diff --git a/browse/src/browser-manager.ts b/browse/src/browser-manager.ts
index f684ce1c..243ed177 100644
--- a/browse/src/browser-manager.ts
+++ b/browse/src/browser-manager.ts
@@ -18,6 +18,12 @@
 import { chromium, type Browser, type BrowserContext, type Page, type Locator } from 'playwright';
 import { addConsoleEntry, addNetworkEntry, addDialogEntry, networkBuffer, type DialogEntry } from './buffers';
 
+export interface RefEntry {
+  locator: Locator;
+  role: string;
+  name: string;
+}
+
 export class BrowserManager {
   private browser: Browser | null = null;
   private context: BrowserContext | null = null;
@@ -31,7 +37,7 @@ export class BrowserManager {
   public serverPort: number = 0;
 
   // ─── Ref Map (snapshot → @e1, @e2, @c1, @c2, ...) ────────
-  private refMap: Map<string, Locator> = new Map();
+  private refMap: Map<string, RefEntry> = new Map();
 
   // ─── Snapshot Diffing ─────────────────────────────────────
   // NOT cleared on navigation — it's a text baseline for diffing
@@ -169,7 +175,7 @@ export class BrowserManager {
   }
 
   // ─── Ref Map ──────────────────────────────────────────────
-  setRefMap(refs: Map<string, Locator>) {
+  setRefMap(refs: Map<string, RefEntry>) {
     this.refMap = refs;
   }
 
@@ -181,16 +187,23 @@ export class BrowserManager {
    * Resolve a selector that may be a @ref (e.g., "@e3", "@c1") or a CSS selector.
    * Returns { locator } for refs or { selector } for CSS selectors.
    */
-  resolveRef(selector: string): { locator: Locator } | { selector: string } {
+  async resolveRef(selector: string): Promise<{ locator: Locator } | { selector: string }> {
     if (selector.startsWith('@e') || selector.startsWith('@c')) {
       const ref = selector.slice(1); // "e3" or "c1"
-      const locator = this.refMap.get(ref);
-      if (!locator) {
+      const entry = this.refMap.get(ref);
+      if (!entry) {
         throw new Error(
-          `Ref ${selector} not found. Page may have changed — run 'snapshot' to get fresh refs.`
+          `Ref ${selector} not found. Run 'snapshot' to get fresh refs.`
         );
       }
-      return { locator };
+      const count = await entry.locator.count();
+      if (count === 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Ref ${selector} (${entry.role} "${entry.name}") is stale — element no longer exists. ` +
+          `Run 'snapshot' for fresh refs.`
+        );
+      }
+      return { locator: entry.locator };
     }
     return { selector };
   }
diff --git a/browse/src/meta-commands.ts b/browse/src/meta-commands.ts
index 65608dc1..c17930b3 100644
--- a/browse/src/meta-commands.ts
+++ b/browse/src/meta-commands.ts
@@ -150,7 +150,7 @@ export async function handleMetaCommand(
       }
 
       if (targetSelector) {
-        const resolved = bm.resolveRef(targetSelector);
+        const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(targetSelector);
         const locator = 'locator' in resolved ? resolved.locator : page.locator(resolved.selector);
         await locator.screenshot({ path: outputPath, timeout: 5000 });
         return `Screenshot saved (element): ${outputPath}`;
diff --git a/browse/src/read-commands.ts b/browse/src/read-commands.ts
index 31d1018f..53efec8a 100644
--- a/browse/src/read-commands.ts
+++ b/browse/src/read-commands.ts
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ export async function handleReadCommand(
     case 'html': {
       const selector = args[0];
       if (selector) {
-        const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+        const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
         if ('locator' in resolved) {
           return await resolved.locator.innerHTML({ timeout: 5000 });
         }
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ export async function handleReadCommand(
     case 'css': {
       const [selector, property] = args;
       if (!selector || !property) throw new Error('Usage: browse css <selector> <property>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         const value = await resolved.locator.evaluate(
           (el, prop) => getComputedStyle(el).getPropertyValue(prop),
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ export async function handleReadCommand(
     case 'attrs': {
       const selector = args[0];
       if (!selector) throw new Error('Usage: browse attrs <selector>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         const attrs = await resolved.locator.evaluate((el) => {
           const result: Record<string, string> = {};
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ export async function handleReadCommand(
       const selector = args[1];
       if (!property || !selector) throw new Error('Usage: browse is <property> <selector>\nProperties: visible, hidden, enabled, disabled, checked, editable, focused');
 
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       let locator;
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         locator = resolved.locator;
diff --git a/browse/src/snapshot.ts b/browse/src/snapshot.ts
index a2a3aeea..db1dfc7c 100644
--- a/browse/src/snapshot.ts
+++ b/browse/src/snapshot.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  */
 
 import type { Page, Locator } from 'playwright';
-import type { BrowserManager } from './browser-manager';
+import type { BrowserManager, RefEntry } from './browser-manager';
 import * as Diff from 'diff';
 
 // Roles considered "interactive" for the -i flag
@@ -154,7 +154,7 @@ export async function handleSnapshot(
 
   // Parse the ariaSnapshot output
   const lines = ariaText.split('\n');
-  const refMap = new Map<string, Locator>();
+  const refMap = new Map<string, RefEntry>();
   const output: string[] = [];
   let refCounter = 1;
 
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ export async function handleSnapshot(
       locator = locator.nth(seenIndex);
     }
 
-    refMap.set(ref, locator);
+    refMap.set(ref, { locator, role: node.role, name: node.name || '' });
 
     // Format output line
     let outputLine = `${indent}@${ref} [${node.role}]`;
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ export async function handleSnapshot(
         for (const elem of cursorElements) {
           const ref = `c${cRefCounter++}`;
           const locator = page.locator(elem.selector);
-          refMap.set(ref, locator);
+          refMap.set(ref, { locator, role: 'cursor-interactive', name: elem.text });
           output.push(`@${ref} [${elem.reason}] "${elem.text}"`);
         }
       }
@@ -318,9 +318,9 @@ export async function handleSnapshot(
     try {
       // Inject overlay divs at each ref's bounding box
       const boxes: Array<{ ref: string; box: { x: number; y: number; width: number; height: number } }> = [];
-      for (const [ref, locator] of refMap) {
+      for (const [ref, entry] of refMap) {
         try {
-          const box = await locator.boundingBox({ timeout: 1000 });
+          const box = await entry.locator.boundingBox({ timeout: 1000 });
           if (box) {
             boxes.push({ ref: `@${ref}`, box });
           }
diff --git a/browse/src/write-commands.ts b/browse/src/write-commands.ts
index 08c94253..87b2fa5d 100644
--- a/browse/src/write-commands.ts
+++ b/browse/src/write-commands.ts
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
     case 'click': {
       const selector = args[0];
       if (!selector) throw new Error('Usage: browse click <selector>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.click({ timeout: 5000 });
       } else {
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
       const [selector, ...valueParts] = args;
       const value = valueParts.join(' ');
       if (!selector || !value) throw new Error('Usage: browse fill <selector> <value>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.fill(value, { timeout: 5000 });
       } else {
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
       const [selector, ...valueParts] = args;
       const value = valueParts.join(' ');
       if (!selector || !value) throw new Error('Usage: browse select <selector> <value>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.selectOption(value, { timeout: 5000 });
       } else {
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
     case 'hover': {
       const selector = args[0];
       if (!selector) throw new Error('Usage: browse hover <selector>');
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.hover({ timeout: 5000 });
       } else {
@@ -110,7 +110,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
     case 'scroll': {
       const selector = args[0];
       if (selector) {
-        const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+        const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
         if ('locator' in resolved) {
           await resolved.locator.scrollIntoViewIfNeeded({ timeout: 5000 });
         } else {
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
         return 'DOM content loaded';
       }
       const timeout = args[1] ? parseInt(args[1], 10) : 15000;
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.waitFor({ state: 'visible', timeout });
       } else {
@@ -204,7 +204,7 @@ export async function handleWriteCommand(
         if (!fs.existsSync(fp)) throw new Error(`File not found: ${fp}`);
       }
 
-      const resolved = bm.resolveRef(selector);
+      const resolved = await bm.resolveRef(selector);
       if ('locator' in resolved) {
         await resolved.locator.setInputFiles(filePaths);
       } else {
diff --git a/browse/test/snapshot.test.ts b/browse/test/snapshot.test.ts
index bc45f6ac..db5e8004 100644
--- a/browse/test/snapshot.test.ts
+++ b/browse/test/snapshot.test.ts
@@ -201,6 +201,55 @@ describe('Ref invalidation', () => {
   });
 });
 
+
+// ─── Ref Staleness Detection ────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('Ref staleness detection', () => {
+  test('ref metadata stores role and name', async () => {
+    await handleWriteCommand('goto', [baseUrl + '/snapshot.html'], bm);
+    await handleMetaCommand('snapshot', ['-i'], bm, shutdown);
+    // Refs should exist with metadata
+    expect(bm.getRefCount()).toBeGreaterThan(0);
+  });
+
+  test('stale ref after DOM removal gives descriptive error', async () => {
+    await handleWriteCommand('goto', [baseUrl + '/snapshot.html'], bm);
+    const snap = await handleMetaCommand('snapshot', ['-i'], bm, shutdown);
+    // Find a button ref
+    const buttonLine = snap.split('\n').find(l => l.includes('[button]') && l.includes('"Submit"'));
+    expect(buttonLine).toBeDefined();
+    const refMatch = buttonLine!.match(/@(e\d+)/);
+    expect(refMatch).toBeDefined();
+    const ref = `@${refMatch![1]}`;
+    
+    // Remove the button from DOM (simulates SPA re-render)
+    await handleReadCommand('js', ['document.querySelector("button[type=submit]").remove()'], bm);
+    
+    // Try to click — should get descriptive staleness error
+    try {
+      await handleWriteCommand('click', [ref], bm);
+      expect(true).toBe(false); // Should not reach here
+    } catch (err: any) {
+      expect(err.message).toContain('stale');
+      expect(err.message).toContain('button');
+      expect(err.message).toContain('Submit');
+      expect(err.message).toContain('snapshot');
+    }
+  });
+
+  test('valid ref still resolves normally after staleness check', async () => {
+    await handleWriteCommand('goto', [baseUrl + '/snapshot.html'], bm);
+    const snap = await handleMetaCommand('snapshot', ['-i'], bm, shutdown);
+    const linkLine = snap.split('\n').find(l => l.includes('[link]'));
+    expect(linkLine).toBeDefined();
+    const refMatch = linkLine!.match(/@(e\d+)/);
+    const ref = `@${refMatch![1]}`;
+    // Should work normally — element still exists
+    const result = await handleWriteCommand('hover', [ref], bm);
+    expect(result).toContain('Hovered');
+  });
+});
+
 // ─── Snapshot Diffing ──────────────────────────────────────────
 
 describe('Snapshot diff', () => {