+      Ok(ip) => {
+        let (city, country, country_code) =
+          crate::proxy_manager::ProxyManager::get_ip_geolocation(&ip)
+            .await
+            .unwrap_or_default();
+
+        result = Some(crate::proxy_manager::ProxyCheckResult {
+          ip,
+          city,
+          country,
+          country_code,
+          timestamp: now,
+          is_valid: true,
+        });
+        break;
+      }
+      Err(error) => {
+        log::warn!(
+          "VPN validation attempt {} failed to fetch public IP through donut-proxy: {}",
+          attempt + 1,
+          error
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  let _ = crate::proxy_runner::stop_proxy_process(&local_proxy.id).await;
+  if !had_existing_worker {
+    let _ = vpn_worker_runner::stop_vpn_worker(&vpn_worker.id).await;
+  }
+
+  let result = result.unwrap_or(crate::proxy_manager::ProxyCheckResult {
+    ip: String::new(),
+    city: None,
+    country: None,
+    country_code: None,
+    timestamp: now,
+    is_valid: false,
+  });
 
   Ok(result)
 }
@@ -1932,6 +2004,7 @@ pub fn run() {
       add_mcp_to_claude_code,
       remove_mcp_from_claude_code,
       // VPN commands
+      get_vpn_dependency_status,
       import_vpn_config,
       list_vpn_configs,
       get_vpn_config,
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/proxy_runner.rs b/src-tauri/src/proxy_runner.rs
index bf016b3..e3095f2 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/proxy_runner.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/proxy_runner.rs
@@ -2,12 +2,161 @@ use crate::proxy_storage::{
   delete_proxy_config, generate_proxy_id, get_proxy_config, is_process_running, list_proxy_configs,
   save_proxy_config, ProxyConfig,
 };
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::Stdio;
 lazy_static::lazy_static! {
   static ref PROXY_PROCESSES: std::sync::Mutex<std::collections::HashMap<String, u32>> =
     std::sync::Mutex::new(std::collections::HashMap::new());
 }
 
+fn target_binary_name(base_name: &str) -> Option<String> {
+  let target = std::env::var("TARGET").ok()?;
+
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  {
+    Some(format!("{base_name}-{target}.exe"))
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(not(windows))]
+  {
+    Some(format!("{base_name}-{target}"))
+  }
+}
+
+fn unsuffixed_binary_name(base_name: &str) -> String {
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  {
+    match base_name {
+      "donut-proxy" => "donut-proxy.exe".to_string(),
+      "donut-daemon" => "donut-daemon.exe".to_string(),
+      _ => String::new(),
+    }
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(not(windows))]
+  {
+    base_name.to_string()
+  }
+}
+
+fn binary_matches_prefix(path: &Path, base_name: &str) -> bool {
+  let Some(file_name) = path.file_name().and_then(|name| name.to_str()) else {
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  {
+    file_name.starts_with(&format!("{base_name}-")) && file_name.ends_with(".exe")
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(not(windows))]
+  {
+    file_name.starts_with(&format!("{base_name}-"))
+  }
+}
+
+fn push_candidate_dir(dirs: &mut Vec<PathBuf>, dir: Option<PathBuf>) {
+  if let Some(dir) = dir {
+    if !dirs.iter().any(|existing| existing == &dir) {
+      dirs.push(dir);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn find_sidecar_executable(
+  base_name: &str,
+) -> Result<PathBuf, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+  let current_exe = std::env::current_exe()?;
+  let current_dir = current_exe
+    .parent()
+    .ok_or("Failed to get parent directory of current executable")?;
+
+  if current_exe
+    .file_stem()
+    .and_then(|stem| stem.to_str())
+    .is_some_and(|stem| stem == base_name)
+  {
+    return Ok(current_exe);
+  }
+
+  let manifest_dir = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"));
+  let mut search_dirs = Vec::new();
+
+  push_candidate_dir(&mut search_dirs, Some(current_dir.to_path_buf()));
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    current_dir.parent().map(std::path::Path::to_path_buf),
+  );
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    current_dir
+      .parent()
+      .and_then(|parent| parent.parent())
+      .map(Path::to_path_buf),
+  );
+  push_candidate_dir(&mut search_dirs, Some(current_dir.join("binaries")));
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    current_dir.parent().map(|parent| parent.join("binaries")),
+  );
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    current_dir
+      .parent()
+      .and_then(|parent| parent.parent())
+      .map(|parent| parent.join("binaries")),
+  );
+  push_candidate_dir(&mut search_dirs, Some(manifest_dir.join("binaries")));
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    Some(manifest_dir.join("target").join("debug")),
+  );
+  push_candidate_dir(
+    &mut search_dirs,
+    Some(manifest_dir.join("target").join("release")),
+  );
+
+  let mut exact_names = vec![unsuffixed_binary_name(base_name)];
+  if let Some(target_name) = target_binary_name(base_name) {
+    exact_names.push(target_name);
+  }
+
+  for dir in &search_dirs {
+    for name in &exact_names {
+      if name.is_empty() {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      let candidate = dir.join(name);
+      if candidate.exists() {
+        return Ok(candidate);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if let Ok(entries) = std::fs::read_dir(dir) {
+      for entry in entries.flatten() {
+        let path = entry.path();
+        if path.is_file() && binary_matches_prefix(&path, base_name) {
+          return Ok(path);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  Err(
+    format!(
+      "Failed to locate '{}' executable. Searched in: {}",
+      base_name,
+      search_dirs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|dir| dir.display().to_string())
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+        .join(", ")
+    )
+    .into(),
+  )
+}
+
 pub async fn start_proxy_process(
   upstream_url: Option<String>,
   port: Option<u16>,
@@ -47,7 +196,7 @@ pub async fn start_proxy_process_with_profile(
 
   // Spawn proxy worker process in the background using std::process::Command
   // This ensures proper process detachment on Unix systems
-  let exe = std::env::current_exe()?;
+  let exe = find_sidecar_executable("donut-proxy")?;
 
   #[cfg(unix)]
   {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/traffic_stats.rs b/src-tauri/src/traffic_stats.rs
index e7c52a1..55d5ce5 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/traffic_stats.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/traffic_stats.rs
@@ -580,7 +580,9 @@ impl LiveTrafficTracker {
       .profile_id
       .clone()
       .unwrap_or_else(|| self.proxy_id.clone());
-    let session_file = get_traffic_stats_dir().join(format!("{}.session.json", storage_key));
+    let storage_dir = get_traffic_stats_dir();
+    fs::create_dir_all(&storage_dir)?;
+    let session_file = storage_dir.join(format!("{}.session.json", storage_key));
 
     // Write atomically using a temp file
     let temp_file = session_file.with_extension("tmp");
@@ -761,9 +763,11 @@ impl LiveTrafficTracker {
       .profile_id
       .clone()
       .unwrap_or_else(|| self.proxy_id.clone());
+    let storage_dir = get_traffic_stats_dir();
+    fs::create_dir_all(&storage_dir)?;
 
     // Use file locking to prevent concurrent writes from multiple proxy processes
-    let lock_path = get_traffic_stats_dir().join(format!("{}.lock", storage_key));
+    let lock_path = storage_dir.join(format!("{}.lock", storage_key));
     let _lock = match acquire_file_lock(&lock_path) {
       Ok(lock) => lock,
       Err(e) => {
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/vpn/openvpn_socks5.rs b/src-tauri/src/vpn/openvpn_socks5.rs
index 3c954b1..216e73b 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/vpn/openvpn_socks5.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/vpn/openvpn_socks5.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,24 @@
 use super::config::{OpenVpnConfig, VpnError};
-use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::net::{IpAddr, Ipv4Addr, SocketAddr};
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::process::{Command, Stdio};
-use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
-use tokio::net::{TcpListener, TcpStream};
+use std::sync::Arc;
+use tokio::io::{AsyncBufReadExt, AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt, BufReader};
+use tokio::net::{lookup_host, TcpListener, TcpSocket, TcpStream};
+
+const OPENVPN_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS: u64 = 90;
+
+enum SocksTarget {
+  Address(SocketAddr),
+  Domain(String, u16),
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub(crate) struct OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+  pub binary_found: bool,
+  pub missing_windows_adapter: bool,
+  pub dependency_check_failed: bool,
+}
 
 pub struct OpenVpnSocks5Server {
   config: OpenVpnConfig,
@@ -14,7 +30,167 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
     Self { config, port }
   }
 
-  fn find_openvpn_binary() -> Result<PathBuf, VpnError> {
+  fn read_log_tail(path: &Path, lines: usize) -> String {
+    std::fs::read_to_string(path)
+      .unwrap_or_default()
+      .lines()
+      .rev()
+      .take(lines)
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+      .into_iter()
+      .rev()
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+      .join("\n")
+  }
+
+  fn extract_vpn_ip(line: &str) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
+    for field in line.split(',') {
+      let trimmed = field.trim();
+      if let Ok(ip) = trimmed.parse::<Ipv4Addr>() {
+        if ip.is_private() && !ip.is_loopback() {
+          return Some(ip);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    None
+  }
+
+  fn log_indicates_connected(log_content: &str) -> bool {
+    log_content.contains("Initialization Sequence Completed")
+  }
+
+  fn log_indicates_failure(log_content: &str) -> bool {
+    log_content.contains("AUTH_FAILED")
+      || log_content.contains("Exiting due to fatal error")
+      || log_content.contains("Fatal error")
+      || log_content.contains("Options error")
+      || log_content.contains("Exiting")
+  }
+
+  fn has_config_directive(config: &str, directive: &str) -> bool {
+    config.lines().any(|line| {
+      let trimmed = line.trim();
+      !trimmed.is_empty()
+        && !trimmed.starts_with('#')
+        && !trimmed.starts_with(';')
+        && trimmed.starts_with(directive)
+    })
+  }
+
+  fn strip_config_directive(config: &str, directive: &str) -> String {
+    config
+      .lines()
+      .filter(|line| {
+        let trimmed = line.trim();
+        trimmed.is_empty()
+          || trimmed.starts_with('#')
+          || trimmed.starts_with(';')
+          || !trimmed.starts_with(directive)
+      })
+      .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+      .join("\n")
+  }
+
+  fn build_runtime_config(&self) -> String {
+    let mut runtime_config = self.config.raw_config.clone();
+
+    runtime_config = Self::strip_config_directive(&runtime_config, "redirect-gateway");
+    runtime_config = Self::strip_config_directive(&runtime_config, "block-outside-dns");
+    runtime_config = Self::strip_config_directive(&runtime_config, "dhcp-option");
+
+    if !runtime_config.contains("pull-filter ignore \"redirect-gateway\"") {
+      runtime_config.push_str("\npull-filter ignore \"redirect-gateway\"\n");
+    }
+    if !runtime_config.contains("pull-filter ignore \"block-outside-dns\"") {
+      runtime_config.push_str("pull-filter ignore \"block-outside-dns\"\n");
+    }
+    if !runtime_config.contains("pull-filter ignore \"dhcp-option\"") {
+      runtime_config.push_str("pull-filter ignore \"dhcp-option\"\n");
+    }
+
+    if !Self::has_config_directive(&runtime_config, "route 0.0.0.0") {
+      runtime_config.push_str("\nroute 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 vpn_gateway 9999\n");
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+      if Self::has_config_directive(&runtime_config, "dev-node") {
+        runtime_config = runtime_config
+          .lines()
+          .filter(|line| {
+            let trimmed = line.trim();
+            trimmed.is_empty()
+              || trimmed.starts_with('#')
+              || trimmed.starts_with(';')
+              || !trimmed.starts_with("dev-node")
+          })
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+          .join("\n");
+      }
+
+      if !Self::has_config_directive(&runtime_config, "disable-dco") {
+        runtime_config.push_str("\ndisable-dco\n");
+      }
+
+      if self.config.dev_type.starts_with("tun")
+        && !Self::has_config_directive(&runtime_config, "windows-driver")
+      {
+        runtime_config.push_str("\nwindows-driver wintun\n");
+      }
+    }
+
+    runtime_config
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn dependency_status() -> OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+    let Ok(openvpn_bin) = Self::find_openvpn_binary() else {
+      return OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+        binary_found: false,
+        missing_windows_adapter: false,
+        dependency_check_failed: false,
+      };
+    };
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+      match Self::windows_openvpn_has_adapter(&openvpn_bin) {
+        Ok(has_adapter) => OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+          binary_found: true,
+          missing_windows_adapter: !has_adapter,
+          dependency_check_failed: false,
+        },
+        Err(_) => OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+          binary_found: true,
+          missing_windows_adapter: false,
+          dependency_check_failed: true,
+        },
+      }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(windows))]
+    {
+      OpenVpnDependencyStatus {
+        binary_found: true,
+        missing_windows_adapter: false,
+        dependency_check_failed: false,
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  pub(crate) fn find_openvpn_binary() -> Result<PathBuf, VpnError> {
+    if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("DONUTBROWSER_OPENVPN_BIN") {
+      let path = PathBuf::from(path);
+      if path.exists() {
+        return Ok(path);
+      }
+
+      return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+        "Configured OpenVPN binary does not exist: {}",
+        path.display()
+      )));
+    }
+
     let locations = [
       "/usr/sbin/openvpn",
       "/usr/local/sbin/openvpn",
@@ -71,12 +247,300 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
     ))
   }
 
+  fn openvpn_supports_management(openvpn_bin: &Path) -> bool {
+    let mut command = Command::new(openvpn_bin);
+    command.arg("--version");
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+      use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
+      const CREATE_NO_WINDOW: u32 = 0x08000000;
+      command.creation_flags(CREATE_NO_WINDOW);
+    }
+
+    let Ok(output) = command.output() else {
+      return true;
+    };
+
+    let version_text = format!(
+      "{}{}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+    );
+
+    !version_text.contains("enable_management=no")
+  }
+
+  #[cfg(windows)]
+  pub(crate) fn windows_openvpn_has_adapter(openvpn_bin: &Path) -> Result<bool, VpnError> {
+    use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
+    const CREATE_NO_WINDOW: u32 = 0x08000000;
+
+    let output = Command::new(openvpn_bin)
+      .arg("--show-adapters")
+      .creation_flags(CREATE_NO_WINDOW)
+      .output()
+      .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to inspect OpenVPN adapters: {e}")))?;
+
+    let text = format!(
+      "{}{}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+    );
+
+    Ok(
+      text
+        .lines()
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .any(|line| !line.is_empty() && !line.starts_with("Available adapters")),
+    )
+  }
+
+  fn extract_vpn_ip_from_log(log_content: &str) -> Option<Ipv4Addr> {
+    for line in log_content.lines() {
+      if let Some(ip) = Self::extract_vpn_ip(line) {
+        return Some(ip);
+      }
+
+      if let Some(position) = line.find("ifconfig ") {
+        let after = &line[position + "ifconfig ".len()..];
+        if let Some(ip_str) = after
+          .split_whitespace()
+          .next()
+          .or_else(|| after.split(',').next())
+        {
+          if let Ok(ip) = ip_str.parse::<Ipv4Addr>() {
+            if ip.is_private() && !ip.is_loopback() {
+              return Some(ip);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    None
+  }
+
+  async fn wait_for_openvpn_ready_via_management(
+    child: &mut std::process::Child,
+    mgmt_port: u16,
+    log_path: &Path,
+  ) -> Result<Option<Ipv4Addr>, VpnError> {
+    let deadline =
+      tokio::time::Instant::now() + tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(OPENVPN_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS);
+
+    let mgmt_stream = loop {
+      if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "Timed out connecting to OpenVPN management interface. Last OpenVPN output:\n{}",
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      if let Ok(Some(status)) = child.try_wait() {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "OpenVPN exited (status: {}) before the tunnel was established. Last output:\n{}",
+          status,
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      match TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", mgmt_port)).await {
+        Ok(stream) => break stream,
+        Err(_) => tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(500)).await,
+      }
+    };
+
+    let (mgmt_reader, mut mgmt_writer) = mgmt_stream.into_split();
+    let _ = mgmt_writer.write_all(b"state on\nstate\n").await;
+
+    let mut lines = BufReader::new(mgmt_reader).lines();
+    let mut interval = tokio::time::interval(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(1));
+    interval.tick().await;
+
+    let mut vpn_ip = None;
+
+    loop {
+      if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "Timed out waiting for OpenVPN to reach CONNECTED state. Last OpenVPN output:\n{}",
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      if let Ok(Some(status)) = child.try_wait() {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "OpenVPN exited (status: {}) before connecting. Last output:\n{}",
+          status,
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      tokio::select! {
+        line_result = lines.next_line() => {
+          match line_result {
+            Ok(Some(line)) => {
+              if let Some(ip) = Self::extract_vpn_ip(&line) {
+                vpn_ip = Some(ip);
+              }
+
+              if line.contains(",CONNECTED,") {
+                break;
+              }
+
+              if line.contains("AUTH_FAILED") {
+                return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+                  "OpenVPN authentication failed. Last output:\n{}",
+                  Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+                )));
+              }
+
+              if line.contains(",EXITING,") || line.contains(">FATAL:") {
+                return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+                  "OpenVPN is exiting. Last output:\n{}",
+                  Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+                )));
+              }
+            }
+            Ok(None) => {
+              return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+                "OpenVPN management connection closed before CONNECTED state. Last output:\n{}",
+                Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 20)
+              )));
+            }
+            Err(_) => {}
+          }
+        }
+        _ = interval.tick() => {
+          let _ = mgmt_writer.write_all(b"state\n").await;
+
+          let log_path = log_path.to_path_buf();
+          let log_content = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || std::fs::read_to_string(log_path))
+            .await
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(Result::ok);
+
+          if let Some(content) = log_content {
+            if Self::log_indicates_connected(&content) {
+              break;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    if vpn_ip.is_none() {
+      if let Ok(log_content) = std::fs::read_to_string(log_path) {
+        vpn_ip = Self::extract_vpn_ip_from_log(&log_content);
+      }
+    }
+
+    Ok(vpn_ip)
+  }
+
+  async fn wait_for_openvpn_ready_via_log(
+    child: &mut std::process::Child,
+    log_path: &Path,
+  ) -> Result<Option<Ipv4Addr>, VpnError> {
+    let deadline =
+      tokio::time::Instant::now() + tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(OPENVPN_CONNECT_TIMEOUT_SECS);
+
+    loop {
+      if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= deadline {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "Timed out waiting for OpenVPN to connect. Last OpenVPN output:\n{}",
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 40)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      if let Ok(Some(status)) = child.try_wait() {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "OpenVPN exited (status: {}) before connecting. Last output:\n{}",
+          status,
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 40)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      let log_path_buf = log_path.to_path_buf();
+      let log_content = tokio::task::spawn_blocking(move || std::fs::read_to_string(log_path_buf))
+        .await
+        .ok()
+        .and_then(Result::ok)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+
+      if Self::log_indicates_connected(&log_content) {
+        return Ok(Self::extract_vpn_ip_from_log(&log_content));
+      }
+
+      if Self::log_indicates_failure(&log_content) {
+        return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
+          "OpenVPN reported a fatal error while connecting. Last output:\n{}",
+          Self::read_log_tail(log_path, 40)
+        )));
+      }
+
+      tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
+    }
+  }
+
+  async fn connect_target(
+    target: SocksTarget,
+    vpn_bind_ip: Ipv4Addr,
+  ) -> Result<(TcpStream, SocketAddr), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    let mut addresses = match target {
+      SocksTarget::Address(addr) => vec![addr],
+      SocksTarget::Domain(host, port) => {
+        let mut resolved = lookup_host((host.as_str(), port))
+          .await?
+          .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        resolved.sort_by_key(|addr| if addr.is_ipv4() { 0 } else { 1 });
+        resolved
+      }
+    };
+
+    if addresses.is_empty() {
+      return Err("No addresses resolved for SOCKS5 target".into());
+    }
+
+    let mut last_error = None;
+
+    for address in addresses.drain(..) {
+      let socket = if address.is_ipv4() {
+        let socket = TcpSocket::new_v4()?;
+        if !vpn_bind_ip.is_unspecified() {
+          socket.bind(SocketAddr::new(IpAddr::V4(vpn_bind_ip), 0))?;
+        }
+        socket
+      } else {
+        TcpSocket::new_v6()?
+      };
+
+      match socket.connect(address).await {
+        Ok(stream) => return Ok((stream, address)),
+        Err(error) => last_error = Some(error),
+      }
+    }
+
+    Err(
+      last_error
+        .map(|error| error.into())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| "Failed to connect to any resolved SOCKS5 target".into()),
+    )
+  }
+
   pub async fn run(self, config_id: String) -> Result<(), VpnError> {
     let openvpn_bin = Self::find_openvpn_binary()?;
+    let supports_management = Self::openvpn_supports_management(&openvpn_bin);
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    if !Self::windows_openvpn_has_adapter(&openvpn_bin)? {
+      return Err(VpnError::Connection(
+        "OpenVPN requires a TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco adapter on Windows, but none were found. Install or provision an adapter before connecting.".to_string(),
+      ));
+    }
 
-    // Write config to temp file
     let config_path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("openvpn_{}.ovpn", config_id));
-    std::fs::write(&config_path, &self.config.raw_config).map_err(VpnError::Io)?;
+    std::fs::write(&config_path, self.build_runtime_config()).map_err(VpnError::Io)?;
 
     #[cfg(unix)]
     {
@@ -84,43 +548,74 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
       let _ = std::fs::set_permissions(&config_path, std::fs::Permissions::from_mode(0o600));
     }
 
-    // Find a management port
-    let mgmt_listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
-      .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to bind management port: {e}")))?;
-    let mgmt_port = mgmt_listener
-      .local_addr()
-      .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to get management port: {e}")))?
-      .port();
-    drop(mgmt_listener);
+    let mgmt_port = if supports_management {
+      let mgmt_listener = std::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0")
+        .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to bind management port: {e}")))?;
+      let port = mgmt_listener
+        .local_addr()
+        .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to get management port: {e}")))?
+        .port();
+      drop(mgmt_listener);
+      Some(port)
+    } else {
+      log::info!(
+        "[vpn-worker] OpenVPN build does not support management; using log-based readiness"
+      );
+      None
+    };
+
+    let openvpn_log_path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("openvpn-{}.log", config_id));
+    let log_file = std::fs::OpenOptions::new()
+      .create(true)
+      .write(true)
+      .truncate(true)
+      .open(&openvpn_log_path)
+      .map_err(VpnError::Io)?;
 
-    // Start OpenVPN with SOCKS proxy mode
     let mut cmd = Command::new(&openvpn_bin);
+    cmd.arg("--config").arg(&config_path);
+    if let Some(mgmt_port) = mgmt_port {
+      cmd
+        .arg("--management")
+        .arg("127.0.0.1")
+        .arg(mgmt_port.to_string());
+    }
     cmd
-      .arg("--config")
-      .arg(&config_path)
-      .arg("--management")
-      .arg("127.0.0.1")
-      .arg(mgmt_port.to_string())
-      .arg("--socks-proxy")
-      .arg("127.0.0.1")
-      .arg(self.port.to_string())
       .arg("--verb")
       .arg("3")
-      .stdout(Stdio::piped())
-      .stderr(Stdio::piped());
+      .stdout(
+        log_file
+          .try_clone()
+          .map(Stdio::from)
+          .map_err(VpnError::Io)?,
+      )
+      .stderr(Stdio::from(log_file));
+
+    #[cfg(windows)]
+    {
+      use std::os::windows::process::CommandExt;
+      const CREATE_NO_WINDOW: u32 = 0x08000000;
+
+      cmd.arg("--disable-dco");
+      if self.config.dev_type.starts_with("tun") {
+        cmd.arg("--windows-driver").arg("wintun");
+      }
+      cmd.creation_flags(CREATE_NO_WINDOW);
+    }
 
     let mut child = cmd
       .spawn()
       .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to start OpenVPN: {e}")))?;
 
-    // Wait for OpenVPN to start
-    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(3)).await;
+    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_secs(2)).await;
 
     match child.try_wait() {
       Ok(Some(status)) => {
         let _ = std::fs::remove_file(&config_path);
         return Err(VpnError::Connection(format!(
-          "OpenVPN exited early with status: {status}. OpenVPN requires elevated privileges (sudo/admin)."
+          "OpenVPN exited immediately (status: {}). Last output:\n{}",
+          status,
+          Self::read_log_tail(&openvpn_log_path, 20)
         )));
       }
       Ok(None) => {}
@@ -132,8 +627,15 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
       }
     }
 
-    // Start a basic SOCKS5 proxy that tunnels through the OpenVPN TUN interface
-    let listener = TcpListener::bind(format!("127.0.0.1:{}", self.port))
+    let vpn_bind_ip = if let Some(mgmt_port) = mgmt_port {
+      Self::wait_for_openvpn_ready_via_management(&mut child, mgmt_port, &openvpn_log_path).await?
+    } else {
+      Self::wait_for_openvpn_ready_via_log(&mut child, &openvpn_log_path).await?
+    }
+    .unwrap_or(Ipv4Addr::UNSPECIFIED);
+    let vpn_bind_ip = Arc::new(vpn_bind_ip);
+
+    let listener = TcpListener::bind(("127.0.0.1", self.port))
       .await
       .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to bind SOCKS5: {e}")))?;
 
@@ -142,10 +644,10 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
       .map_err(|e| VpnError::Connection(format!("Failed to get local addr: {e}")))?
       .port();
 
-    if let Some(mut wc) = crate::vpn_worker_storage::get_vpn_worker_config(&config_id) {
-      wc.local_port = Some(actual_port);
-      wc.local_url = Some(format!("socks5://127.0.0.1:{}", actual_port));
-      let _ = crate::vpn_worker_storage::save_vpn_worker_config(&wc);
+    if let Some(mut worker_config) = crate::vpn_worker_storage::get_vpn_worker_config(&config_id) {
+      worker_config.local_port = Some(actual_port);
+      worker_config.local_url = Some(format!("socks5://127.0.0.1:{}", actual_port));
+      let _ = crate::vpn_worker_storage::save_vpn_worker_config(&worker_config);
     }
 
     log::info!(
@@ -156,10 +658,13 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
     loop {
       match listener.accept().await {
         Ok((client, _)) => {
-          tokio::spawn(Self::handle_socks5_client(client));
+          let bind_ip = vpn_bind_ip.clone();
+          tokio::spawn(async move {
+            let _ = Self::handle_socks5_client(client, bind_ip).await;
+          });
         }
-        Err(e) => {
-          log::warn!("[vpn-worker] Accept error: {e}");
+        Err(error) => {
+          log::warn!("[vpn-worker] Accept error: {error}");
         }
       }
     }
@@ -167,53 +672,119 @@ impl OpenVpnSocks5Server {
 
   async fn handle_socks5_client(
     mut client: TcpStream,
+    vpn_bind_ip: Arc<Ipv4Addr>,
   ) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
-    // SOCKS5 greeting
-    let mut buf = [0u8; 256];
-    let n = client.read(&mut buf).await?;
-    if n < 3 || buf[0] != 0x05 {
+    let mut greeting = [0u8; 2];
+    if let Err(error) = client.read_exact(&mut greeting).await {
+      if error.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof {
+        log::debug!("[socks5] Failed to read greeting header: {}", error);
+      }
       return Ok(());
     }
+
+    if greeting[0] != 0x05 {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let mut methods = vec![0u8; greeting[1] as usize];
+    if let Err(error) = client.read_exact(&mut methods).await {
+      if error.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof {
+        log::debug!("[socks5] Failed to read methods list: {}", error);
+      }
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
     client.write_all(&[0x05, 0x00]).await?;
 
-    // SOCKS5 connect request
-    let n = client.read(&mut buf).await?;
-    if n < 10 || buf[0] != 0x05 || buf[1] != 0x01 {
+    let mut request_header = [0u8; 4];
+    if let Err(error) = client.read_exact(&mut request_header).await {
+      if error.kind() != std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof {
+        log::debug!("[socks5] Failed to read request header: {}", error);
+      }
       return Ok(());
     }
 
-    let dest_addr = match buf[3] {
+    if request_header[0] != 0x05 {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    if request_header[1] != 0x01 {
+      let _ = client
+        .write_all(&[0x05, 0x07, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+        .await;
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    let target = match request_header[3] {
       0x01 => {
-        let ip = std::net::Ipv4Addr::new(buf[4], buf[5], buf[6], buf[7]);
-        let port = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[8], buf[9]]);
-        format!("{}:{}", ip, port)
+        let mut addr_port = [0u8; 6];
+        client.read_exact(&mut addr_port).await?;
+        SocksTarget::Address(SocketAddr::new(
+          IpAddr::V4(Ipv4Addr::new(
+            addr_port[0],
+            addr_port[1],
+            addr_port[2],
+            addr_port[3],
+          )),
+          u16::from_be_bytes([addr_port[4], addr_port[5]]),
+        ))
       }
       0x03 => {
-        let domain_len = buf[4] as usize;
-        let domain = String::from_utf8_lossy(&buf[5..5 + domain_len]).to_string();
-        let port_start = 5 + domain_len;
-        let port = u16::from_be_bytes([buf[port_start], buf[port_start + 1]]);
-        format!("{}:{}", domain, port)
+        let mut len = [0u8; 1];
+        client.read_exact(&mut len).await?;
+        if len[0] == 0 {
+          return Ok(());
+        }
+
+        let mut domain = vec![0u8; len[0] as usize];
+        client.read_exact(&mut domain).await?;
+
+        let mut port = [0u8; 2];
+        client.read_exact(&mut port).await?;
+
+        SocksTarget::Domain(
+          String::from_utf8_lossy(&domain).to_string(),
+          u16::from_be_bytes(port),
+        )
+      }
+      0x04 => {
+        let mut addr_port = [0u8; 18];
+        client.read_exact(&mut addr_port).await?;
+
+        let mut octets = [0u8; 16];
+        octets.copy_from_slice(&addr_port[..16]);
+
+        SocksTarget::Address(SocketAddr::new(
+          IpAddr::V6(std::net::Ipv6Addr::from(octets)),
+          u16::from_be_bytes([addr_port[16], addr_port[17]]),
+        ))
+      }
+      _ => {
+        let _ = client
+          .write_all(&[0x05, 0x08, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
+          .await;
+        return Ok(());
       }
-      _ => return Ok(()),
     };
 
-    // Connect to destination through OpenVPN tunnel (OS routing handles it)
-    match TcpStream::connect(&dest_addr).await {
-      Ok(upstream) => {
+    match Self::connect_target(target, *vpn_bind_ip).await {
+      Ok((upstream, _address)) => {
         client
           .write_all(&[0x05, 0x00, 0x00, 0x01, 127, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0])
           .await?;
 
-        let (mut cr, mut cw) = client.into_split();
-        let (mut ur, mut uw) = upstream.into_split();
+        let (mut client_read, mut client_write) = client.into_split();
+        let (mut upstream_read, mut upstream_write) = upstream.into_split();
 
-        let c2u = tokio::io::copy(&mut cr, &mut uw);
-        let u2c = tokio::io::copy(&mut ur, &mut cw);
-
-        let _ = tokio::try_join!(c2u, u2c);
+        let client_to_upstream = tokio::io::copy(&mut client_read, &mut upstream_write);
+        let upstream_to_client = tokio::io::copy(&mut upstream_read, &mut client_write);
+        let _ = tokio::try_join!(client_to_upstream, upstream_to_client)?;
       }
-      Err(_) => {
+      Err(error) => {
+        log::debug!(
+          "[socks5] Failed to connect through OpenVPN tunnel: {}",
+          error
+        );
         client
           .write_all(&[0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0])
           .await?;
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/vpn/socks5_server.rs b/src-tauri/src/vpn/socks5_server.rs
index b2ccd5a..bd366df 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/vpn/socks5_server.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/vpn/socks5_server.rs
@@ -370,6 +370,8 @@ impl WireGuardSocks5Server {
       smol_handle: SocketHandle,
       tcp_stream: TcpStream,
       socks_done: bool,
+      connecting: bool,
+      greeting_done: bool,
       read_buf: Vec<u8>,
       dest_addr: Option<SocketAddr>,
     }
@@ -391,6 +393,8 @@ impl WireGuardSocks5Server {
           smol_handle: handle,
           tcp_stream: stream,
           socks_done: false,
+          connecting: false,
+          greeting_done: false,
           read_buf: Vec::new(),
           dest_addr: None,
         });
@@ -409,7 +413,30 @@ impl WireGuardSocks5Server {
       // Process each connection
       let mut completed = Vec::new();
       for (idx, conn) in connections.iter_mut().enumerate() {
-        if !conn.socks_done {
+        if conn.connecting {
+          let socket = sockets.get_mut::<TcpSocket>(conn.smol_handle);
+          if socket.may_send() {
+            let _ = conn.tcp_stream.try_write(&[
+              0x05,
+              0x00,
+              0x00,
+              0x01,
+              127,
+              0,
+              0,
+              1,
+              (actual_port >> 8) as u8,
+              (actual_port & 0xff) as u8,
+            ]);
+            conn.connecting = false;
+            conn.socks_done = true;
+          } else if !socket.is_open() {
+            let _ = conn
+              .tcp_stream
+              .try_write(&[0x05, 0x05, 0x00, 0x01, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0]);
+            completed.push(idx);
+          }
+        } else if !conn.socks_done {
           // Handle SOCKS5 handshake
           let mut buf = [0u8; 512];
           match conn.tcp_stream.try_read(&mut buf) {
@@ -427,19 +454,26 @@ impl WireGuardSocks5Server {
             }
           }
 
-          if conn.dest_addr.is_none() && conn.read_buf.len() >= 3 {
+          if !conn.greeting_done && conn.read_buf.len() >= 3 {
             // SOCKS5 greeting: version, nmethods, methods
             if conn.read_buf[0] != 0x05 {
               completed.push(idx);
               continue;
             }
-            // Reply: no auth required
-            let _ = conn.tcp_stream.try_write(&[0x05, 0x00]);
             let nmethods = conn.read_buf[1] as usize;
+            if conn.read_buf.len() < 2 + nmethods {
+              continue;
+            }
+            // Reply: no auth required
+            if conn.tcp_stream.try_write(&[0x05, 0x00]).is_err() {
+              completed.push(idx);
+              continue;
+            }
             conn.read_buf.drain(..2 + nmethods);
+            conn.greeting_done = true;
           }
 
-          if conn.dest_addr.is_none() && conn.read_buf.len() >= 10 {
+          if conn.greeting_done && conn.dest_addr.is_none() && conn.read_buf.len() >= 10 {
             // SOCKS5 connect request
             if conn.read_buf[0] != 0x05 || conn.read_buf[1] != 0x01 {
               completed.push(idx);
@@ -539,20 +573,7 @@ impl WireGuardSocks5Server {
               continue;
             }
 
-            // Send SOCKS5 success reply
-            let _ = conn.tcp_stream.try_write(&[
-              0x05,
-              0x00,
-              0x00,
-              0x01,
-              127,
-              0,
-              0,
-              1,
-              (actual_port >> 8) as u8,
-              (actual_port & 0xff) as u8,
-            ]);
-            conn.socks_done = true;
+            conn.connecting = true;
           }
         } else {
           // Data relay between SOCKS5 client and smoltcp socket
diff --git a/src-tauri/src/vpn_worker_runner.rs b/src-tauri/src/vpn_worker_runner.rs
index 3b43127..fc7d74d 100644
--- a/src-tauri/src/vpn_worker_runner.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/src/vpn_worker_runner.rs
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+use crate::proxy_runner::find_sidecar_executable;
 use crate::proxy_storage::is_process_running;
 use crate::vpn_worker_storage::{
   delete_vpn_worker_config, find_vpn_worker_by_vpn_id, generate_vpn_worker_id,
@@ -5,12 +6,124 @@ use crate::vpn_worker_storage::{
 };
 use std::process::Stdio;
 
+const VPN_WORKER_POLL_INTERVAL_MS: u64 = 100;
+const VPN_WORKER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 10_000;
+const OPENVPN_WORKER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_MS: u64 = 100_000;
+
+async fn vpn_worker_accepting_connections(config: &VpnWorkerConfig) -> bool {
+  let Some(port) = config.local_port else {
+    return false;
+  };
+
+  if config
+    .local_url
+    .as_ref()
+    .is_none_or(|local_url| local_url.is_empty())
+  {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  matches!(
+    tokio::time::timeout(
+      tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(VPN_WORKER_POLL_INTERVAL_MS),
+      tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", port)),
+    )
+    .await,
+    Ok(Ok(_))
+  )
+}
+
+fn worker_log_path(id: &str) -> std::path::PathBuf {
+  std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("donut-vpn-{}.log", id))
+}
+
+fn read_worker_log(id: &str) -> String {
+  std::fs::read_to_string(worker_log_path(id)).unwrap_or_else(|_| "No log available".to_string())
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_vpn_worker_ready(
+  id: &str,
+  vpn_type: &str,
+) -> Result<VpnWorkerConfig, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+  let startup_timeout = if vpn_type == "openvpn" {
+    tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(OPENVPN_WORKER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  } else {
+    tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(VPN_WORKER_STARTUP_TIMEOUT_MS)
+  };
+  let startup_deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + startup_timeout;
+
+  tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(
+    VPN_WORKER_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+  ))
+  .await;
+
+  let mut attempts = 0u32;
+
+  loop {
+    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(
+      VPN_WORKER_POLL_INTERVAL_MS,
+    ))
+    .await;
+
+    if let Some(updated_config) = get_vpn_worker_config(id) {
+      let process_running = updated_config.pid.map(is_process_running).unwrap_or(false);
+
+      if !process_running && attempts > 2 {
+        let log_output = read_worker_log(id);
+        delete_vpn_worker_config(id);
+        return Err(format!("VPN worker process crashed. Log output:\n{}", log_output).into());
+      }
+
+      if vpn_worker_accepting_connections(&updated_config).await {
+        return Ok(updated_config);
+      }
+    }
+
+    attempts += 1;
+    if tokio::time::Instant::now() >= startup_deadline {
+      if let Some(config) = get_vpn_worker_config(id) {
+        let process_running = config.pid.map(is_process_running).unwrap_or(false);
+        let log_output = read_worker_log(id);
+        delete_vpn_worker_config(id);
+        return Err(
+          format!(
+            "VPN worker failed to start within {:.1}s. pid={:?}, process_running={}, local_url={:?}\n\nVPN worker log:\n{}",
+            startup_timeout.as_secs_f32(),
+            config.pid,
+            process_running,
+            config.local_url,
+            log_output
+          )
+          .into(),
+        );
+      }
+
+      delete_vpn_worker_config(id);
+      return Err("VPN worker config not found after spawn".into());
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 pub async fn start_vpn_worker(vpn_id: &str) -> Result<VpnWorkerConfig, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+  for config in list_vpn_worker_configs() {
+    if let Some(pid) = config.pid {
+      if !is_process_running(pid) {
+        delete_vpn_worker_config(&config.id);
+      }
+    } else {
+      delete_vpn_worker_config(&config.id);
+    }
+  }
+
   // Check if a VPN worker for this vpn_id already exists and is running
   if let Some(existing) = find_vpn_worker_by_vpn_id(vpn_id) {
     if let Some(pid) = existing.pid {
       if is_process_running(pid) {
-        return Ok(existing);
+        if vpn_worker_accepting_connections(&existing).await {
+          return Ok(existing);
+        }
+
+        return wait_for_vpn_worker_ready(&existing.id, &existing.vpn_type).await;
       }
     }
     // Worker config exists but process is dead, clean up
@@ -63,7 +176,7 @@ pub async fn start_vpn_worker(vpn_id: &str) -> Result<VpnWorkerConfig, Box<dyn s
   save_vpn_worker_config(&config)?;
 
   // Spawn detached VPN worker process
-  let exe = std::env::current_exe()?;
+  let exe = find_sidecar_executable("donut-proxy")?;
 
   #[cfg(unix)]
   {
@@ -149,50 +262,7 @@ pub async fn start_vpn_worker(vpn_id: &str) -> Result<VpnWorkerConfig, Box<dyn s
     drop(child);
   }
 
-  // Wait for the worker to update config with local_url
-  tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-
-  let mut attempts = 0;
-  let max_attempts = 100; // 10 seconds max
-
-  loop {
-    tokio::time::sleep(tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100)).await;
-
-    if let Some(updated_config) = get_vpn_worker_config(&id) {
-      if let Some(ref local_url) = updated_config.local_url {
-        if !local_url.is_empty() {
-          if let Some(port) = updated_config.local_port {
-            if let Ok(Ok(_)) = tokio::time::timeout(
-              tokio::time::Duration::from_millis(100),
-              tokio::net::TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", port)),
-            )
-            .await
-            {
-              return Ok(updated_config);
-            }
-          }
-        }
-      }
-    }
-
-    attempts += 1;
-    if attempts >= max_attempts {
-      if let Some(config) = get_vpn_worker_config(&id) {
-        let process_running = config.pid.map(is_process_running).unwrap_or(false);
-        // Clean up on failure
-        delete_vpn_worker_config(&id);
-        return Err(
-          format!(
-            "VPN worker failed to start in time. pid={:?}, process_running={}, local_url={:?}",
-            config.pid, process_running, config.local_url
-          )
-          .into(),
-        );
-      }
-      delete_vpn_worker_config(&id);
-      return Err("VPN worker config not found after spawn".into());
-    }
-  }
+  wait_for_vpn_worker_ready(&id, vpn_type_str).await
 }
 
 pub async fn stop_vpn_worker(id: &str) -> Result<bool, Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/test_harness/mod.rs b/src-tauri/tests/test_harness/mod.rs
index 8dbb965..54a7a35 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/test_harness/mod.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/test_harness/mod.rs
@@ -16,12 +16,21 @@ const WIREGUARD_IMAGE: &str = "linuxserver/wireguard:latest";
 const OPENVPN_IMAGE: &str = "kylemanna/openvpn:latest";
 const WG_CONTAINER: &str = "donut-wg-test";
 const OVPN_CONTAINER: &str = "donut-ovpn-test";
+const OVPN_VOLUME: &str = "donut-ovpn-test-data";
 
 /// Check if running in CI environment
 pub fn is_ci() -> bool {
   std::env::var("CI").is_ok() || std::env::var("GITHUB_ACTIONS").is_ok()
 }
 
+fn has_external_wireguard_service() -> bool {
+  std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_HOST").is_ok()
+}
+
+fn has_external_openvpn_service() -> bool {
+  std::env::var("VPN_TEST_OVPN_HOST").is_ok()
+}
+
 /// Check if Docker is available
 pub fn is_docker_available() -> bool {
   Command::new("docker")
@@ -33,14 +42,10 @@ pub fn is_docker_available() -> bool {
 
 /// Start a WireGuard test server and return client config
 pub async fn start_wireguard_server() -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, String> {
-  if is_ci() {
-    // In CI, use the service container configured in workflow
+  if has_external_wireguard_service() {
     let host = std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_HOST").unwrap_or_else(|_| "localhost".into());
     let port = std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_PORT").unwrap_or_else(|_| "51820".into());
 
-    // Wait for service to be ready
-    wait_for_service(&host, port.parse().unwrap_or(51820)).await?;
-
     return get_ci_wireguard_config(&host, &port);
   }
 
@@ -71,6 +76,8 @@ pub async fn start_wireguard_server() -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, String> {
       "SERVERPORT=51820",
       "-e",
       "PEERDNS=auto",
+      "-e",
+      "INTERNAL_SUBNET=10.64.0.0",
       WIREGUARD_IMAGE,
     ])
     .output()
@@ -105,14 +112,10 @@ pub async fn start_wireguard_server() -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, String> {
 
 /// Start an OpenVPN test server and return client config
 pub async fn start_openvpn_server() -> Result<OpenVpnTestConfig, String> {
-  if is_ci() {
-    // In CI, use the service container configured in workflow
+  if has_external_openvpn_service() {
     let host = std::env::var("VPN_TEST_OVPN_HOST").unwrap_or_else(|_| "localhost".into());
     let port = std::env::var("VPN_TEST_OVPN_PORT").unwrap_or_else(|_| "1194".into());
 
-    // Wait for service to be ready
-    wait_for_service(&host, port.parse().unwrap_or(1194)).await?;
-
     return get_ci_openvpn_config(&host, &port);
   }
 
@@ -125,9 +128,139 @@ pub async fn start_openvpn_server() -> Result<OpenVpnTestConfig, String> {
     .args(["rm", "-f", OVPN_CONTAINER])
     .output();
 
-  // For OpenVPN, we need to initialize PKI first, which is complex
-  // For simplicity in tests, we'll use a pre-configured test config
-  Err("OpenVPN container setup requires pre-configured PKI. Use test fixtures instead.".to_string())
+  let _ = Command::new("docker")
+    .args(["volume", "rm", "-f", OVPN_VOLUME])
+    .output();
+
+  let create_volume = Command::new("docker")
+    .args(["volume", "create", OVPN_VOLUME])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to create OpenVPN test volume: {e}"))?;
+  if !create_volume.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "Failed to create OpenVPN test volume: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&create_volume.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  let genconfig = Command::new("docker")
+    .args([
+      "run",
+      "--rm",
+      "-v",
+      &format!("{OVPN_VOLUME}:/etc/openvpn"),
+      "-e",
+      "EASYRSA_BATCH=1",
+      OPENVPN_IMAGE,
+      "ovpn_genconfig",
+      "-u",
+      "udp://127.0.0.1",
+      "-s",
+      "10.9.0.0/24",
+    ])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to generate OpenVPN config: {e}"))?;
+  if !genconfig.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "OpenVPN config generation failed: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&genconfig.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  let init_pki = Command::new("docker")
+    .args([
+      "run",
+      "--rm",
+      "-v",
+      &format!("{OVPN_VOLUME}:/etc/openvpn"),
+      "-e",
+      "EASYRSA_BATCH=1",
+      OPENVPN_IMAGE,
+      "ovpn_initpki",
+      "nopass",
+    ])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to initialize OpenVPN PKI: {e}"))?;
+  if !init_pki.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "OpenVPN PKI initialization failed: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&init_pki.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  let build_client = Command::new("docker")
+    .args([
+      "run",
+      "--rm",
+      "-v",
+      &format!("{OVPN_VOLUME}:/etc/openvpn"),
+      "-e",
+      "EASYRSA_BATCH=1",
+      OPENVPN_IMAGE,
+      "easyrsa",
+      "build-client-full",
+      "donut-test-client",
+      "nopass",
+    ])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to build OpenVPN client certificate: {e}"))?;
+  if !build_client.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "OpenVPN client certificate build failed: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&build_client.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  let start_server = Command::new("docker")
+    .args([
+      "run",
+      "-d",
+      "--name",
+      OVPN_CONTAINER,
+      "--cap-add=NET_ADMIN",
+      "-p",
+      "1194:1194/udp",
+      "-v",
+      &format!("{OVPN_VOLUME}:/etc/openvpn"),
+      OPENVPN_IMAGE,
+    ])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to start OpenVPN container: {e}"))?;
+  if !start_server.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "OpenVPN container start failed: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&start_server.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  sleep(Duration::from_secs(10)).await;
+
+  let client_config = Command::new("docker")
+    .args([
+      "run",
+      "--rm",
+      "-v",
+      &format!("{OVPN_VOLUME}:/etc/openvpn"),
+      OPENVPN_IMAGE,
+      "ovpn_getclient",
+      "donut-test-client",
+    ])
+    .output()
+    .map_err(|e| format!("Failed to fetch OpenVPN client config: {e}"))?;
+  if !client_config.status.success() {
+    return Err(format!(
+      "Failed to read OpenVPN client config: {}",
+      String::from_utf8_lossy(&client_config.stderr)
+    ));
+  }
+
+  let raw_config = String::from_utf8_lossy(&client_config.stdout).to_string();
+  Ok(OpenVpnTestConfig {
+    raw_config,
+    remote_host: "127.0.0.1".to_string(),
+    remote_port: 1194,
+    protocol: "udp".to_string(),
+  })
 }
 
 /// Stop all VPN test servers
@@ -135,21 +268,9 @@ pub async fn stop_vpn_servers() {
   let _ = Command::new("docker")
     .args(["rm", "-f", WG_CONTAINER, OVPN_CONTAINER])
     .output();
-}
-
-/// Wait for a network service to be ready
-async fn wait_for_service(host: &str, port: u16) -> Result<(), String> {
-  let timeout = Duration::from_secs(30);
-  let start = std::time::Instant::now();
-
-  while start.elapsed() < timeout {
-    if std::net::TcpStream::connect(format!("{host}:{port}")).is_ok() {
-      return Ok(());
-    }
-    sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
-  }
-
-  Err(format!("Timeout waiting for service at {host}:{port}"))
+  let _ = Command::new("docker")
+    .args(["volume", "rm", "-f", OVPN_VOLUME])
+    .output();
 }
 
 /// WireGuard test configuration
@@ -160,6 +281,7 @@ pub struct WireGuardTestConfig {
   pub peer_public_key: String,
   pub peer_endpoint: String,
   pub allowed_ips: Vec<String>,
+  pub preshared_key: Option<String>,
 }
 
 /// OpenVPN test configuration
@@ -178,6 +300,7 @@ fn parse_wireguard_test_config(content: &str) -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, Str
   let mut peer_public_key = String::new();
   let mut peer_endpoint = String::new();
   let mut allowed_ips = vec!["0.0.0.0/0".to_string()];
+  let mut preshared_key = None;
   let mut current_section = "";
 
   for line in content.lines() {
@@ -205,6 +328,7 @@ fn parse_wireguard_test_config(content: &str) -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, Str
         ("interface", "DNS") => dns = Some(value.to_string()),
         ("peer", "PublicKey") => peer_public_key = value.to_string(),
         ("peer", "Endpoint") => peer_endpoint = value.to_string(),
+        ("peer", "PresharedKey") => preshared_key = Some(value.to_string()),
         ("peer", "AllowedIPs") => {
           allowed_ips = value.split(',').map(|s| s.trim().to_string()).collect();
         }
@@ -230,12 +354,21 @@ fn parse_wireguard_test_config(content: &str) -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, Str
     peer_public_key,
     peer_endpoint,
     allowed_ips,
+    preshared_key,
   })
 }
 
 /// Get WireGuard config from CI environment
 fn get_ci_wireguard_config(host: &str, port: &str) -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig, String> {
-  // In CI, use environment variables or test fixtures
+  if std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_PRIVATE_KEY").is_err()
+    || std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_PUBLIC_KEY").is_err()
+  {
+    return Err(
+      "External WireGuard test service is configured, but VPN_TEST_WG_PRIVATE_KEY and VPN_TEST_WG_PUBLIC_KEY are missing"
+        .to_string(),
+    );
+  }
+
   let private_key =
     std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_PRIVATE_KEY").unwrap_or_else(|_| "test-private-key".to_string());
   let public_key =
@@ -248,11 +381,21 @@ fn get_ci_wireguard_config(host: &str, port: &str) -> Result<WireGuardTestConfig
     peer_public_key: public_key,
     peer_endpoint: format!("{host}:{port}"),
     allowed_ips: vec!["0.0.0.0/0".to_string()],
+    preshared_key: std::env::var("VPN_TEST_WG_PRESHARED_KEY").ok(),
   })
 }
 
 /// Get OpenVPN config from CI environment
 fn get_ci_openvpn_config(host: &str, port: &str) -> Result<OpenVpnTestConfig, String> {
+  if let Ok(raw_config) = std::env::var("VPN_TEST_OVPN_RAW_CONFIG") {
+    return Ok(OpenVpnTestConfig {
+      raw_config,
+      remote_host: host.to_string(),
+      remote_port: port.parse().unwrap_or(1194),
+      protocol: "udp".to_string(),
+    });
+  }
+
   let raw_config = format!(
     r#"
 client
diff --git a/src-tauri/tests/vpn_integration.rs b/src-tauri/tests/vpn_integration.rs
index 91c589a..e85c80a 100644
--- a/src-tauri/tests/vpn_integration.rs
+++ b/src-tauri/tests/vpn_integration.rs
@@ -3,13 +3,22 @@
 //! These tests verify VPN config parsing, storage, and tunnel functionality.
 //! Connection tests require Docker and are skipped if Docker is not available.
 
+mod common;
 mod test_harness;
 
+use common::TestUtils;
 use donutbrowser_lib::vpn::{
   detect_vpn_type, parse_openvpn_config, parse_wireguard_config, OpenVpnConfig, VpnConfig,
   VpnStorage, VpnType, WireGuardConfig,
 };
+use serde_json::Value;
 use serial_test::serial;
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+use std::sync::OnceLock;
+use std::time::{Duration, SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+use tokio::io::{AsyncReadExt, AsyncWriteExt};
+use tokio::net::TcpStream;
+use tokio::time::sleep;
 
 // ============================================================================
 // Config Parsing Tests
@@ -420,6 +429,530 @@ async fn test_tunnel_manager() {
   assert_eq!(manager.active_count(), 0);
 }
 
-// NOTE: Actual connection tests require Docker containers running.
-// These are meant to be run with the CI workflow that sets up service containers.
-// To run locally: docker run -d --cap-add=NET_ADMIN -p 51820:51820/udp -e PEERS=1 linuxserver/wireguard
+struct TestEnvGuard {
+  _root: PathBuf,
+  previous_data_dir: Option<String>,
+  previous_cache_dir: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl TestEnvGuard {
+  fn new() -> Result<Self, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+    static TEST_RUNTIME_ROOT: OnceLock<PathBuf> = OnceLock::new();
+
+    let root = TEST_RUNTIME_ROOT
+      .get_or_init(|| {
+        std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("donutbrowser-vpn-e2e-{}", std::process::id()))
+      })
+      .clone();
+    let data_dir = root.join("data");
+    let cache_dir = root.join("cache");
+    let vpn_dir = data_dir.join("vpn");
+
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&data_dir);
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&cache_dir);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&vpn_dir)?;
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&data_dir)?;
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&cache_dir)?;
+
+    let previous_data_dir = std::env::var("DONUTBROWSER_DATA_DIR").ok();
+    let previous_cache_dir = std::env::var("DONUTBROWSER_CACHE_DIR").ok();
+
+    std::env::set_var("DONUTBROWSER_DATA_DIR", &data_dir);
+    std::env::set_var("DONUTBROWSER_CACHE_DIR", &cache_dir);
+
+    Ok(Self {
+      _root: root,
+      previous_data_dir,
+      previous_cache_dir,
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TestEnvGuard {
+  fn drop(&mut self) {
+    if let Some(value) = &self.previous_data_dir {
+      std::env::set_var("DONUTBROWSER_DATA_DIR", value);
+    } else {
+      std::env::remove_var("DONUTBROWSER_DATA_DIR");
+    }
+
+    if let Some(value) = &self.previous_cache_dir {
+      std::env::set_var("DONUTBROWSER_CACHE_DIR", value);
+    } else {
+      std::env::remove_var("DONUTBROWSER_CACHE_DIR");
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+struct ProxyProcess {
+  id: String,
+  local_port: u16,
+  local_url: String,
+}
+
+async fn ensure_donut_proxy_binary() -> Result<PathBuf, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let cargo_manifest_dir = std::env::var("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR")?;
+  let project_root = PathBuf::from(cargo_manifest_dir)
+    .parent()
+    .unwrap()
+    .to_path_buf();
+
+  let proxy_binary_name = if cfg!(windows) {
+    "donut-proxy.exe"
+  } else {
+    "donut-proxy"
+  };
+  let proxy_binary = project_root
+    .join("src-tauri")
+    .join("target")
+    .join("debug")
+    .join(proxy_binary_name);
+
+  if !proxy_binary.exists() {
+    let build_status = tokio::process::Command::new("cargo")
+      .args(["build", "--bin", "donut-proxy"])
+      .current_dir(project_root.join("src-tauri"))
+      .status()
+      .await?;
+
+    if !build_status.success() {
+      return Err("Failed to build donut-proxy binary".into());
+    }
+  }
+
+  if !proxy_binary.exists() {
+    return Err("donut-proxy binary was not created successfully".into());
+  }
+
+  Ok(proxy_binary)
+}
+
+fn new_test_vpn_config(name: &str, vpn_type: VpnType, config_data: String) -> VpnConfig {
+  let created_at = SystemTime::now()
+    .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+    .unwrap_or_default()
+    .as_secs() as i64;
+
+  VpnConfig {
+    id: uuid::Uuid::new_v4().to_string(),
+    name: name.to_string(),
+    vpn_type,
+    config_data,
+    created_at,
+    last_used: None,
+    sync_enabled: false,
+    last_sync: None,
+  }
+}
+
+fn build_wireguard_config(config: &test_harness::WireGuardTestConfig) -> String {
+  format!(
+    "[Interface]\nPrivateKey = {}\nAddress = {}\n{}\n[Peer]\nPublicKey = {}\n{}Endpoint = {}\nAllowedIPs = {}\nPersistentKeepalive = 25\n",
+    config.private_key,
+    config.address,
+    config
+      .dns
+      .as_ref()
+      .map(|dns| format!("DNS = {dns}\n"))
+      .unwrap_or_default(),
+    config.peer_public_key,
+    config
+      .preshared_key
+      .as_ref()
+      .map(|key| format!("PresharedKey = {key}\n"))
+      .unwrap_or_default(),
+    config.peer_endpoint,
+    config.allowed_ips.join(", ")
+  )
+}
+
+fn openvpn_client_available() -> bool {
+  if let Ok(path) = std::env::var("DONUTBROWSER_OPENVPN_BIN") {
+    return PathBuf::from(path).exists();
+  }
+
+  std::process::Command::new(if cfg!(windows) { "where" } else { "which" })
+    .arg("openvpn")
+    .output()
+    .map(|output| output.status.success())
+    .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+#[cfg(windows)]
+fn openvpn_adapter_available() -> bool {
+  let openvpn = std::process::Command::new("openvpn")
+    .arg("--show-adapters")
+    .output();
+
+  openvpn
+    .ok()
+    .map(|output| {
+      let text = format!(
+        "{}{}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+      );
+      text
+        .lines()
+        .map(str::trim)
+        .any(|line| !line.is_empty() && !line.starts_with("Available adapters"))
+    })
+    .unwrap_or(false)
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(windows))]
+fn openvpn_adapter_available() -> bool {
+  true
+}
+
+async fn start_proxy_with_upstream(
+  binary_path: &PathBuf,
+  upstream_proxy: &str,
+  bypass_rules: &[String],
+  blocklist_file: Option<&str>,
+  profile_id: Option<&str>,
+) -> Result<ProxyProcess, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let upstream_url = url::Url::parse(upstream_proxy)?;
+  let host = upstream_url
+    .host_str()
+    .ok_or("Upstream proxy host is missing")?
+    .to_string();
+  let port = upstream_url
+    .port()
+    .ok_or("Upstream proxy port is missing")?;
+
+  let mut args = vec![
+    "proxy".to_string(),
+    "start".to_string(),
+    "--host".to_string(),
+    host,
+    "--proxy-port".to_string(),
+    port.to_string(),
+    "--type".to_string(),
+    upstream_url.scheme().to_string(),
+  ];
+
+  if !bypass_rules.is_empty() {
+    args.push("--bypass-rules".to_string());
+    args.push(serde_json::to_string(bypass_rules)?);
+  }
+
+  if let Some(blocklist_file) = blocklist_file {
+    args.push("--blocklist-file".to_string());
+    args.push(blocklist_file.to_string());
+  }
+
+  if let Some(profile_id) = profile_id {
+    args.push("--profile-id".to_string());
+    args.push(profile_id.to_string());
+  }
+
+  let arg_refs = args.iter().map(String::as_str).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+  let output = TestUtils::execute_command(binary_path, &arg_refs).await?;
+  if !output.status.success() {
+    return Err(
+      format!(
+        "Failed to start local proxy - stdout: {}, stderr: {}",
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+      )
+      .into(),
+    );
+  }
+
+  let config: Value = serde_json::from_str(&String::from_utf8(output.stdout)?)?;
+  Ok(ProxyProcess {
+    id: config["id"].as_str().ok_or("Missing proxy id")?.to_string(),
+    local_port: config["localPort"].as_u64().ok_or("Missing local port")? as u16,
+    local_url: config["localUrl"]
+      .as_str()
+      .ok_or("Missing local URL")?
+      .to_string(),
+  })
+}
+
+async fn stop_proxy(
+  binary_path: &PathBuf,
+  proxy_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let output =
+    TestUtils::execute_command(binary_path, &["proxy", "stop", "--id", proxy_id]).await?;
+  if !output.status.success() {
+    return Err(
+      format!(
+        "Failed to stop proxy '{}' - stdout: {}, stderr: {}",
+        proxy_id,
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stdout),
+        String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr)
+      )
+      .into(),
+    );
+  }
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+async fn raw_http_request_via_proxy(
+  local_port: u16,
+  url: &str,
+  host_header: &str,
+) -> Result<String, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let mut stream = TcpStream::connect(("127.0.0.1", local_port)).await?;
+  let request = format!("GET {url} HTTP/1.1\r\nHost: {host_header}\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n");
+  stream.write_all(request.as_bytes()).await?;
+
+  let mut response = Vec::new();
+  stream.read_to_end(&mut response).await?;
+  Ok(String::from_utf8_lossy(&response).to_string())
+}
+
+async fn https_get_via_proxy(
+  local_proxy_url: &str,
+  url: &str,
+) -> Result<String, Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let client = reqwest::Client::builder()
+    .timeout(Duration::from_secs(20))
+    .no_proxy()
+    .proxy(reqwest::Proxy::all(local_proxy_url)?)
+    .build()?;
+
+  Ok(client.get(url).send().await?.text().await?)
+}
+
+async fn cleanup_runtime() {
+  let _ = donutbrowser_lib::proxy_runner::stop_all_proxy_processes().await;
+  let _ = donutbrowser_lib::vpn_worker_runner::stop_all_vpn_workers().await;
+  test_harness::stop_vpn_servers().await;
+}
+
+async fn wait_for_file(
+  path: &std::path::Path,
+  timeout: Duration,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let deadline = tokio::time::Instant::now() + timeout;
+
+  while tokio::time::Instant::now() < deadline {
+    if path.exists() {
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+
+    sleep(Duration::from_millis(250)).await;
+  }
+
+  Err(format!("Timed out waiting for file: {}", path.display()).into())
+}
+
+async fn run_proxy_feature_suite(
+  binary_path: &PathBuf,
+  vpn_id: &str,
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let vpn_worker = donutbrowser_lib::vpn_worker_runner::start_vpn_worker(vpn_id)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+  let vpn_upstream = vpn_worker
+    .local_url
+    .clone()
+    .ok_or("VPN worker did not expose a local URL")?;
+
+  let profile_id = format!("vpn-e2e-{}", uuid::Uuid::new_v4());
+  let proxy =
+    start_proxy_with_upstream(binary_path, &vpn_upstream, &[], None, Some(&profile_id)).await?;
+
+  sleep(Duration::from_millis(500)).await;
+
+  let http_response =
+    raw_http_request_via_proxy(proxy.local_port, "http://example.com/", "example.com").await?;
+  assert!(
+    http_response.contains("Example Domain"),
+    "HTTP traffic through donut-proxy+VPN should succeed, got: {}",
+    &http_response[..http_response.len().min(300)]
+  );
+
+  let https_body = https_get_via_proxy(&proxy.local_url, "https://example.com/").await?;
+  assert!(
+    https_body.contains("Example Domain"),
+    "HTTPS traffic through donut-proxy+VPN should succeed"
+  );
+
+  let stats_file = donutbrowser_lib::app_dirs::cache_dir()
+    .join("traffic_stats")
+    .join(format!("{}.json", profile_id));
+  wait_for_file(&stats_file, Duration::from_secs(8)).await?;
+
+  assert!(
+    stats_file.exists(),
+    "Traffic stats should exist for VPN-backed local proxy"
+  );
+  let stats: Value = serde_json::from_str(&std::fs::read_to_string(&stats_file)?)?;
+  let total_requests = stats["total_requests"].as_u64().unwrap_or_default();
+  assert!(
+    total_requests > 0,
+    "Traffic stats should record requests for VPN-backed local proxy"
+  );
+  let domains = stats["domains"]
+    .as_object()
+    .ok_or("Traffic stats are missing per-domain data")?;
+  assert!(
+    domains.contains_key("example.com"),
+    "Traffic stats should include example.com domain activity"
+  );
+
+  stop_proxy(binary_path, &proxy.id).await?;
+
+  let blocklist_file = tempfile::NamedTempFile::new()?;
+  std::fs::write(blocklist_file.path(), "example.com\n")?;
+  let blocked_proxy = start_proxy_with_upstream(
+    binary_path,
+    &vpn_upstream,
+    &[],
+    blocklist_file.path().to_str(),
+    None,
+  )
+  .await?;
+  let blocked_response = raw_http_request_via_proxy(
+    blocked_proxy.local_port,
+    "http://example.com/",
+    "example.com",
+  )
+  .await?;
+  assert!(
+    blocked_response.contains("403") || blocked_response.contains("Blocked by DNS blocklist"),
+    "DNS blocklist should be enforced before forwarding to the VPN upstream"
+  );
+  stop_proxy(binary_path, &blocked_proxy.id).await?;
+
+  let listener = tokio::net::TcpListener::bind("127.0.0.1:0").await?;
+  let bypass_target_port = listener.local_addr()?.port();
+  let bypass_server = tokio::spawn(async move {
+    while let Ok((stream, _)) = listener.accept().await {
+      let io = hyper_util::rt::TokioIo::new(stream);
+      tokio::spawn(async move {
+        let service = hyper::service::service_fn(|_req| async move {
+          Ok::<_, hyper::Error>(
+            hyper::Response::builder()
+              .status(hyper::StatusCode::OK)
+              .body(http_body_util::Full::new(hyper::body::Bytes::from(
+                "VPN-BYPASS-OK",
+              )))
+              .unwrap(),
+          )
+        });
+        let _ = hyper::server::conn::http1::Builder::new()
+          .serve_connection(io, service)
+          .await;
+      });
+    }
+  });
+
+  let bypass_proxy = start_proxy_with_upstream(
+    binary_path,
+    &vpn_upstream,
+    &["127.0.0.1".to_string(), "localhost".to_string()],
+    None,
+    None,
+  )
+  .await?;
+  let bypass_response = raw_http_request_via_proxy(
+    bypass_proxy.local_port,
+    &format!("http://127.0.0.1:{bypass_target_port}/"),
+    &format!("127.0.0.1:{bypass_target_port}"),
+  )
+  .await?;
+  assert!(
+    bypass_response.contains("VPN-BYPASS-OK"),
+    "Bypass rules should still work when donut-proxy is chained to a VPN worker"
+  );
+  stop_proxy(binary_path, &bypass_proxy.id).await?;
+  bypass_server.abort();
+
+  donutbrowser_lib::vpn_worker_runner::stop_vpn_worker(&vpn_worker.id)
+    .await
+    .map_err(|error| error.to_string())?;
+  Ok(())
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial]
+async fn test_wireguard_traffic_flows_through_donut_proxy(
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let _env = TestEnvGuard::new()?;
+  cleanup_runtime().await;
+
+  if !test_harness::is_docker_available() {
+    eprintln!("skipping WireGuard e2e test because Docker is unavailable");
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  let binary_path = ensure_donut_proxy_binary().await?;
+  let wg_config = match test_harness::start_wireguard_server().await {
+    Ok(config) => config,
+    Err(error) => {
+      eprintln!("skipping WireGuard e2e test: {error}");
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+  };
+
+  let vpn_config = new_test_vpn_config(
+    "WireGuard E2E",
+    VpnType::WireGuard,
+    build_wireguard_config(&wg_config),
+  );
+  {
+    let storage = donutbrowser_lib::vpn::VPN_STORAGE.lock().unwrap();
+    storage.save_config(&vpn_config)?;
+  }
+
+  let result = run_proxy_feature_suite(&binary_path, &vpn_config.id).await;
+  cleanup_runtime().await;
+  result
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+#[serial]
+async fn test_openvpn_traffic_flows_through_donut_proxy(
+) -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error + Send + Sync>> {
+  let _env = TestEnvGuard::new()?;
+  cleanup_runtime().await;
+
+  if std::env::var("DONUTBROWSER_RUN_OPENVPN_E2E")
+    .ok()
+    .as_deref()
+    != Some("1")
+  {
+    eprintln!("skipping OpenVPN e2e test because DONUTBROWSER_RUN_OPENVPN_E2E is not set");
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  if !test_harness::is_docker_available() {
+    eprintln!("skipping OpenVPN e2e test because Docker is unavailable");
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  if !openvpn_client_available() {
+    eprintln!("skipping OpenVPN e2e test because the OpenVPN client binary is unavailable");
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  if !openvpn_adapter_available() {
+    eprintln!("skipping OpenVPN e2e test because no Windows OpenVPN adapter is available");
+    return Ok(());
+  }
+
+  let binary_path = ensure_donut_proxy_binary().await?;
+  let ovpn_config = match test_harness::start_openvpn_server().await {
+    Ok(config) => config,
+    Err(error) => {
+      eprintln!("skipping OpenVPN e2e test: {error}");
+      return Ok(());
+    }
+  };
+
+  let vpn_config = new_test_vpn_config("OpenVPN E2E", VpnType::OpenVPN, ovpn_config.raw_config);
+  {
+    let storage = donutbrowser_lib::vpn::VPN_STORAGE.lock().unwrap();
+    storage.save_config(&vpn_config)?;
+  }
+
+  let result = run_proxy_feature_suite(&binary_path, &vpn_config.id).await;
+  cleanup_runtime().await;
+  result
+}
diff --git a/src/components/vpn-form-dialog.tsx b/src/components/vpn-form-dialog.tsx
index e8693b3..bd31822 100644
--- a/src/components/vpn-form-dialog.tsx
+++ b/src/components/vpn-form-dialog.tsx
@@ -3,8 +3,10 @@
 import { invoke } from "@tauri-apps/api/core";
 import { emit } from "@tauri-apps/api/event";
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useState } from "react";
+import { useTranslation } from "react-i18next";
 import { toast } from "sonner";
 import { LoadingButton } from "@/components/loading-button";
+import { Alert, AlertDescription, AlertTitle } from "@/components/ui/alert";
 import {
   Dialog,
   DialogContent,
@@ -51,6 +53,14 @@ interface OpenVpnFormData {
   rawConfig: string;
 }
 
+interface VpnDependencyStatus {
+  isAvailable: boolean;
+  requiresExternalInstall: boolean;
+  missingBinary: boolean;
+  missingWindowsAdapter: boolean;
+  dependencyCheckFailed: boolean;
+}
+
 const defaultWireGuardForm: WireGuardFormData = {
   name: "",
   privateKey: "",
@@ -92,12 +102,15 @@ export function VpnFormDialog({
   onClose,
   editingVpn,
 }: VpnFormDialogProps) {
+  const { t } = useTranslation();
   const [isSubmitting, setIsSubmitting] = useState(false);
   const [vpnType, setVpnType] = useState<VpnType>("WireGuard");
   const [wireGuardForm, setWireGuardForm] =
     useState<WireGuardFormData>(defaultWireGuardForm);
   const [openVpnForm, setOpenVpnForm] =
     useState<OpenVpnFormData>(defaultOpenVpnForm);
+  const [vpnDependencyStatus, setVpnDependencyStatus] =
+    useState<VpnDependencyStatus | null>(null);
 
   const resetForms = useCallback(() => {
     setVpnType("WireGuard");
@@ -120,6 +133,32 @@ export function VpnFormDialog({
     }
   }, [isOpen, editingVpn, resetForms]);
 
+  useEffect(() => {
+    if (!isOpen) {
+      setVpnDependencyStatus(null);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    let cancelled = false;
+
+    void invoke<VpnDependencyStatus>("get_vpn_dependency_status", { vpnType })
+      .then((status) => {
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setVpnDependencyStatus(status);
+        }
+      })
+      .catch((error) => {
+        console.error("Failed to load VPN dependency status:", error);
+        if (!cancelled) {
+          setVpnDependencyStatus(null);
+        }
+      });
+
+    return () => {
+      cancelled = true;
+    };
+  }, [isOpen, vpnType]);
+
   const handleClose = useCallback(() => {
     if (!isSubmitting) {
       onClose();
@@ -258,6 +297,36 @@ export function VpnFormDialog({
       ? "Enter your WireGuard interface and peer details."
       : "Paste your .ovpn configuration file content.";
 
+  let dependencyWarningTitle: string | null = null;
+  let dependencyWarningDescription: string | null = null;
+
+  if (
+    vpnType === "OpenVPN" &&
+    vpnDependencyStatus?.requiresExternalInstall &&
+    !vpnDependencyStatus.isAvailable
+  ) {
+    if (vpnDependencyStatus.missingBinary) {
+      dependencyWarningTitle = t("vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnMissingTitle");
+      dependencyWarningDescription = t(
+        "vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnMissingDescription",
+      );
+    } else if (vpnDependencyStatus.missingWindowsAdapter) {
+      dependencyWarningTitle = t(
+        "vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnAdapterMissingTitle",
+      );
+      dependencyWarningDescription = t(
+        "vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnAdapterMissingDescription",
+      );
+    } else if (vpnDependencyStatus.dependencyCheckFailed) {
+      dependencyWarningTitle = t(
+        "vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnCheckFailedTitle",
+      );
+      dependencyWarningDescription = t(
+        "vpnForm.dependencies.openVpnCheckFailedDescription",
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
   return (
     <Dialog open={isOpen} onOpenChange={handleClose}>
       <DialogContent className="max-w-lg">
@@ -268,6 +337,17 @@ export function VpnFormDialog({
 
         <ScrollArea className="max-h-[60vh] pr-4">
           <div className="grid gap-4 py-2">
+            {dependencyWarningTitle && dependencyWarningDescription && (
+              <Alert className="border-warning/50 bg-warning/10">
+                <AlertTitle className="text-warning">
+                  {dependencyWarningTitle}
+                </AlertTitle>
+                <AlertDescription className="text-warning">
+                  {dependencyWarningDescription}
+                </AlertDescription>
+              </Alert>
+            )}
+
             {!editingVpn && (
               <div className="grid gap-2">
                 <Label>VPN Type</Label>
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/en.json b/src/i18n/locales/en.json
index 3073ad8..eb4d468 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/en.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/en.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "Clone"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN is not installed",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "You can save this configuration, but Donut Browser cannot connect it until OpenVPN is installed on this device.",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "OpenVPN adapter is missing",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "OpenVPN is installed, but no TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco adapter was found. Repair or reinstall OpenVPN before connecting on Windows.",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "OpenVPN install could not be verified",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser could not inspect the local OpenVPN installation. Repair or reinstall OpenVPN before connecting on Windows."
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "Extensions",
     "description": "Manage browser extensions and extension groups for your profiles.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/es.json b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
index a90c79b..d9f44db 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/es.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/es.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "Clonar"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN no está instalado",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "Puedes guardar esta configuración, pero Donut Browser no podrá conectarse hasta que OpenVPN esté instalado en este dispositivo.",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "Falta el adaptador de OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "OpenVPN está instalado, pero no se encontró ningún adaptador TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco. Repara o reinstala OpenVPN antes de conectarte en Windows.",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "No se pudo verificar la instalación de OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser no pudo inspeccionar la instalación local de OpenVPN. Repara o reinstala OpenVPN antes de conectarte en Windows."
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "Extensiones",
     "description": "Administra extensiones de navegador y grupos de extensiones para tus perfiles.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
index 8978abf..bb53e01 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/fr.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "Cloner"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN n'est pas installé",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "Vous pouvez enregistrer cette configuration, mais Donut Browser ne pourra pas s'y connecter tant qu'OpenVPN n'est pas installé sur cet appareil.",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "L'adaptateur OpenVPN est manquant",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "OpenVPN est installé, mais aucun adaptateur TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco n'a été trouvé. Réparez ou réinstallez OpenVPN avant de vous connecter sous Windows.",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "L'installation d'OpenVPN n'a pas pu être vérifiée",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser n'a pas pu inspecter l'installation locale d'OpenVPN. Réparez ou réinstallez OpenVPN avant de vous connecter sous Windows."
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "Extensions",
     "description": "Gérez les extensions de navigateur et les groupes d'extensions pour vos profils.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
index 2c840d7..c996ee6 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ja.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "複製"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN がインストールされていません",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "この設定は保存できますが、このデバイスに OpenVPN がインストールされるまで Donut Browser では接続できません。",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "OpenVPN アダプターが見つかりません",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "OpenVPN はインストールされていますが、TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco アダプターが見つかりませんでした。Windows で接続する前に OpenVPN を修復または再インストールしてください。",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "OpenVPN のインストールを確認できませんでした",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser はローカルの OpenVPN インストールを確認できませんでした。Windows で接続する前に OpenVPN を修復または再インストールしてください。"
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "拡張機能",
     "description": "プロファイル用のブラウザ拡張機能と拡張機能グループを管理します。",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
index 9d8a4c7..afd2567 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/pt.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "Clonar"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN não está instalado",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "Você pode salvar esta configuração, mas o Donut Browser não poderá se conectar até que o OpenVPN esteja instalado neste dispositivo.",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "O adaptador do OpenVPN está ausente",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "O OpenVPN está instalado, mas nenhum adaptador TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco foi encontrado. Repare ou reinstale o OpenVPN antes de se conectar no Windows.",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "Não foi possível verificar a instalação do OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "O Donut Browser não conseguiu inspecionar a instalação local do OpenVPN. Repare ou reinstale o OpenVPN antes de se conectar no Windows."
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "Extensões",
     "description": "Gerencie extensões de navegador e grupos de extensões para seus perfis.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
index 9f0bc71..4c9df8b 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/ru.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "Клонировать"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "OpenVPN не установлен",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "Вы можете сохранить эту конфигурацию, но Donut Browser не сможет подключиться, пока OpenVPN не будет установлен на этом устройстве.",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "Отсутствует адаптер OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "OpenVPN установлен, но адаптер TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco не найден. Восстановите или переустановите OpenVPN перед подключением в Windows.",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "Не удалось проверить установку OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser не смог проверить локальную установку OpenVPN. Восстановите или переустановите OpenVPN перед подключением в Windows."
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "Расширения",
     "description": "Управляйте расширениями браузера и группами расширений для ваших профилей.",
diff --git a/src/i18n/locales/zh.json b/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
index c0d3a4b..cfe1e5a 100644
--- a/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
+++ b/src/i18n/locales/zh.json
@@ -794,6 +794,16 @@
       "button": "克隆"
     }
   },
+  "vpnForm": {
+    "dependencies": {
+      "openVpnMissingTitle": "未安装 OpenVPN",
+      "openVpnMissingDescription": "你现在可以保存这个配置，但在此设备上安装 OpenVPN 之前，Donut Browser 无法连接它。",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingTitle": "缺少 OpenVPN 适配器",
+      "openVpnAdapterMissingDescription": "已安装 OpenVPN，但未找到 TAP/Wintun/ovpn-dco 适配器。在 Windows 上连接前，请修复或重新安装 OpenVPN。",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedTitle": "无法验证 OpenVPN 安装",
+      "openVpnCheckFailedDescription": "Donut Browser 无法检查本机 OpenVPN 安装。在 Windows 上连接前，请修复或重新安装 OpenVPN。"
+    }
+  },
   "extensions": {
     "title": "扩展程序",
     "description": "管理配置文件的浏览器扩展程序和扩展程序组。",