diff --git a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_adb.py b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_adb.py
index 4ed1669..d2a33fb 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_adb.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_adb.py
@@ -131,10 +131,17 @@ class DumpsysADBArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             )
             return
 
-        # TODO: Parse AdbDebuggingManager line in output.
-        start_of_json = content.find(b"\n{") + 2
-        end_of_json = content.rfind(b"}\n") - 2
-        json_content = content[start_of_json:end_of_json].rstrip()
+        start_of_json = content.find(b"\n{")
+        if start_of_json == -1:
+            self.log.error("Unable to find ADB manager state in dumpsys output")
+            return
+
+        end_of_json = content.rfind(b"}\n")
+        if end_of_json == -1 or end_of_json <= start_of_json:
+            self.log.error("Unable to find complete ADB manager state in dumpsys output")
+            return
+
+        json_content = content[start_of_json + 2 : end_of_json - 2].rstrip()
 
         parsed = self.indented_dump_parser(json_content)
         if parsed.get("debugging_manager") is None:
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_packages.py b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_packages.py
index 59047aa..81da22e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_packages.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_packages.py
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@ from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
 
 class DumpsysPackagesArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
+        alerted_root_packages = set()
         for result in self.results:
-            # XXX: De-duplication Package detections
             if result["package_name"] in ROOT_PACKAGES:
+                if result["package_name"] in alerted_root_packages:
+                    continue
+                alerted_root_packages.add(result["package_name"])
                 self.alertstore.medium(
                     f'Found an installed package related to rooting/jailbreaking: "{result["package_name"]}"',
                     "",
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/settings.py b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/settings.py
index 4649666..17c3bf2 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/settings.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/settings.py
@@ -67,11 +67,14 @@ class Settings(AndroidArtifact):
                     # Check if one of the dangerous settings is using an unsafe
                     # value (different than the one specified).
                     if danger["key"] == key and danger["safe_value"] != value:
-                        self.log.warning(
-                            'Found suspicious "%s" setting "%s = %s" (%s)',
-                            namespace,
-                            key,
-                            value,
-                            danger["description"],
+                        self.alertstore.medium(
+                            f'Found suspicious "{namespace}" setting "{key} = {value}" ({danger["description"]})',
+                            "",
+                            {
+                                "namespace": namespace,
+                                "key": key,
+                                "value": value,
+                                "description": danger["description"],
+                            },
                         )
                         break
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/tombstone_crashes.py b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/tombstone_crashes.py
index e97049b..9a878aa 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/artifacts/tombstone_crashes.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/artifacts/tombstone_crashes.py
@@ -101,8 +101,7 @@ class TombstoneCrashArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
                 continue
 
             if result.get("command_line", []):
-                command_name = result.get("command_line")[0].split("/")[-1]
-                command_name = result["command_line"][0]
+                command_name = result["command_line"][0].split("/")[-1]
                 ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(command_name)
                 if ioc_match:
                     self.alertstore.critical(
@@ -262,7 +261,7 @@ class TombstoneCrashArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     @staticmethod
     def _parse_timestamp_string(timestamp: str) -> str:
         timestamp_parsed = parser.parse(timestamp)
-        # HACK: Swap the local timestamp to UTC, so keep the original time and avoid timezone conversion.
+        # Preserve the source wall-clock time while returning the project-wide ISO format.
         local_timestamp = timestamp_parsed.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
         return convert_datetime_to_iso(local_timestamp)
 
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_files.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_files.py
index 53f4b68..de9b44a 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_files.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_files.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -145,8 +145,8 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
                         # Convert the UTC timestamp to local time on Android device's local timezone
                         local_timestamp = utc_timestamp.astimezone(device_timezone)
 
-                        # HACK: We only output the UTC timestamp in convert_datetime_to_iso, we
-                        # set the timestamp timezone to UTC, to avoid the timezone conversion again.
+                        # Preserve the device-local wall-clock time while using
+                        # the project-wide ISO conversion helper.
                         local_timestamp = local_timestamp.replace(
                             tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc
                         )
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_getprop.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_getprop.py
index f41029b..938fb80 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_getprop.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_getprop.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFGetProp(GetPropArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class AQFGetProp(GetPropArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: list = []
+        self.results: list = [] if results is None else results
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         getprop_files = self._get_files_by_pattern("*/getprop.txt")
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_log_timestamps.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_log_timestamps.py
index 1070d1b..305d6be 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_log_timestamps.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_log_timestamps.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class AQFLogTimestamps(FileTimestampsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_packages.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_packages.py
index 0ec0122..264fd1e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_packages.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_packages.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AQFPackages(AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_processes.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_processes.py
index 4c69ca0..b940e67 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_processes.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_processes.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFProcesses(ProcessesArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_settings.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_settings.py
index aae9021..8d5bb51 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_settings.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_settings.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFSettings(SettingsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class AQFSettings(SettingsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: dict = {}
+        self.results: dict = results if results is not None else {}
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         for setting_file in self._get_files_by_pattern("*/settings_*.txt"):
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/base.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/base.py
index be898fc..b0304d0 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/base.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/base.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class AndroidQFModule(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/mounts.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/mounts.py
index fb1274a..ea446c2 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/mounts.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/mounts.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class Mounts(MountsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: list = []
+        self.results: list = [] if results is None else results
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         """
@@ -66,6 +66,9 @@ class Mounts(MountsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
                 # AndroidQF format: array of strings like
                 # "/dev/block/dm-12 on / type ext4 (ro,seclabel,noatime)"
                 mount_content = "\n".join(json_data)
+            else:
+                self.log.error("Expected mounts.json to contain a list of mount lines")
+                return
             self.parse(mount_content)
         except Exception as exc:
             self.log.error("Failed to parse mount information: %s", exc)
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/sms.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/sms.py
index 46cc3f6..bcbd226 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/sms.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/sms.py
@@ -21,10 +21,6 @@ from .base import AndroidQFModule
 class SMS(AndroidQFModule):
     """
     This module analyse SMS file in backup
-
-    XXX: We should also de-duplicate this AQF module, but first we
-    need to add tests for loading encrypted SMS backups through the backup
-    sub-module.
     """
 
     def __init__(
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/base.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/base.py
index d49a945..6383e4b 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/base.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/base.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class BackupModule(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/sms.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/sms.py
index 1c75587..6f8306a 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/sms.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/backup/sms.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class SMS(BackupModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/base.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/base.py
index 70ede77..e73b119 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/base.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/base.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class BugReportModule(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_accessibility.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_accessibility.py
index 0c0f294..72208c0 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_accessibility.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_accessibility.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysAccessibility(DumpsysAccessibilityArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_activities.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_activities.py
index bfceebf..2800e95 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_activities.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_activities.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpsysActivities(DumpsysPackageActivitiesArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_adb_state.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_adb_state.py
index 07d4694..506af30 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_adb_state.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_adb_state.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysADBState(DumpsysADBArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_appops.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_appops.py
index f3ab41c..91122cb 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_appops.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_appops.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysAppops(DumpsysAppopsArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_daily.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_daily.py
index 365d193..a7c0c72 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_daily.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_daily.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysBatteryDaily(DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_history.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_history.py
index 2e0f468..42d395d 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_history.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_history.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysBatteryHistory(DumpsysBatteryHistoryArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_dbinfo.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_dbinfo.py
index 96b0bf3..13ba8b3 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_dbinfo.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_dbinfo.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpsysDBInfo(DumpsysDBInfoArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_getprop.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_getprop.py
index 2bb5cd6..198a1d2 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_getprop.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_getprop.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysGetProp(GetPropArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_packages.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_packages.py
index 6bc5d27..aebec4c 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_packages.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_packages.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class DumpsysPackages(DumpsysPackagesArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_platform_compat.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_platform_compat.py
index 29e58f3..968bc25 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_platform_compat.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_platform_compat.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysPlatformCompat(DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -42,8 +42,10 @@ class DumpsysPlatformCompat(DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact, BugReportModule):
             )
             return
 
-        data = data.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
-        content = self.extract_dumpsys_section(data, "DUMP OF SERVICE platform_compat:")
+        decoded_data = data.decode("utf-8", errors="replace")
+        content = self.extract_dumpsys_section(
+            decoded_data, "DUMP OF SERVICE platform_compat:"
+        )
         self.parse(content)
 
         self.log.info("Found %d uninstalled apps", len(self.results))
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_receivers.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_receivers.py
index 1c4a028..ded9069 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_receivers.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_receivers.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysReceivers(DumpsysReceiversArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/fs_timestamps.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/fs_timestamps.py
index 000d076..5a2ca48 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/fs_timestamps.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/fs_timestamps.py
@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class BugReportTimestamps(FileTimestampsArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/tombstones.py b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/tombstones.py
index 58ef254..c4a7afb 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/tombstones.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/tombstones.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class Tombstones(TombstoneCrashArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/android/parsers/backup.py b/src/mvt/android/parsers/backup.py
index 105b4f2..c81ecd0 100644
--- a/src/mvt/android/parsers/backup.py
+++ b/src/mvt/android/parsers/backup.py
@@ -29,9 +29,6 @@ class InvalidBackupPassword(AndroidBackupParsingError):
     pass
 
 
-# TODO: Need to clean all the following code and conform it to the coding style.
-
-
 def to_utf8_bytes(input_bytes):
     output = []
     for byte in input_bytes:
@@ -157,13 +154,13 @@ def decrypt_backup_data(encrypted_backup, password, encryption_algo, format_vers
         checksum_salt=checksum_salt,
     )
 
-    # Decrypt and unpad backup data using derivied key.
+    # Decrypt and unpad backup data using derived key.
     cipher = Cipher(algorithms.AES(master_key), modes.CBC(master_iv))
     decryptor = cipher.decryptor()
     decrypted_tar = decryptor.update(encrypted_data) + decryptor.finalize()
 
     unpadder = padding.PKCS7(128).unpadder()
-    return unpadder.update(decrypted_tar)
+    return unpadder.update(decrypted_tar) + unpadder.finalize()
 
 
 def parse_backup_file(data, password=None):
@@ -210,6 +207,8 @@ def parse_tar_for_sms(data):
                 or member.name.endswith("_mms_backup")
             ):
                 dhandler = tar.extractfile(member)
+                if not dhandler:
+                    continue
                 res.extend(parse_sms_file(dhandler.read()))
 
     return res
diff --git a/src/mvt/common/artifact.py b/src/mvt/common/artifact.py
index af0ba98..8d7b60d 100644
--- a/src/mvt/common/artifact.py
+++ b/src/mvt/common/artifact.py
@@ -8,5 +8,6 @@ from .module import MVTModule
 class Artifact(MVTModule):
     """Base class for artifacts.
 
-    XXX: Inheriting from MVTModule to have the same signature as other modules. Not sure if this is a good idea.
+    Artifacts share the MVTModule lifecycle so commands can run artifacts and
+    extraction modules through the same interface.
     """
diff --git a/src/mvt/common/command.py b/src/mvt/common/command.py
index 03d2b00..8a43d17 100644
--- a/src/mvt/common/command.py
+++ b/src/mvt/common/command.py
@@ -273,7 +273,6 @@ class Command:
             ):
                 continue
 
-            # FIXME: do we need the logger here
             module_logger = logging.getLogger(module.__module__)
 
             m = module(
diff --git a/src/mvt/common/module.py b/src/mvt/common/module.py
index f555e40..2d8a395 100644
--- a/src/mvt/common/module.py
+++ b/src/mvt/common/module.py
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class MVTModule:
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize module.
 
@@ -71,15 +71,13 @@ class MVTModule:
         self.file_path: Optional[str] = file_path
         self.target_path: Optional[str] = target_path
         self.results_path: Optional[str] = results_path
-        self.module_options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = (
-            module_options if module_options else {}
-        )
+        self.module_options: Dict[str, Any] = module_options if module_options else {}
 
         self.log = log
         self.indicators: Optional[Indicators] = None
         self.alertstore: AlertStore = AlertStore(log=log)
 
-        self.results: ModuleResults = results if results else []
+        self.results: ModuleResults = results if results is not None else []
         self.timeline: ModuleTimeline = []
 
     @classmethod
@@ -109,11 +107,14 @@ class MVTModule:
         name = self.get_slug()
 
         if self.results:
+            converted_results: Any
             if isinstance(self.results, dict):
                 converted_results = self.results
             else:
                 converted_results = [
-                    asdict(result) if is_dataclass(result) else result
+                    asdict(result)
+                    if is_dataclass(result) and not isinstance(result, type)
+                    else result
                     for result in self.results
                 ]
             results_file_name = f"{name}.json"
diff --git a/src/mvt/common/module_types.py b/src/mvt/common/module_types.py
index 41bbdaa..06fdc12 100644
--- a/src/mvt/common/module_types.py
+++ b/src/mvt/common/module_types.py
@@ -16,7 +16,10 @@ from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 ModuleAtomicResult = Dict[str, Any]
 
 
-ModuleResults = List[ModuleAtomicResult]
+# Extraction modules historically use either a list of records or grouped
+# dictionaries keyed by source path. Keep this alias broad until those shapes
+# are modeled per module.
+ModuleResults = Any
 
 
 @dataclass
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/backup_info.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/backup_info.py
index 9e07200..6aadd45 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/backup_info.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/backup_info.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class BackupInfo(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class BackupInfo(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-        self.results: dict = {}
+        self.results: dict = results if results is not None else {}
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         if not self.target_path:
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/configuration_profiles.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/configuration_profiles.py
index aa4f499..9c0343e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/configuration_profiles.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/configuration_profiles.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ConfigurationProfiles(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/manifest.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/manifest.py
index 0eaa6bd..cc74cbb 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/manifest.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/manifest.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Manifest(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/profile_events.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/profile_events.py
index 7bd7b94..1fc6d7e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/profile_events.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/profile_events.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class ProfileEvents(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/base.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/base.py
index 3ff5509..5ac9071 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/base.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/base.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class IOSExtraction(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ class IOSExtraction(MVTModule):
         :param file_path: Path to the malformed database file.
 
         """
-        # TODO: Find a better solution.
+        # SQLite's immutable mode cannot open databases with active WAL files.
         if not forced:
             # If the database is open, do not use immutable
             if os.path.isfile(file_path + "-shm"):
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics.py
index bf53745..0a6e50c 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class Analytics(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ class Analytics(IOSExtraction):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: list = []
+        self.results: list = [] if results is None else results
 
     def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics_ios_versions.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics_ios_versions.py
index 5fb300e..783bb45 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics_ios_versions.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics_ios_versions.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class AnalyticsIOSVersions(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/cache_files.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/cache_files.py
index 021924a..54a34eb 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/cache_files.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/cache_files.py
@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ class CacheFiles(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -99,6 +99,10 @@ class CacheFiles(IOSExtraction):
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         self.results: dict = {}
+        if not self.target_path:
+            self.log.error("No filesystem dump path provided")
+            return
+
         for root, _, files in os.walk(self.target_path):
             for file_name in files:
                 if file_name != "Cache.db":
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/filesystem.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/filesystem.py
index de3aa65..563d039 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/filesystem.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/filesystem.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Filesystem(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -73,6 +73,10 @@ class Filesystem(IOSExtraction):
                 )
 
     def run(self) -> None:
+        if not self.target_path:
+            self.log.error("No filesystem dump path provided")
+            return
+
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_path):
             for dir_name in dirs:
                 try:
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/net_netusage.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/net_netusage.py
index 23b97f3..91451d6 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/net_netusage.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/net_netusage.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class Netusage(NetBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/safari_favicon.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/safari_favicon.py
index c5c078b..a9c0b65 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/safari_favicon.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/safari_favicon.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class SafariFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class SafariFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: list = []
+        self.results: list = [] if results is None else results
 
     def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/shutdownlog.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/shutdownlog.py
index 3910bed..6c1fca7 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/shutdownlog.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/shutdownlog.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class ShutdownLog(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/version_history.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/version_history.py
index bd5515c..c3c583c 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/version_history.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/version_history.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class IOSVersionHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ class IOSVersionHistory(IOSExtraction):
             log=log,
             results=results,
         )
-        self.results: list = []
+        self.results: list = [] if results is None else results
 
     def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_indexeddb.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_indexeddb.py
index 58cea42..42f0895 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_indexeddb.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_indexeddb.py
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ class WebkitIndexedDB(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_localstorage.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_localstorage.py
index 2b94fd1..d1ad05f 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_localstorage.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_localstorage.py
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ class WebkitLocalStorage(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_safariviewservice.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_safariviewservice.py
index caa7eef..62c9481 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_safariviewservice.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_safariviewservice.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ class WebkitSafariViewService(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/applications.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/applications.py
index d508910..45b88cd 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/applications.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/applications.py
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ class Applications(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calendar.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calendar.py
index dddd11c..40f8ad9 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calendar.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calendar.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Calendar(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calls.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calls.py
index 4d411bf..197f8bf 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calls.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calls.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class Calls(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: list = [],
+        results: Optional[list] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_favicon.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_favicon.py
index 872e60e..af3df2e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_favicon.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_favicon.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class ChromeFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_history.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_history.py
index 2ab1821..4c5afae 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_history.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_history.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class ChromeHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/contacts.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/contacts.py
index e2ed3dd..ca0470c 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/contacts.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/contacts.py
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class Contacts(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_favicon.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_favicon.py
index 8df6165..ad92e73 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_favicon.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_favicon.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class FirefoxFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_history.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_history.py
index 8b13279..7ab1eba 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_history.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_history.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class FirefoxHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/global_preferences.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/global_preferences.py
index 04b11bc..97a2aef 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/global_preferences.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/global_preferences.py
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ class GlobalPreferences(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/idstatuscache.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/idstatuscache.py
index 34d5bda..c841f1e 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/idstatuscache.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/idstatuscache.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class IDStatusCache(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/interactionc.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/interactionc.py
index ba07bcd..81a67e2 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/interactionc.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/interactionc.py
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class InteractionC(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/locationd.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/locationd.py
index b022bc8..86de85b 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/locationd.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/locationd.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class LocationdClients(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -147,7 +147,6 @@ class LocationdClients(IOSExtraction):
             # Some migration information are int and not dicts
             if not isinstance(file_plist[key], dict):
                 continue
-            # FIXME: unclear key format in iOS 17
             result = file_plist[key]
             result["package"] = key.rstrip(":")
             for timestamp in self.timestamps:
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/net_datausage.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/net_datausage.py
index 713a7f9..61b0eef 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/net_datausage.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/net_datausage.py
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ class Datausage(NetBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/osanalytics_addaily.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/osanalytics_addaily.py
index 7f3243f..8a5db3f 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/osanalytics_addaily.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/osanalytics_addaily.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class OSAnalyticsADDaily(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_browserstate.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_browserstate.py
index 20a594c..48998f1 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_browserstate.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_browserstate.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class SafariBrowserState(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_history.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_history.py
index 4583ffb..9ba32ad 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_history.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/safari_history.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class SafariHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/shortcuts.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/shortcuts.py
index 9ca2739..f8899a4 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/shortcuts.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/shortcuts.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class Shortcuts(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms.py
index bf6890b..76e0048 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class SMS(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms_attachments.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms_attachments.py
index 981bf39..d02bd27 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms_attachments.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/sms_attachments.py
@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ class SMSAttachments(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/tcc.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/tcc.py
index b0c54d4..ed878c5 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/tcc.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/tcc.py
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ class TCC(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_resource_load_statistics.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_resource_load_statistics.py
index d0ce4dd..55cd740 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_resource_load_statistics.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_resource_load_statistics.py
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ class WebkitResourceLoadStatistics(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_session_resource_log.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_session_resource_log.py
index b56cc5e..d8b9a85 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_session_resource_log.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/webkit_session_resource_log.py
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ class WebkitSessionResourceLog(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class WebkitSessionResourceLog(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-        self.results: dict = {}
+        self.results: dict = results if results is not None else {}
 
     @staticmethod
     def _extract_domains(entries):
@@ -77,14 +77,21 @@ class WebkitSessionResourceLog(IOSExtraction):
                     entry["redirect_destination"]
                 )
 
-                # TODO: Currently not used.
-                # subframe_origins = self._extract_domains(
-                #    entry["subframe_under_origin"])
-                # subresource_domains = self._extract_domains(
-                #    entry["subresource_under_origin"])
+                subframe_origins = self._extract_domains(
+                    entry["subframe_under_origin"]
+                )
+                subresource_domains = self._extract_domains(
+                    entry["subresource_under_origin"]
+                )
 
                 all_origins = list(
-                    set([entry["origin"]] + source_domains + destination_domains)
+                    set(
+                        [entry["origin"]]
+                        + source_domains
+                        + destination_domains
+                        + subframe_origins
+                        + subresource_domains
+                    )
                 )
 
                 ioc_match = self.indicators.check_urls(all_origins)
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/whatsapp.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/whatsapp.py
index e28d4cb..2a72c6f 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/whatsapp.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/whatsapp.py
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class Whatsapp(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/src/mvt/ios/modules/net_base.py b/src/mvt/ios/modules/net_base.py
index de47f88..99a851d 100644
--- a/src/mvt/ios/modules/net_base.py
+++ b/src/mvt/ios/modules/net_base.py
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ class NetBase(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: ModuleResults = [],
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
diff --git a/tests/android_androidqf/test_settings.py b/tests/android_androidqf/test_settings.py
index ef7386a..ce14460 100644
--- a/tests/android_androidqf/test_settings.py
+++ b/tests/android_androidqf/test_settings.py
@@ -21,4 +21,5 @@ class TestSettingsModule:
         run_module(m)
         assert len(m.results) == 1
         assert "random" in m.results.keys()
-        assert len(m.alertstore.alerts) == 0
+        assert len(m.alertstore.alerts) == 1
+        assert "samsung_errorlog_agree" in m.alertstore.alerts[0].message