diff --git a/autoplan/SKILL.md b/autoplan/SKILL.md
index 4bba21fe2..8fb5117ca 100644
--- a/autoplan/SKILL.md
+++ b/autoplan/SKILL.md
@@ -773,6 +773,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -791,6 +793,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/bin/gstack-codex-probe b/bin/gstack-codex-probe
index 151415f2c..772d2487e 100755
--- a/bin/gstack-codex-probe
+++ b/bin/gstack-codex-probe
@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@
 #   _gstack_codex_sandbox_mode    — read-only, or full access only for GSTACK_CODEX_NO_SANDBOX=1
 #   _gstack_codex_sandbox_preflight — free `codex sandbox` check before paid calls (Linux)
 #   _gstack_codex_first_use_notice — once per machine: provider, account, how to turn off
-#   _gstack_codex_model_probe     — round-trip probe of the selected model (#2477)
+#   _gstack_codex_model_probe     — round-trip probe of the selected model (#2477);
+#                                   exit 4 = the account's Codex usage limit (#3051)
 #   _gstack_codex_version_check   — warn on known-bad Codex CLI versions
 #   _gstack_codex_timeout_wrapper — gtimeout -> timeout -> bash-native watchdog
 #   _gstack_codex_log_event       — telemetry emission to ~/.gstack/analytics/
@@ -256,6 +257,12 @@ _gstack_codex_model_probe() {
       echo "MODEL_OK (cached)"
       return 0
     fi
+    if [ "$_c_status" = "MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED" ] && [ "$_c_sig" = "$_sig" ] && [ $((_now - _c_ts)) -lt 900 ]; then
+      echo "MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED (cached)"
+      sed -n '2,4p' "$_cache" 2>/dev/null
+      echo "HINT: Codex refused this account's calls for its usage limit within the last 15 minutes; outside coverage is unavailable until the reset time above. No Codex call was made."
+      return 4
+    fi
     if [ "$_c_status" = "MODEL_UNUSABLE" ] && [ "$_c_sig" = "$_sig" ] && [ $((_now - _c_ts)) -lt 900 ]; then
       echo "MODEL_UNUSABLE (cached)"
       echo "HINT: gstack requested model '$_model' (source: $_GSTACK_CODEX_SEL_SRC)."
@@ -271,6 +278,23 @@ _gstack_codex_model_probe() {
     echo "MODEL_OK"
     return 0
   fi
+  # A usage limit or rate limit is the account, not the model or the network
+  # (#3051): Codex says so plainly ("You've hit your usage limit ... try again
+  # at <time>"). Falling through to the inconclusive branch dropped that line,
+  # re-probed for 30 s in every skill, and pointed users at model config.
+  # Only a failed, non-timeout call counts; Codex's own line (it carries the
+  # reset time and the purchase link) is relayed verbatim and cached briefly.
+  _QUOTA_SIG="usage limit|rate limit|rate_limit_exceeded|insufficient_quota|exceeded your current quota|too many requests|\"status\":[[:space:]]*429|status:?[[:space:]]*429"
+  if [ "$_code" -ne 124 ] && printf '%s' "$_out" | grep -qiE "$_QUOTA_SIG"; then
+    local _q_lines
+    _q_lines=$(printf '%s\n' "$_out" | grep -iE "$_QUOTA_SIG" | head -3)
+    [ -n "$_cache" ] && { mkdir -p "$_gstack_home" 2>/dev/null; printf 'MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED %s %s\n%s\n' "$_now" "$_sig" "$_q_lines" > "$_cache" 2>/dev/null; }
+    echo "MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED"
+    printf '%s\n' "$_q_lines"
+    echo "HINT: Codex refused the call for this account's usage or rate limit (the line above is Codex's own message, with its reset time). Outside coverage is unavailable until then; the model choice is fine."
+    _gstack_codex_log_event "codex_quota_exhausted" 2>/dev/null || true
+    return 4
+  fi
   # A model rejection is deterministic: a 400 ("is not supported", "requires a
   # newer version of Codex") or a 404. A retired model answers 404 "does not
   # exist or you do not have access to it", and a custom provider with a wrong
diff --git a/codex/SKILL.md b/codex/SKILL.md
index 4f4369d21..ecdd4ba39 100644
--- a/codex/SKILL.md
+++ b/codex/SKILL.md
@@ -509,6 +509,11 @@ follow the "Model not supported (HTTP 400 or 404)" recovery steps in
 `## Error Handling` below. Running the modes anyway just burns four
 invocations on the same 400.
 
+If the output contains `MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED`, stop: the account hit its Codex
+usage or rate limit. Relay Codex's own line under the marker verbatim (it names the
+reset time); the model is fine, so do not change it. Running the modes anyway fails
+the same way.
+
 If the output contains `CODEX_SANDBOX: unavailable`, stop: Codex's sandbox cannot
 start here, so every command it runs would fail and its review would read nothing.
 Relay the `Codex outside review unavailable: ...` line verbatim, including its fix.
diff --git a/codex/SKILL.md.tmpl b/codex/SKILL.md.tmpl
index d99d5a80e..e25c1cbb2 100644
--- a/codex/SKILL.md.tmpl
+++ b/codex/SKILL.md.tmpl
@@ -101,6 +101,11 @@ follow the "Model not supported (HTTP 400 or 404)" recovery steps in
 `## Error Handling` below. Running the modes anyway just burns four
 invocations on the same 400.
 
+If the output contains `MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED`, stop: the account hit its Codex
+usage or rate limit. Relay Codex's own line under the marker verbatim (it names the
+reset time); the model is fine, so do not change it. Running the modes anyway fails
+the same way.
+
 If the output contains `CODEX_SANDBOX: unavailable`, stop: Codex's sandbox cannot
 start here, so every command it runs would fail and its review would read nothing.
 Relay the `Codex outside review unavailable: ...` line verbatim, including its fix.
diff --git a/docs/troubleshooting.md b/docs/troubleshooting.md
index 73e67c7bc..c63326e67 100644
--- a/docs/troubleshooting.md
+++ b/docs/troubleshooting.md
@@ -152,6 +152,26 @@ export GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>
 
 **Expected result.** `CODEX_MODE: ready`.
 
+<a id="codex-quota-exhausted"></a>
+### `CODEX_MODE: quota_exhausted` / `MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED`
+
+**Meaning.** Codex refused the call because the account behind it hit its
+usage limit or rate limit. The line under the marker is Codex's own message,
+with its reset time and where to buy more. The model choice is fine. gstack
+skips the remaining Codex calls in that run and reports outside coverage as
+unavailable; it never counts as a pass. The result is cached for 15 minutes,
+so later skills do not spend another 30 seconds learning the same thing.
+
+**Fix.** Wait for the reset time in Codex's message, or add credits or a
+higher plan for that account. To use a different account, sign in again:
+
+```bash
+codex login
+```
+
+**Expected result.** After the reset (or after `codex login`, which changes
+the auth signature and re-probes at once), `CODEX_MODE: ready`.
+
 <a id="codex-mode-unverified"></a>
 ### `CODEX_MODE: unverified` / `MODEL_PROBE_INCONCLUSIVE`
 
diff --git a/document-release/sections/release-body.md b/document-release/sections/release-body.md
index b3916606a..ca96c7131 100644
--- a/document-release/sections/release-body.md
+++ b/document-release/sections/release-body.md
@@ -243,6 +243,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -261,6 +263,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Fall back to the Claude subagent path. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/lib/gate-outcomes.ts b/lib/gate-outcomes.ts
index 3da854c78..3c35ce400 100644
--- a/lib/gate-outcomes.ts
+++ b/lib/gate-outcomes.ts
@@ -63,6 +63,11 @@ export const GATE_OUTCOMES = {
     summary: 'Codex could not use the selected model',
     fix: 'set GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model> or fix model (and base_url for a custom provider) in your Codex config.toml',
   },
+  quota_exhausted: {
+    state: 'unavailable', anchor: 'codex-quota-exhausted',
+    summary: "Codex refused the call for this account's usage or rate limit",
+    fix: "wait for the reset time in Codex's message above, or add credits or a higher plan for that account; the model choice is fine",
+  },
   probe_inconclusive: {
     state: 'ran', anchor: 'codex-mode-unverified',
     summary: 'the Codex model check timed out or hit a network error, so readiness is unverified',
diff --git a/lib/outside-review-result.ts b/lib/outside-review-result.ts
index f5b180848..4c3226b2c 100644
--- a/lib/outside-review-result.ts
+++ b/lib/outside-review-result.ts
@@ -43,6 +43,12 @@ const REFUSAL = /\b(?:(?:I (?:cannot|can't|won't|will not|am unable to)|I'm unab
 const SANDBOX_FAILURE = /^\s*bwrap: \S.*$|^.*\bbubblewrap is unavailable\b.*$|^.*\blandlock\b.{0,60}\b(?:fail\w*|error|not supported|unsupported)\b.*$|^.*\bseccomp\b.{0,60}\b(?:fail\w*|error)\b.*$|^.*\buser namespaces?\b.{0,80}\b(?:not (?:allowed|permitted|supported)|denied|disabled)\b.*$/im;
 /** Exact phrases a reviewer uses when it could not execute; the last fallback, used only without positive evidence. */
 const EXECUTION_FAILURE_PHRASE = /\b(?:commands? (?:could not|couldn't|cannot|can't) (?:be )?run|(?:could not|couldn't|was unable to|am unable to|unable to) (?:run (?:any )?(?:shell )?commands|execute (?:any )?commands|inspect the diff|read the diff|access the diff)|the diff could not be (?:read|inspected|accessed)|every (?:shell )?(?:command|invocation) failed)\b/i;
+/**
+ * An account usage or rate limit (#3051). Codex states it plainly ("You've hit
+ * your usage limit ... try again at <time>"); the line carries the reset time,
+ * so it is relayed verbatim. Mirrors _QUOTA_SIG in bin/gstack-codex-probe.
+ */
+export const QUOTA_FAILURE = /^.*(?:usage limit|rate limit|rate_limit_exceeded|insufficient_quota|exceeded your current quota|too many requests|"status":\s*429|status:?\s*429).*$/im;
 /** `codex review` transcript on stderr: a command that ran prints " succeeded in Nms:". */
 const TRANSCRIPT_SUCCESS = /^\s*succeeded in \d+(?:\.\d+)?m?s:?\s*$/m;
 
@@ -72,6 +78,8 @@ function execution(input: OutsideReviewInput): OutsideReviewClassification['exec
   if (exit !== 0) {
     const detail = sandbox(stderr);
     if (detail) return { state: 'unavailable', reason: 'sandbox_unavailable', detail };
+    const quota = exit !== 124 ? stderr.match(QUOTA_FAILURE)?.[0].trim().slice(0, 240) : undefined;
+    if (quota) return { state: 'unavailable', reason: 'quota_exhausted', detail: quota };
     const head = stderrHead(stderr);
     return { state: 'unavailable', reason: exit === 124 ? 'timeout' : 'execution_failed', detail: head ? `exit ${exit}: ${head}` : `exit ${exit}` };
   }
diff --git a/plan-ceo-review/sections/review-sections.md b/plan-ceo-review/sections/review-sections.md
index f67c9b62f..92a81e9c8 100644
--- a/plan-ceo-review/sections/review-sections.md
+++ b/plan-ceo-review/sections/review-sections.md
@@ -378,6 +378,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -396,6 +398,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Fall back to the Claude subagent path. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/plan-devex-review/sections/review-sections.md b/plan-devex-review/sections/review-sections.md
index 29cd1aa7c..45488fd7e 100644
--- a/plan-devex-review/sections/review-sections.md
+++ b/plan-devex-review/sections/review-sections.md
@@ -317,6 +317,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -335,6 +337,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Fall back to the Claude subagent path. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/plan-eng-review/sections/review-sections.md b/plan-eng-review/sections/review-sections.md
index 0a8a4cf15..8dac52765 100644
--- a/plan-eng-review/sections/review-sections.md
+++ b/plan-eng-review/sections/review-sections.md
@@ -823,6 +823,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -841,6 +843,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Fall back to the Claude subagent path. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Fall back to the Claude subagent path.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/review/sections/adversarial.md b/review/sections/adversarial.md
index e404fcfcb..2422765a0 100644
--- a/review/sections/adversarial.md
+++ b/review/sections/adversarial.md
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/scripts/resolvers/constants.ts b/scripts/resolvers/constants.ts
index 54ecfd144..c3e4c80b7 100644
--- a/scripts/resolvers/constants.ts
+++ b/scripts/resolvers/constants.ts
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ On any error: continue — ${feature} is informational, not a gate.`;
  *      gates later blocks on the echoed value.
  *
  * Mode values: `disabled` (config off) | `not_installed` | `not_authed` |
- * `broken_install` | `sandbox_unavailable` | `model_unusable` | `unverified` | `ready`.
+ * `broken_install` | `sandbox_unavailable` | `model_unusable` | `quota_exhausted` | `unverified` | `ready`.
  * The path is host-rewritten at gen-skill-docs time (pathRewrites), so the
  * literal `~/.claude/skills/gstack` is correct here and becomes `$GSTACK_ROOT`
  * etc. for non-Claude hosts.
@@ -154,6 +154,8 @@ else
     ${m}="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     ${m}="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    ${m}="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     ${m}="model_unusable"
   elif [ "\${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -172,6 +174,7 @@ Branch on the echoed \`CODEX_MODE\`:
 - **\`not_authed\`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run \`codex login\` or set \`$CODEX_API_KEY\`." ${nativeRoute}
 - **\`broken_install\`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: \`npm install -g @openai/codex\`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. ${nativeRoute}
 - **\`model_unusable\`** — the selected model (see \`CODEX_MODEL:\`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (\`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>\` or config.toml \`model\`); never substitute a model. ${nativeRoute} The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **\`quota_exhausted\`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. ${nativeRoute}
 - **\`sandbox_unavailable\`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. ${nativeRoute}
 - **\`ready\`** or **\`unverified\`** — run the Codex pass below. \`unverified\` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.`;
 }
diff --git a/ship/sections/adversarial.md b/ship/sections/adversarial.md
index 6d905af5c..d1a4139ca 100644
--- a/ship/sections/adversarial.md
+++ b/ship/sections/adversarial.md
@@ -40,6 +40,8 @@ else
     _CODEX_MODE="sandbox_unavailable"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 2 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="broken_install"
+  elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -eq 4 ]; then
+    _CODEX_MODE="quota_exhausted"
   elif [ "$_CODEX_MP" -ne 0 ]; then
     _CODEX_MODE="model_unusable"
   elif [ "${_GSTACK_CODEX_PROBE_STATE:-}" = inconclusive ]; then
@@ -58,6 +60,7 @@ Branch on the echoed `CODEX_MODE`:
 - **`not_authed`** — installed but no credentials. Print: "Codex not authenticated; outside coverage unavailable. Run `codex login` or set `$CODEX_API_KEY`." Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`broken_install`** — the CLI is on PATH but cannot execute (spawn ENOENT, non-executable binary, missing vendor payload). Print: "Codex is installed but its binary cannot run — Codex passes skipped. Reinstall: `npm install -g @openai/codex`." Relay the probe's HINT lines. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`model_unusable`** — the selected model (see `CODEX_MODEL:`) is invalid or unavailable to the account (HTTP 400 on every call). Relay the probe's HINT lines and the fix (`GSTACK_CODEX_MODEL=<supported-model>` or config.toml `model`); never substitute a model. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate. The ~10s round trip is cached for 1h.
+- **`quota_exhausted`** — Codex usage/rate limit: relay its line verbatim (reset time), no more Codex calls. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`sandbox_unavailable`** — Codex's sandbox cannot start here (containers without user namespaces); the probe printed the reason and fix. No paid call ran; outside coverage is unavailable. Keep the required Claude adversarial pass; do not dispatch a duplicate.
 - **`ready`** or **`unverified`** — run the Codex pass below. `unverified` means the model check timed out; say so, and let the pass's own verdict decide.
 
diff --git a/test/codex-model-probe.test.ts b/test/codex-model-probe.test.ts
index cd0bfc11e..76ee1d4e0 100644
--- a/test/codex-model-probe.test.ts
+++ b/test/codex-model-probe.test.ts
@@ -53,6 +53,11 @@ case "\${STUB_MODE:-ok}" in
     echo 'ERROR: {"type":"error","status":400,"error":{"type":"invalid_request_error","message":"The '"'"'gpt-6-astra'"'"' model is not supported when using Codex with a ChatGPT account."}}' >&2
     exit 1 ;;
   transient) echo "stream error: network unreachable" >&2; exit 7 ;;
+  quota)
+    echo "ERROR: You've hit your usage limit. Upgrade to Pro (https://chatgpt.com/explore/pro), visit https://chatgpt.com/codex/settings/usage to purchase more credits or try again at Oct 10th, 2026 2:55 AM." >&2
+    exit 1 ;;
+  ratelimit429) echo 'ERROR: {"type":"error","status":429,"error":{"type":"rate_limit_exceeded","message":"Rate limit reached"}}' >&2; exit 1 ;;
+  quotaok) echo "OK (note: you are close to your usage limit)"; exit 0 ;;
   retired404)
     echo 'ERROR: unexpected status 404 Not Found: The model \`gpt-5.2-codex\` does not exist or you do not have access to it., url: https://chatgpt.com/backend-api/codex/responses' >&2
     exit 1 ;;
@@ -438,6 +443,7 @@ describe('B1: codex sandbox preflight and unverified readiness', () => {
       ['ok', 'transient', 'unverified', 1],
       ['ok', 'ok', 'ready', 1],
       ['ok', 'model400', 'model_unusable', 1],
+      ['ok', 'quota', 'quota_exhausted', 1],
     ] as const) {
       const f = makeFixture();
       try {
@@ -454,6 +460,49 @@ describe('B1: codex sandbox preflight and unverified readiness', () => {
   });
 });
 
+describe('#3051: a Codex usage or rate limit is its own state, never "inconclusive; proceeding"', () => {
+  for (const mode of ['quota', 'ratelimit429'] as const) {
+    test(`${mode} -> MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED, exit 4, Codex's own line relayed, cached 15 min, event logged`, () => {
+      const f = makeFixture();
+      try {
+        const r = runProbe(f, mode, { _TEL: 'community' }, '_gstack_codex_model_probe; echo "rc=$?"');
+        expect(r.stdout).toContain('MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED');
+        expect(r.stdout).toContain('rc=4');
+        expect(r.stdout).not.toContain('MODEL_PROBE_INCONCLUSIVE');
+        expect(r.stdout).not.toContain('MODEL_UNUSABLE');
+        if (mode === 'quota') expect(r.stdout).toContain('try again at Oct 10th, 2026 2:55 AM');
+        expect(fs.readFileSync(path.join(f.gstackHome, 'analytics', 'skill-usage.jsonl'), 'utf-8')).toContain('"event":"codex_quota_exhausted"');
+        const again = runProbe(f, 'ok', {}, '_gstack_codex_model_probe; echo "rc=$?"');
+        expect(again.stdout).toContain('MODEL_QUOTA_EXHAUSTED (cached)');
+        expect(again.stdout).toContain('rc=4');
+        if (mode === 'quota') expect(again.stdout).toContain('try again at Oct 10th, 2026 2:55 AM');
+        expect(invocations(f)).toBe(1);
+      } finally { fs.rmSync(f.home, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+    });
+  }
+
+  test('a successful call that mentions a usage limit stays MODEL_OK', () => {
+    const f = makeFixture();
+    try {
+      const r = runProbe(f, 'quotaok', {}, '_gstack_codex_model_probe; echo "rc=$?"');
+      expect(r.stdout).toContain('MODEL_OK');
+      expect(r.stdout).toContain('rc=0');
+    } finally { fs.rmSync(f.home, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+  });
+
+  test('re-login (auth.json change) re-probes past a cached quota result', () => {
+    const f = makeFixture();
+    try {
+      runProbe(f, 'quota');
+      const future = new Date(Date.now() + 5000);
+      fs.utimesSync(path.join(f.codexHome, 'auth.json'), future, future);
+      const r = runProbe(f, 'ok', {}, '_gstack_codex_model_probe; echo "rc=$?"');
+      expect(r.stdout).toContain('MODEL_OK');
+      expect(invocations(f)).toBe(2);
+    } finally { fs.rmSync(f.home, { recursive: true, force: true }); }
+  });
+});
+
 describe('B2: a 404 model rejection is unusable, never ready (#2843)', () => {
   for (const [mode, hint, event] of [
     ['retired404', "Codex answered 404: either the model is retired or not visible to this account, or a custom provider's base_url", 'codex_model_retired'],
diff --git a/test/outside-review-result.test.ts b/test/outside-review-result.test.ts
index cd27e487d..a46eb3efa 100644
--- a/test/outside-review-result.test.ts
+++ b/test/outside-review-result.test.ts
@@ -196,3 +196,33 @@ describe('B1: a review whose sandbox could not start is unavailable, not clean',
     expect(r.stderr).toStartWith(`Codex outside review unavailable: Codex's sandbox could not start here (${BWRAP}`);
   });
 });
+
+describe('#3051: a mid-run Codex usage limit reads as unavailable (quota), with Codex\'s own line', () => {
+  const LINE = "ERROR: You've hit your usage limit. Upgrade to Pro (https://chatgpt.com/explore/pro), visit https://chatgpt.com/codex/settings/usage to purchase more credits or try again at Oct 10th, 2026 2:55 AM.";
+
+  test('failed call with the usage-limit line -> unavailable, reason quota_exhausted, detail is the line', () => {
+    const result = classifyOutsideReview({ text: '', stderr: `Reading prompt from stdin...\n${LINE}\n`, exit: 1, gate: 'review' });
+    expect([result.verdict, result.reason]).toEqual(['unavailable', 'quota_exhausted']);
+    expect(result.detail).toBe(LINE);
+  });
+
+  test('a timeout whose partial stderr mentions a rate limit keeps the timeout reason', () => {
+    const result = classifyOutsideReview({ text: '', stderr: 'retrying after rate limit\n', exit: 124, gate: 'review' });
+    expect(result.reason).toBe('timeout');
+  });
+
+  test('a completed review that discusses rate limits is not unavailable', () => {
+    const text = '[P2] the client ignores the API rate limit header\nRecommendation: fix the retry loop because it ignores Retry-After';
+    const result = classifyOutsideReview({ text, stderr: '', exit: 0, gate: 'review' });
+    expect(result.execution.state).toBe('ran');
+  });
+
+  test('the probe and the classifier recognise the same Codex lines', () => {
+    const probe = fs.readFileSync(path.join(ROOT, 'bin', 'gstack-codex-probe'), 'utf8').match(/_QUOTA_SIG="([^\n]+)"\n/)![1]!;
+    for (const line of [LINE, 'ERROR: {"type":"error","status":429,"error":{"type":"rate_limit_exceeded"}}', 'insufficient_quota: You exceeded your current quota']) {
+      const bash = spawnSync('bash', ['-c', `printf '%s' "$1" | grep -qiE "$2"`, '_', line, probe.replace(/\\"/g, '"')], { timeout: 5000 });
+      expect({ line, bash: bash.status }).toEqual({ line, bash: 0 });
+      expect(classifyOutsideReview({ text: '', stderr: line, exit: 1, gate: 'review' }).reason).toBe('quota_exhausted');
+    }
+  });
+});