phishingclub/backend/utils/json.go

// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.

// Represents JSON data structure using native Go types: booleans, floats,
// strings, arrays, and maps.

package utils

import (
	"bytes"
	"encoding"
	"encoding/base64"
	"fmt"
	"math"
	"reflect"
	"slices"
	"sort"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"unicode"
	"unicode/utf16"
	"unicode/utf8"

	"github.com/phishingclub/phishingclub/errs"
)

// Unmarshal parses the JSON-encoded data and stores the result
// in the value pointed to by v. If v is nil or not a pointer,
// Unmarshal returns an [InvalidUnmarshalError].
//
// Unmarshal uses the inverse of the encodings that
// [Marshal] uses, allocating maps, slices, and pointers as necessary,
// with the following additional rules:
//
// To unmarshal JSON into a pointer, Unmarshal first handles the case of
// the JSON being the JSON literal null. In that case, Unmarshal sets
// the pointer to nil. Otherwise, Unmarshal unmarshals the JSON into
// the value pointed at by the pointer. If the pointer is nil, Unmarshal
// allocates a new value for it to point to.
//
// To unmarshal JSON into a value implementing [Unmarshaler],
// Unmarshal calls that value's [Unmarshaler.UnmarshalJSON] method, including
// when the input is a JSON null.
// Otherwise, if the value implements [encoding.TextUnmarshaler]
// and the input is a JSON quoted string, Unmarshal calls
// [encoding.TextUnmarshaler.UnmarshalText] with the unquoted form of the string.
//
// To unmarshal JSON into a struct, Unmarshal matches incoming object
// keys to the keys used by [Marshal] (either the struct field name or its tag),
// preferring an exact match but also accepting a case-insensitive match. By
// default, object keys which don't have a corresponding struct field are
// ignored (see [Decoder.DisallowUnknownFields] for an alternative).
//
// To unmarshal JSON into an interface value,
// Unmarshal stores one of these in the interface value:
//
//   - bool, for JSON booleans
//   - float64, for JSON numbers
//   - string, for JSON strings
//   - []interface{}, for JSON arrays
//   - map[string]interface{}, for JSON objects
//   - nil for JSON null
//
// To unmarshal a JSON array into a slice, Unmarshal resets the slice length
// to zero and then appends each element to the slice.
// As a special case, to unmarshal an empty JSON array into a slice,
// Unmarshal replaces the slice with a new empty slice.
//
// To unmarshal a JSON array into a Go array, Unmarshal decodes
// JSON array elements into corresponding Go array elements.
// If the Go array is smaller than the JSON array,
// the additional JSON array elements are discarded.
// If the JSON array is smaller than the Go array,
// the additional Go array elements are set to zero values.
//
// To unmarshal a JSON object into a map, Unmarshal first establishes a map to
// use. If the map is nil, Unmarshal allocates a new map. Otherwise Unmarshal
// reuses the existing map, keeping existing entries. Unmarshal then stores
// key-value pairs from the JSON object into the map. The map's key type must
// either be any string type, an integer, implement [json.Unmarshaler], or
// implement [encoding.TextUnmarshaler].
//
// If the JSON-encoded data contain a syntax error, Unmarshal returns a [SyntaxError].
//
// If a JSON value is not appropriate for a given target type,
// or if a JSON number overflows the target type, Unmarshal
// skips that field and completes the unmarshaling as best it can.
// If no more serious errors are encountered, Unmarshal returns
// an [UnmarshalTypeError] describing the earliest such error. In any
// case, it's not guaranteed that all the remaining fields following
// the problematic one will be unmarshaled into the target object.
//
// The JSON null value unmarshals into an interface, map, pointer, or slice
// by setting that Go value to nil. Because null is often used in JSON to mean
// “not present,” unmarshaling a JSON null into any other Go type has no effect
// on the value and produces no error.
//
// When unmarshaling quoted strings, invalid UTF-8 or
// invalid UTF-16 surrogate pairs are not treated as an error.
// Instead, they are replaced by the Unicode replacement
// character U+FFFD.
func Unmarshal(data []byte, v any) error {
	// Check for well-formedness.
	// Avoids filling out half a data structure
	// before discovering a JSON syntax error.
	var d decodeState
	err := checkValid(data, &d.scan)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	d.init(data)
	return d.unmarshal(v)
}

// Unmarshaler is the interface implemented by types
// that can unmarshal a JSON description of themselves.
// The input can be assumed to be a valid encoding of
// a JSON value. UnmarshalJSON must copy the JSON data
// if it wishes to retain the data after returning.
//
// By convention, to approximate the behavior of [Unmarshal] itself,
// Unmarshalers implement UnmarshalJSON([]byte("null")) as a no-op.
type Unmarshaler interface {
	UnmarshalJSON([]byte) error
}

// An UnmarshalTypeError describes a JSON value that was
// not appropriate for a value of a specific Go type.
type UnmarshalTypeError struct {
	Value  string       // description of JSON value - "bool", "array", "number -5"
	Type   reflect.Type // type of Go value it could not be assigned to
	Offset int64        // error occurred after reading Offset bytes
	Struct string       // name of the struct type containing the field
	Field  string       // the full path from root node to the field
}

func (e *UnmarshalTypeError) Error() string {
	if e.Struct != "" || e.Field != "" {
		return "json: cannot unmarshal " + e.Value + " into Go struct field " + e.Struct + "." + e.Field + " of type " + e.Type.String()
	}
	if e.Field != "" {
		return "json: cannot unmarshal " + e.Value + " into Go struct field " + e.Field + " of type " + e.Type.String()
	}
	return "json: cannot unmarshal " + e.Value + " into Go value of type " + e.Type.String()
}

// An UnmarshalFieldError describes a JSON object key that
// led to an unexported (and therefore unwritable) struct field.
//
// Deprecated: No longer used; kept for compatibility.
type UnmarshalFieldError struct {
	Key   string
	Type  reflect.Type
	Field reflect.StructField
}

func (e *UnmarshalFieldError) Error() string {
	return "json: cannot unmarshal object key " + strconv.Quote(e.Key) + " into unexported field " + e.Field.Name + " of type " + e.Type.String()
}

// An InvalidUnmarshalError describes an invalid argument passed to [Unmarshal].
// (The argument to [Unmarshal] must be a non-nil pointer.)
type InvalidUnmarshalError struct {
	Type reflect.Type
}

func (e *InvalidUnmarshalError) Error() string {
	if e.Type == nil {
		return "json: Unmarshal(nil)"
	}

	if e.Type.Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
		return "json: Unmarshal(non-pointer " + e.Type.String() + ")"
	}
	return "json: Unmarshal(nil " + e.Type.String() + ")"
}

func (d *decodeState) unmarshal(v any) error {
	rv := reflect.ValueOf(v)
	if rv.Kind() != reflect.Pointer || rv.IsNil() {
		return &InvalidUnmarshalError{reflect.TypeOf(v)}
	}

	d.scan.reset()
	d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
	// We decode rv not rv.Elem because the Unmarshaler interface
	// test must be applied at the top level of the value.
	err := d.value(rv)
	if err != nil {
		return d.addErrorContext(err)
	}
	return d.savedError
}

// A Number represents a JSON number literal.
type Number string

// String returns the literal text of the number.
func (n Number) String() string { return string(n) }

// Float64 returns the number as a float64.
func (n Number) Float64() (float64, error) {
	return strconv.ParseFloat(string(n), 64)
}

// Int64 returns the number as an int64.
func (n Number) Int64() (int64, error) {
	return strconv.ParseInt(string(n), 10, 64)
}

// An errorContext provides context for type errors during decoding.
type errorContext struct {
	Struct     reflect.Type
	FieldStack []string
}

// decodeState represents the state while decoding a JSON value.
type decodeState struct {
	data                  []byte
	off                   int // next read offset in data
	opcode                int // last read result
	scan                  scanner
	errorContext          *errorContext
	savedError            error
	useNumber             bool
	disallowUnknownFields bool
}

// readIndex returns the position of the last byte read.
func (d *decodeState) readIndex() int {
	return d.off - 1
}

// phasePanicMsg is used as a panic message when we end up with something that
// shouldn't happen. It can indicate a bug in the JSON decoder, or that
// something is editing the data slice while the decoder executes.
const phasePanicMsg = "JSON decoder out of sync - data changing underfoot?"

func (d *decodeState) init(data []byte) *decodeState {
	d.data = data
	d.off = 0
	d.savedError = nil
	if d.errorContext != nil {
		d.errorContext.Struct = nil
		// Reuse the allocated space for the FieldStack slice.
		d.errorContext.FieldStack = d.errorContext.FieldStack[:0]
	}
	return d
}

// saveError saves the first err it is called with,
// for reporting at the end of the unmarshal.
func (d *decodeState) saveError(err error) {
	if d.savedError == nil {
		d.savedError = d.addErrorContext(err)
	}
}

// addErrorContext returns a new error enhanced with information from d.errorContext
func (d *decodeState) addErrorContext(err error) error {
	if d.errorContext != nil && (d.errorContext.Struct != nil || len(d.errorContext.FieldStack) > 0) {
		switch err := err.(type) {
		case *UnmarshalTypeError:
			err.Struct = d.errorContext.Struct.Name()
			err.Field = strings.Join(d.errorContext.FieldStack, ".")
		default:
			if d.errorContext.FieldStack != nil {
				field := strings.Join(d.errorContext.FieldStack, ".")
				return fmt.Errorf("%s: %v", field, err)
			}
		}
	}
	return err
}

// skip scans to the end of what was started.
func (d *decodeState) skip() {
	s, data, i := &d.scan, d.data, d.off
	depth := len(s.parseState)
	for {
		op := s.step(s, data[i])
		i++
		if len(s.parseState) < depth {
			d.off = i
			d.opcode = op
			return
		}
	}
}

// scanNext processes the byte at d.data[d.off].
func (d *decodeState) scanNext() {
	if d.off < len(d.data) {
		d.opcode = d.scan.step(&d.scan, d.data[d.off])
		d.off++
	} else {
		d.opcode = d.scan.eof()
		d.off = len(d.data) + 1 // mark processed EOF with len+1
	}
}

// scanWhile processes bytes in d.data[d.off:] until it
// receives a scan code not equal to op.
func (d *decodeState) scanWhile(op int) {
	s, data, i := &d.scan, d.data, d.off
	for i < len(data) {
		newOp := s.step(s, data[i])
		i++
		if newOp != op {
			d.opcode = newOp
			d.off = i
			return
		}
	}

	d.off = len(data) + 1 // mark processed EOF with len+1
	d.opcode = d.scan.eof()
}

// rescanLiteral is similar to scanWhile(scanContinue), but it specialises the
// common case where we're decoding a literal. The decoder scans the input
// twice, once for syntax errors and to check the length of the value, and the
// second to perform the decoding.
//
// Only in the second step do we use decodeState to tokenize literals, so we
// know there aren't any syntax errors. We can take advantage of that knowledge,
// and scan a literal's bytes much more quickly.
func (d *decodeState) rescanLiteral() {
	data, i := d.data, d.off
Switch:
	switch data[i-1] {
	case '"': // string
		for ; i < len(data); i++ {
			switch data[i] {
			case '\\':
				i++ // escaped char
			case '"':
				i++ // tokenize the closing quote too
				break Switch
			}
		}
	case '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '-': // number
		for ; i < len(data); i++ {
			switch data[i] {
			case '0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9',
				'.', 'e', 'E', '+', '-':
			default:
				break Switch
			}
		}
	case 't': // true
		i += len("rue")
	case 'f': // false
		i += len("alse")
	case 'n': // null
		i += len("ull")
	}
	if i < len(data) {
		d.opcode = stateEndValue(&d.scan, data[i])
	} else {
		d.opcode = scanEnd
	}
	d.off = i + 1
}

// value consumes a JSON value from d.data[d.off-1:], decoding into v, and
// reads the following byte ahead. If v is invalid, the value is discarded.
// The first byte of the value has been read already.
func (d *decodeState) value(v reflect.Value) error {
	switch d.opcode {
	default:
		panic(phasePanicMsg)

	case scanBeginArray:
		if v.IsValid() {
			if err := d.array(v); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		} else {
			d.skip()
		}
		d.scanNext()

	case scanBeginObject:
		if v.IsValid() {
			if err := d.object(v); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		} else {
			d.skip()
		}
		d.scanNext()

	case scanBeginLiteral:
		// All bytes inside literal return scanContinue op code.
		start := d.readIndex()
		d.rescanLiteral()

		if v.IsValid() {
			if err := d.literalStore(d.data[start:d.readIndex()], v, false); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

type unquotedValue struct{}

// valueQuoted is like value but decodes a
// quoted string literal or literal null into an interface value.
// If it finds anything other than a quoted string literal or null,
// valueQuoted returns unquotedValue{}.
func (d *decodeState) valueQuoted() any {
	switch d.opcode {
	default:
		panic(phasePanicMsg)

	case scanBeginArray, scanBeginObject:
		d.skip()
		d.scanNext()

	case scanBeginLiteral:
		v := d.literalInterface()
		switch v.(type) {
		case nil, string:
			return v
		}
	}
	return unquotedValue{}
}

// indirect walks down v allocating pointers as needed,
// until it gets to a non-pointer.
// If it encounters an Unmarshaler, indirect stops and returns that.
// If decodingNull is true, indirect stops at the first settable pointer so it
// can be set to nil.
func indirect(v reflect.Value, decodingNull bool) (Unmarshaler, encoding.TextUnmarshaler, reflect.Value) {
	// Issue #24153 indicates that it is generally not a guaranteed property
	// that you may round-trip a reflect.Value by calling Value.Addr().Elem()
	// and expect the value to still be settable for values derived from
	// unexported embedded struct fields.
	//
	// The logic below effectively does this when it first addresses the value
	// (to satisfy possible pointer methods) and continues to dereference
	// subsequent pointers as necessary.
	//
	// After the first round-trip, we set v back to the original value to
	// preserve the original RW flags contained in reflect.Value.
	v0 := v
	haveAddr := false

	// If v is a named type and is addressable,
	// start with its address, so that if the type has pointer methods,
	// we find them.
	if v.Kind() != reflect.Pointer && v.Type().Name() != "" && v.CanAddr() {
		haveAddr = true
		v = v.Addr()
	}
	for {
		// Load value from interface, but only if the result will be
		// usefully addressable.
		if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface && !v.IsNil() {
			e := v.Elem()
			if e.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && !e.IsNil() && (!decodingNull || e.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Pointer) {
				haveAddr = false
				v = e
				continue
			}
		}

		if v.Kind() != reflect.Pointer {
			break
		}

		if decodingNull && v.CanSet() {
			break
		}

		// Prevent infinite loop if v is an interface pointing to its own address:
		//     var v interface{}
		//     v = &v
		if v.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Interface && v.Elem().Elem() == v {
			v = v.Elem()
			break
		}
		if v.IsNil() {
			v.Set(reflect.New(v.Type().Elem()))
		}
		if v.Type().NumMethod() > 0 && v.CanInterface() {
			if u, ok := v.Interface().(Unmarshaler); ok {
				return u, nil, reflect.Value{}
			}
			if !decodingNull {
				if u, ok := v.Interface().(encoding.TextUnmarshaler); ok {
					return nil, u, reflect.Value{}
				}
			}
		}

		if haveAddr {
			v = v0 // restore original value after round-trip Value.Addr().Elem()
			haveAddr = false
		} else {
			v = v.Elem()
		}
	}
	return nil, nil, v
}

// array consumes an array from d.data[d.off-1:], decoding into v.
// The first byte of the array ('[') has been read already.
func (d *decodeState) array(v reflect.Value) error {
	// Check for unmarshaler.
	u, ut, pv := indirect(v, false)
	if u != nil {
		start := d.readIndex()
		d.skip()
		return u.UnmarshalJSON(d.data[start:d.off])
	}
	if ut != nil {
		d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "array", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.off)})
		d.skip()
		return nil
	}
	v = pv

	// Check type of target.
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.Interface:
		if v.NumMethod() == 0 {
			// Decoding into nil interface? Switch to non-reflect code.
			ai := d.arrayInterface()
			v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(ai))
			return nil
		}
		// Otherwise it's invalid.
		fallthrough
	default:
		d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "array", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.off)})
		d.skip()
		return nil
	case reflect.Array, reflect.Slice:
		break
	}

	i := 0
	for {
		// Look ahead for ] - can only happen on first iteration.
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		if d.opcode == scanEndArray {
			break
		}

		// Expand slice length, growing the slice if necessary.
		if v.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
			if i >= v.Cap() {
				v.Grow(1)
			}
			if i >= v.Len() {
				v.SetLen(i + 1)
			}
		}

		if i < v.Len() {
			// Decode into element.
			if err := d.value(v.Index(i)); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		} else {
			// Ran out of fixed array: skip.
			if err := d.value(reflect.Value{}); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		i++

		// Next token must be , or ].
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.opcode == scanEndArray {
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanArrayValue {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
	}

	if i < v.Len() {
		if v.Kind() == reflect.Array {
			for ; i < v.Len(); i++ {
				v.Index(i).SetZero() // zero remainder of array
			}
		} else {
			v.SetLen(i) // truncate the slice
		}
	}
	if i == 0 && v.Kind() == reflect.Slice {
		v.Set(reflect.MakeSlice(v.Type(), 0, 0))
	}
	return nil
}

var nullLiteral = []byte("null")
var textUnmarshalerType = reflect.TypeFor[encoding.TextUnmarshaler]()

// object consumes an object from d.data[d.off-1:], decoding into v.
// The first byte ('{') of the object has been read already.
func (d *decodeState) object(v reflect.Value) error {
	// Check for unmarshaler.
	u, ut, pv := indirect(v, false)
	if u != nil {
		start := d.readIndex()
		d.skip()
		return u.UnmarshalJSON(d.data[start:d.off])
	}
	if ut != nil {
		d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "object", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.off)})
		d.skip()
		return nil
	}
	v = pv
	t := v.Type()

	// Decoding into nil interface? Switch to non-reflect code.
	if v.Kind() == reflect.Interface && v.NumMethod() == 0 {
		oi := d.objectInterface()
		v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(oi))
		return nil
	}

	var fields structFields

	// Check type of target:
	//   struct or
	//   map[T1]T2 where T1 is string, an integer type,
	//             or an encoding.TextUnmarshaler
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.Map:
		// Map key must either have string kind, have an integer kind,
		// or be an encoding.TextUnmarshaler.
		switch t.Key().Kind() {
		case reflect.String,
			reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
			reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
		default:
			if !reflect.PointerTo(t.Key()).Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "object", Type: t, Offset: int64(d.off)})
				d.skip()
				return nil
			}
		}
		if v.IsNil() {
			v.Set(reflect.MakeMap(t))
		}
	case reflect.Struct:
		fields = cachedTypeFields(t)
		// ok
	default:
		d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "object", Type: t, Offset: int64(d.off)})
		d.skip()
		return nil
	}

	var mapElem reflect.Value
	var origErrorContext errorContext
	if d.errorContext != nil {
		origErrorContext = *d.errorContext
	}

	for {
		// Read opening " of string key or closing }.
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		if d.opcode == scanEndObject {
			// closing } - can only happen on first iteration.
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanBeginLiteral {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}

		// Read key.
		start := d.readIndex()
		d.rescanLiteral()
		item := d.data[start:d.readIndex()]
		key, ok := unquoteBytes(item)
		if !ok {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}

		// Figure out field corresponding to key.
		var subv reflect.Value
		destring := false // whether the value is wrapped in a string to be decoded first

		if v.Kind() == reflect.Map {
			elemType := t.Elem()
			if !mapElem.IsValid() {
				mapElem = reflect.New(elemType).Elem()
			} else {
				mapElem.SetZero()
			}
			subv = mapElem
		} else {
			f := fields.byExactName[string(key)]
			if f == nil {
				f = fields.byFoldedName[string(foldName(key))]
			}
			if f != nil {
				subv = v
				destring = f.quoted
				for _, i := range f.index {
					if subv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
						if subv.IsNil() {
							// If a struct embeds a pointer to an unexported type,
							// it is not possible to set a newly allocated value
							// since the field is unexported.
							//
							// See https://golang.org/issue/21357
							if !subv.CanSet() {
								d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: cannot set embedded pointer to unexported struct: %v", subv.Type().Elem()))
								// Invalidate subv to ensure d.value(subv) skips over
								// the JSON value without assigning it to subv.
								subv = reflect.Value{}
								destring = false
								break
							}
							subv.Set(reflect.New(subv.Type().Elem()))
						}
						subv = subv.Elem()
					}
					subv = subv.Field(i)
				}
				if d.errorContext == nil {
					d.errorContext = new(errorContext)
				}
				d.errorContext.FieldStack = append(d.errorContext.FieldStack, f.name)
				d.errorContext.Struct = t
			} else if d.disallowUnknownFields {
				d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: unknown field %q", key))
			}
		}

		// Read : before value.
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.opcode != scanObjectKey {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)

		if destring {
			switch qv := d.valueQuoted().(type) {
			case nil:
				if err := d.literalStore(nullLiteral, subv, false); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			case string:
				if err := d.literalStore([]byte(qv), subv, true); err != nil {
					return err
				}
			default:
				d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal unquoted value into %v", subv.Type()))
			}
		} else {
			if err := d.value(subv); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}

		// Write value back to map;
		// if using struct, subv points into struct already.
		if v.Kind() == reflect.Map {
			kt := t.Key()
			var kv reflect.Value
			if reflect.PointerTo(kt).Implements(textUnmarshalerType) {
				kv = reflect.New(kt)
				if err := d.literalStore(item, kv, true); err != nil {
					return err
				}
				kv = kv.Elem()
			} else {
				switch kt.Kind() {
				case reflect.String:
					kv = reflect.New(kt).Elem()
					kv.SetString(string(key))
				case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
					s := string(key)
					n, err := strconv.ParseInt(s, 10, 64)
					if err != nil || reflect.Zero(kt).OverflowInt(n) {
						d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + s, Type: kt, Offset: int64(start + 1)})
						break
					}
					kv = reflect.New(kt).Elem()
					kv.SetInt(n)
				case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
					s := string(key)
					n, err := strconv.ParseUint(s, 10, 64)
					if err != nil || reflect.Zero(kt).OverflowUint(n) {
						d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + s, Type: kt, Offset: int64(start + 1)})
						break
					}
					kv = reflect.New(kt).Elem()
					kv.SetUint(n)
				default:
					panic("json: Unexpected key type") // should never occur
				}
			}
			if kv.IsValid() {
				v.SetMapIndex(kv, subv)
			}
		}

		// Next token must be , or }.
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.errorContext != nil {
			// Reset errorContext to its original state.
			// Keep the same underlying array for FieldStack, to reuse the
			// space and avoid unnecessary allocs.
			d.errorContext.FieldStack = d.errorContext.FieldStack[:len(origErrorContext.FieldStack)]
			d.errorContext.Struct = origErrorContext.Struct
		}
		if d.opcode == scanEndObject {
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanObjectValue {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// convertNumber converts the number literal s to a float64 or a Number
// depending on the setting of d.useNumber.
func (d *decodeState) convertNumber(s string) (any, error) {
	if d.useNumber {
		return Number(s), nil
	}
	f, err := strconv.ParseFloat(s, 64)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, &UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + s, Type: reflect.TypeFor[float64](), Offset: int64(d.off)}
	}
	return f, nil
}

var numberType = reflect.TypeFor[Number]()

// literalStore decodes a literal stored in item into v.
//
// fromQuoted indicates whether this literal came from unwrapping a
// string from the ",string" struct tag option. this is used only to
// produce more helpful error messages.
func (d *decodeState) literalStore(item []byte, v reflect.Value, fromQuoted bool) error {
	// Check for unmarshaler.
	if len(item) == 0 {
		// Empty string given.
		d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type()))
		return nil
	}
	isNull := item[0] == 'n' // null
	u, ut, pv := indirect(v, isNull)
	if u != nil {
		return u.UnmarshalJSON(item)
	}
	if ut != nil {
		if item[0] != '"' {
			if fromQuoted {
				d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type()))
				return nil
			}
			val := "number"
			switch item[0] {
			case 'n':
				val = "null"
			case 't', 'f':
				val = "bool"
			}
			d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: val, Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
			return nil
		}
		s, ok := unquoteBytes(item)
		if !ok {
			if fromQuoted {
				return fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type())
			}
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		return ut.UnmarshalText(s)
	}

	v = pv

	switch c := item[0]; c {
	case 'n': // null
		// The main parser checks that only true and false can reach here,
		// but if this was a quoted string input, it could be anything.
		if fromQuoted && string(item) != "null" {
			d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type()))
			break
		}
		switch v.Kind() {
		case reflect.Interface, reflect.Pointer, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice:
			v.SetZero()
			// otherwise, ignore null for primitives/string
		}
	case 't', 'f': // true, false
		value := item[0] == 't'
		// The main parser checks that only true and false can reach here,
		// but if this was a quoted string input, it could be anything.
		if fromQuoted && string(item) != "true" && string(item) != "false" {
			d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type()))
			break
		}
		switch v.Kind() {
		default:
			if fromQuoted {
				d.saveError(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type()))
			} else {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "bool", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
			}
		case reflect.Bool:
			v.SetBool(value)
		case reflect.Interface:
			if v.NumMethod() == 0 {
				v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(value))
			} else {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "bool", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
			}
		}

	case '"': // string
		s, ok := unquoteBytes(item)
		if !ok {
			if fromQuoted {
				return fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type())
			}
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		switch v.Kind() {
		default:
			d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "string", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
		case reflect.Slice:
			if v.Type().Elem().Kind() != reflect.Uint8 {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "string", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
				break
			}
			b := make([]byte, base64.StdEncoding.DecodedLen(len(s)))
			n, err := base64.StdEncoding.Decode(b, s)
			if err != nil {
				d.saveError(err)
				break
			}
			v.SetBytes(b[:n])
		case reflect.String:
			if v.Type() == numberType && !isValidNumber(string(s)) {
				return fmt.Errorf("json: invalid number literal, trying to unmarshal %q into Number", item)
			}
			v.SetString(string(s))
		case reflect.Interface:
			if v.NumMethod() == 0 {
				v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(string(s)))
			} else {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "string", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
			}
		}

	default: // number
		if c != '-' && (c < '0' || c > '9') {
			if fromQuoted {
				return fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type())
			}
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		switch v.Kind() {
		default:
			if v.Kind() == reflect.String && v.Type() == numberType {
				// s must be a valid number, because it's
				// already been tokenized.
				v.SetString(string(item))
				break
			}
			if fromQuoted {
				return fmt.Errorf("json: invalid use of ,string struct tag, trying to unmarshal %q into %v", item, v.Type())
			}
			d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
		case reflect.Interface:
			n, err := d.convertNumber(string(item))
			if err != nil {
				d.saveError(err)
				break
			}
			if v.NumMethod() != 0 {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number", Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
				break
			}
			v.Set(reflect.ValueOf(n))

		case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
			n, err := strconv.ParseInt(string(item), 10, 64)
			if err != nil || v.OverflowInt(n) {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + string(item), Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
				break
			}
			v.SetInt(n)

		case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
			n, err := strconv.ParseUint(string(item), 10, 64)
			if err != nil || v.OverflowUint(n) {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + string(item), Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
				break
			}
			v.SetUint(n)

		case reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64:
			n, err := strconv.ParseFloat(string(item), v.Type().Bits())
			if err != nil || v.OverflowFloat(n) {
				d.saveError(&UnmarshalTypeError{Value: "number " + string(item), Type: v.Type(), Offset: int64(d.readIndex())})
				break
			}
			v.SetFloat(n)
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// The xxxInterface routines build up a value to be stored
// in an empty interface. They are not strictly necessary,
// but they avoid the weight of reflection in this common case.

// valueInterface is like value but returns interface{}
func (d *decodeState) valueInterface() (val any) {
	switch d.opcode {
	default:
		panic(phasePanicMsg)
	case scanBeginArray:
		val = d.arrayInterface()
		d.scanNext()
	case scanBeginObject:
		val = d.objectInterface()
		d.scanNext()
	case scanBeginLiteral:
		val = d.literalInterface()
	}
	return
}

// arrayInterface is like array but returns []interface{}.
func (d *decodeState) arrayInterface() []any {
	var v = make([]any, 0)
	for {
		// Look ahead for ] - can only happen on first iteration.
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		if d.opcode == scanEndArray {
			break
		}

		v = append(v, d.valueInterface())

		// Next token must be , or ].
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.opcode == scanEndArray {
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanArrayValue {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
	}
	return v
}

// objectInterface is like object but returns map[string]interface{}.
func (d *decodeState) objectInterface() map[string]any {
	m := make(map[string]any)
	for {
		// Read opening " of string key or closing }.
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		if d.opcode == scanEndObject {
			// closing } - can only happen on first iteration.
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanBeginLiteral {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}

		// Read string key.
		start := d.readIndex()
		d.rescanLiteral()
		item := d.data[start:d.readIndex()]
		key, ok := unquote(item)
		if !ok {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}

		// Read : before value.
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.opcode != scanObjectKey {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)

		// Read value.
		m[key] = d.valueInterface()

		// Next token must be , or }.
		if d.opcode == scanSkipSpace {
			d.scanWhile(scanSkipSpace)
		}
		if d.opcode == scanEndObject {
			break
		}
		if d.opcode != scanObjectValue {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
	}
	return m
}

// literalInterface consumes and returns a literal from d.data[d.off-1:] and
// it reads the following byte ahead. The first byte of the literal has been
// read already (that's how the caller knows it's a literal).
func (d *decodeState) literalInterface() any {
	// All bytes inside literal return scanContinue op code.
	start := d.readIndex()
	d.rescanLiteral()

	item := d.data[start:d.readIndex()]

	switch c := item[0]; c {
	case 'n': // null
		return nil

	case 't', 'f': // true, false
		return c == 't'

	case '"': // string
		s, ok := unquote(item)
		if !ok {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		return s

	default: // number
		if c != '-' && (c < '0' || c > '9') {
			panic(phasePanicMsg)
		}
		n, err := d.convertNumber(string(item))
		if err != nil {
			d.saveError(err)
		}
		return n
	}
}

// getu4 decodes \uXXXX from the beginning of s, returning the hex value,
// or it returns -1.
func getu4(s []byte) rune {
	if len(s) < 6 || s[0] != '\\' || s[1] != 'u' {
		return -1
	}
	var r rune
	for _, c := range s[2:6] {
		switch {
		case '0' <= c && c <= '9':
			c = c - '0'
		case 'a' <= c && c <= 'f':
			c = c - 'a' + 10
		case 'A' <= c && c <= 'F':
			c = c - 'A' + 10
		default:
			return -1
		}
		r = r*16 + rune(c)
	}
	return r
}

// unquote converts a quoted JSON string literal s into an actual string t.
// The rules are different than for Go, so cannot use strconv.Unquote.
func unquote(s []byte) (t string, ok bool) {
	s, ok = unquoteBytes(s)
	t = string(s)
	return
}

func unquoteBytes(s []byte) (t []byte, ok bool) {
	if len(s) < 2 || s[0] != '"' || s[len(s)-1] != '"' {
		return
	}
	s = s[1 : len(s)-1]

	// Check for unusual characters. If there are none,
	// then no unquoting is needed, so return a slice of the
	// original bytes.
	r := 0
	for r < len(s) {
		c := s[r]
		if c == '\\' || c == '"' || c < ' ' {
			break
		}
		if c < utf8.RuneSelf {
			r++
			continue
		}
		rr, size := utf8.DecodeRune(s[r:])
		if rr == utf8.RuneError && size == 1 {
			break
		}
		r += size
	}
	if r == len(s) {
		return s, true
	}

	b := make([]byte, len(s)+2*utf8.UTFMax)
	w := copy(b, s[0:r])
	for r < len(s) {
		// Out of room? Can only happen if s is full of
		// malformed UTF-8 and we're replacing each
		// byte with RuneError.
		if w >= len(b)-2*utf8.UTFMax {
			nb := make([]byte, (len(b)+utf8.UTFMax)*2)
			copy(nb, b[0:w])
			b = nb
		}
		switch c := s[r]; {
		case c == '\\':
			r++
			if r >= len(s) {
				return
			}
			switch s[r] {
			default:
				return
			case '"', '\\', '/', '\'':
				b[w] = s[r]
				r++
				w++
			case 'b':
				b[w] = '\b'
				r++
				w++
			case 'f':
				b[w] = '\f'
				r++
				w++
			case 'n':
				b[w] = '\n'
				r++
				w++
			case 'r':
				b[w] = '\r'
				r++
				w++
			case 't':
				b[w] = '\t'
				r++
				w++
			case 'u':
				r--
				rr := getu4(s[r:])
				if rr < 0 {
					return
				}
				r += 6
				if utf16.IsSurrogate(rr) {
					rr1 := getu4(s[r:])
					if dec := utf16.DecodeRune(rr, rr1); dec != unicode.ReplacementChar {
						// A valid pair; consume.
						r += 6
						w += utf8.EncodeRune(b[w:], dec)
						break
					}
					// Invalid surrogate; fall back to replacement rune.
					rr = unicode.ReplacementChar
				}
				w += utf8.EncodeRune(b[w:], rr)
			}

		// Quote, control characters are invalid.
		case c == '"', c < ' ':
			return

		// ASCII
		case c < utf8.RuneSelf:
			b[w] = c
			r++
			w++

		// Coerce to well-formed UTF-8.
		default:
			rr, size := utf8.DecodeRune(s[r:])
			r += size
			w += utf8.EncodeRune(b[w:], rr)
		}
	}
	return b[0:w], true
}

// Valid reports whether data is a valid JSON encoding.
func Valid(data []byte) bool {
	scan := newScanner()
	defer freeScanner(scan)
	return checkValid(data, scan) == nil
}

// checkValid verifies that data is valid JSON-encoded data.
// scan is passed in for use by checkValid to avoid an allocation.
// checkValid returns nil or a SyntaxError.
func checkValid(data []byte, scan *scanner) error {
	scan.reset()
	for _, c := range data {
		scan.bytes++
		if scan.step(scan, c) == scanError {
			return scan.err
		}
	}
	if scan.eof() == scanError {
		return scan.err
	}
	return nil
}

// A SyntaxError is a description of a JSON syntax error.
// [Unmarshal] will return a SyntaxError if the JSON can't be parsed.
type SyntaxError struct {
	msg    string // description of error
	Offset int64  // error occurred after reading Offset bytes
}

func (e *SyntaxError) Error() string { return e.msg }

// A scanner is a JSON scanning state machine.
// Callers call scan.reset and then pass bytes in one at a time
// by calling scan.step(&scan, c) for each byte.
// The return value, referred to as an opcode, tells the
// caller about significant parsing events like beginning
// and ending literals, objects, and arrays, so that the
// caller can follow along if it wishes.
// The return value scanEnd indicates that a single top-level
// JSON value has been completed, *before* the byte that
// just got passed in.  (The indication must be delayed in order
// to recognize the end of numbers: is 123 a whole value or
// the beginning of 12345e+6?).
type scanner struct {
	// The step is a func to be called to execute the next transition.
	// Also tried using an integer constant and a single func
	// with a switch, but using the func directly was 10% faster
	// on a 64-bit Mac Mini, and it's nicer to read.
	step func(*scanner, byte) int

	// Reached end of top-level value.
	endTop bool

	// Stack of what we're in the middle of - array values, object keys, object values.
	parseState []int

	// Error that happened, if any.
	err error

	// total bytes consumed, updated by decoder.Decode (and deliberately
	// not set to zero by scan.reset)
	bytes int64
}

var scannerPool = sync.Pool{
	New: func() any {
		return &scanner{}
	},
}

func newScanner() *scanner {
	scan := scannerPool.Get().(*scanner)
	// scan.reset by design doesn't set bytes to zero
	scan.bytes = 0
	scan.reset()
	return scan
}

func freeScanner(scan *scanner) {
	// Avoid hanging on to too much memory in extreme cases.
	if len(scan.parseState) > 1024 {
		scan.parseState = nil
	}
	scannerPool.Put(scan)
}

// These values are returned by the state transition functions
// assigned to scanner.state and the method scanner.eof.
// They give details about the current state of the scan that
// callers might be interested to know about.
// It is okay to ignore the return value of any particular
// call to scanner.state: if one call returns scanError,
// every subsequent call will return scanError too.
const (
	// Continue.
	scanContinue     = iota // uninteresting byte
	scanBeginLiteral        // end implied by next result != scanContinue
	scanBeginObject         // begin object
	scanObjectKey           // just finished object key (string)
	scanObjectValue         // just finished non-last object value
	scanEndObject           // end object (implies scanObjectValue if possible)
	scanBeginArray          // begin array
	scanArrayValue          // just finished array value
	scanEndArray            // end array (implies scanArrayValue if possible)
	scanSkipSpace           // space byte; can skip; known to be last "continue" result

	// Stop.
	scanEnd   // top-level value ended *before* this byte; known to be first "stop" result
	scanError // hit an error, scanner.err.
)

// These values are stored in the parseState stack.
// They give the current state of a composite value
// being scanned. If the parser is inside a nested value
// the parseState describes the nested state, outermost at entry 0.
const (
	parseObjectKey   = iota // parsing object key (before colon)
	parseObjectValue        // parsing object value (after colon)
	parseArrayValue         // parsing array value
)

// This limits the max nesting depth to prevent stack overflow.
// This is permitted by https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159#section-9
const maxNestingDepth = 10000

// reset prepares the scanner for use.
// It must be called before calling s.step.
func (s *scanner) reset() {
	s.step = stateBeginValue
	s.parseState = s.parseState[0:0]
	s.err = nil
	s.endTop = false
}

// eof tells the scanner that the end of input has been reached.
// It returns a scan status just as s.step does.
func (s *scanner) eof() int {
	if s.err != nil {
		return scanError
	}
	if s.endTop {
		return scanEnd
	}
	s.step(s, ' ')
	if s.endTop {
		return scanEnd
	}
	if s.err == nil {
		s.err = &SyntaxError{"unexpected end of JSON input", s.bytes}
	}
	return scanError
}

// pushParseState pushes a new parse state p onto the parse stack.
// an error state is returned if maxNestingDepth was exceeded, otherwise successState is returned.
func (s *scanner) pushParseState(c byte, newParseState int, successState int) int {
	s.parseState = append(s.parseState, newParseState)
	if len(s.parseState) <= maxNestingDepth {
		return successState
	}
	return s.error(c, "exceeded max depth")
}

// popParseState pops a parse state (already obtained) off the stack
// and updates s.step accordingly.
func (s *scanner) popParseState() {
	n := len(s.parseState) - 1
	s.parseState = s.parseState[0:n]
	if n == 0 {
		s.step = stateEndTop
		s.endTop = true
	} else {
		s.step = stateEndValue
	}
}

func isSpace(c byte) bool {
	return c <= ' ' && (c == ' ' || c == '\t' || c == '\r' || c == '\n')
}

// stateBeginValueOrEmpty is the state after reading `[`.
func stateBeginValueOrEmpty(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if isSpace(c) {
		return scanSkipSpace
	}
	if c == ']' {
		return stateEndValue(s, c)
	}
	return stateBeginValue(s, c)
}

// stateBeginValue is the state at the beginning of the input.
func stateBeginValue(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if isSpace(c) {
		return scanSkipSpace
	}
	switch c {
	case '{':
		s.step = stateBeginStringOrEmpty
		return s.pushParseState(c, parseObjectKey, scanBeginObject)
	case '[':
		s.step = stateBeginValueOrEmpty
		return s.pushParseState(c, parseArrayValue, scanBeginArray)
	case '"':
		s.step = stateInString
		return scanBeginLiteral
	case '-':
		s.step = stateNeg
		return scanBeginLiteral
	case '0': // beginning of 0.123
		s.step = state0
		return scanBeginLiteral
	case 't': // beginning of true
		s.step = stateT
		return scanBeginLiteral
	case 'f': // beginning of false
		s.step = stateF
		return scanBeginLiteral
	case 'n': // beginning of null
		s.step = stateN
		return scanBeginLiteral
	}
	if '1' <= c && c <= '9' { // beginning of 1234.5
		s.step = state1
		return scanBeginLiteral
	}
	return s.error(c, "looking for beginning of value")
}

// stateBeginStringOrEmpty is the state after reading `{`.
func stateBeginStringOrEmpty(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if isSpace(c) {
		return scanSkipSpace
	}
	if c == '}' {
		n := len(s.parseState)
		s.parseState[n-1] = parseObjectValue
		return stateEndValue(s, c)
	}
	return stateBeginString(s, c)
}

// stateBeginString is the state after reading `{"key": value,`.
func stateBeginString(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if isSpace(c) {
		return scanSkipSpace
	}
	if c == '"' {
		s.step = stateInString
		return scanBeginLiteral
	}
	return s.error(c, "looking for beginning of object key string")
}

// stateEndValue is the state after completing a value,
// such as after reading `{}` or `true` or `["x"`.
func stateEndValue(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	n := len(s.parseState)
	if n == 0 {
		// Completed top-level before the current byte.
		s.step = stateEndTop
		s.endTop = true
		return stateEndTop(s, c)
	}
	if isSpace(c) {
		s.step = stateEndValue
		return scanSkipSpace
	}
	ps := s.parseState[n-1]
	switch ps {
	case parseObjectKey:
		if c == ':' {
			s.parseState[n-1] = parseObjectValue
			s.step = stateBeginValue
			return scanObjectKey
		}
		return s.error(c, "after object key")
	case parseObjectValue:
		if c == ',' {
			s.parseState[n-1] = parseObjectKey
			s.step = stateBeginString
			return scanObjectValue
		}
		if c == '}' {
			s.popParseState()
			return scanEndObject
		}
		return s.error(c, "after object key:value pair")
	case parseArrayValue:
		if c == ',' {
			s.step = stateBeginValue
			return scanArrayValue
		}
		if c == ']' {
			s.popParseState()
			return scanEndArray
		}
		return s.error(c, "after array element")
	}
	return s.error(c, "")
}

// stateEndTop is the state after finishing the top-level value,
// such as after reading `{}` or `[1,2,3]`.
// Only space characters should be seen now.
func stateEndTop(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if !isSpace(c) {
		// Complain about non-space byte on next call.
		s.error(c, "after top-level value")
	}
	return scanEnd
}

// stateInString is the state after reading `"`.
func stateInString(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == '"' {
		s.step = stateEndValue
		return scanContinue
	}
	if c == '\\' {
		s.step = stateInStringEsc
		return scanContinue
	}
	if c < 0x20 {
		return s.error(c, "in string literal")
	}
	return scanContinue
}

// stateInStringEsc is the state after reading `"\` during a quoted string.
func stateInStringEsc(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	switch c {
	case 'b', 'f', 'n', 'r', 't', '\\', '/', '"':
		s.step = stateInString
		return scanContinue
	case 'u':
		s.step = stateInStringEscU
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in string escape code")
}

// stateInStringEscU is the state after reading `"\u` during a quoted string.
func stateInStringEscU(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' || 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' || 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
		s.step = stateInStringEscU1
		return scanContinue
	}
	// numbers
	return s.error(c, "in \\u hexadecimal character escape")
}

// stateInStringEscU1 is the state after reading `"\u1` during a quoted string.
func stateInStringEscU1(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' || 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' || 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
		s.step = stateInStringEscU12
		return scanContinue
	}
	// numbers
	return s.error(c, "in \\u hexadecimal character escape")
}

// stateInStringEscU12 is the state after reading `"\u12` during a quoted string.
func stateInStringEscU12(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' || 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' || 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
		s.step = stateInStringEscU123
		return scanContinue
	}
	// numbers
	return s.error(c, "in \\u hexadecimal character escape")
}

// stateInStringEscU123 is the state after reading `"\u123` during a quoted string.
func stateInStringEscU123(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' || 'a' <= c && c <= 'f' || 'A' <= c && c <= 'F' {
		s.step = stateInString
		return scanContinue
	}
	// numbers
	return s.error(c, "in \\u hexadecimal character escape")
}

// stateNeg is the state after reading `-` during a number.
func stateNeg(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == '0' {
		s.step = state0
		return scanContinue
	}
	if '1' <= c && c <= '9' {
		s.step = state1
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in numeric literal")
}

// state1 is the state after reading a non-zero integer during a number,
// such as after reading `1` or `100` but not `0`.
func state1(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
		s.step = state1
		return scanContinue
	}
	return state0(s, c)
}

// state0 is the state after reading `0` during a number.
func state0(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == '.' {
		s.step = stateDot
		return scanContinue
	}
	if c == 'e' || c == 'E' {
		s.step = stateE
		return scanContinue
	}
	return stateEndValue(s, c)
}

// stateDot is the state after reading the integer and decimal point in a number,
// such as after reading `1.`.
func stateDot(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
		s.step = stateDot0
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "after decimal point in numeric literal")
}

// stateDot0 is the state after reading the integer, decimal point, and subsequent
// digits of a number, such as after reading `3.14`.
func stateDot0(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
		return scanContinue
	}
	if c == 'e' || c == 'E' {
		s.step = stateE
		return scanContinue
	}
	return stateEndValue(s, c)
}

// stateE is the state after reading the mantissa and e in a number,
// such as after reading `314e` or `0.314e`.
func stateE(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == '+' || c == '-' {
		s.step = stateESign
		return scanContinue
	}
	return stateESign(s, c)
}

// stateESign is the state after reading the mantissa, e, and sign in a number,
// such as after reading `314e-` or `0.314e+`.
func stateESign(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
		s.step = stateE0
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in exponent of numeric literal")
}

// stateE0 is the state after reading the mantissa, e, optional sign,
// and at least one digit of the exponent in a number,
// such as after reading `314e-2` or `0.314e+1` or `3.14e0`.
func stateE0(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if '0' <= c && c <= '9' {
		return scanContinue
	}
	return stateEndValue(s, c)
}

// stateT is the state after reading `t`.
func stateT(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'r' {
		s.step = stateTr
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal true (expecting 'r')")
}

// stateTr is the state after reading `tr`.
func stateTr(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'u' {
		s.step = stateTru
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal true (expecting 'u')")
}

// stateTru is the state after reading `tru`.
func stateTru(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'e' {
		s.step = stateEndValue
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal true (expecting 'e')")
}

// stateF is the state after reading `f`.
func stateF(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'a' {
		s.step = stateFa
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal false (expecting 'a')")
}

// stateFa is the state after reading `fa`.
func stateFa(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'l' {
		s.step = stateFal
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal false (expecting 'l')")
}

// stateFal is the state after reading `fal`.
func stateFal(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 's' {
		s.step = stateFals
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal false (expecting 's')")
}

// stateFals is the state after reading `fals`.
func stateFals(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'e' {
		s.step = stateEndValue
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal false (expecting 'e')")
}

// stateN is the state after reading `n`.
func stateN(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'u' {
		s.step = stateNu
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal null (expecting 'u')")
}

// stateNu is the state after reading `nu`.
func stateNu(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'l' {
		s.step = stateNul
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal null (expecting 'l')")
}

// stateNul is the state after reading `nul`.
func stateNul(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	if c == 'l' {
		s.step = stateEndValue
		return scanContinue
	}
	return s.error(c, "in literal null (expecting 'l')")
}

// stateError is the state after reaching a syntax error,
// such as after reading `[1}` or `5.1.2`.
func stateError(s *scanner, c byte) int {
	return scanError
}

// error records an error and switches to the error state.
func (s *scanner) error(c byte, context string) int {
	s.step = stateError
	s.err = &SyntaxError{"invalid character " + quoteChar(c) + " " + context, s.bytes}
	return scanError
}

// quoteChar formats c as a quoted character literal.
func quoteChar(c byte) string {
	// special cases - different from quoted strings
	if c == '\'' {
		return `'\''`
	}
	if c == '"' {
		return `'"'`
	}

	// use quoted string with different quotation marks
	s := strconv.Quote(string(c))
	return "'" + s[1:len(s)-1] + "'"
}

// Marshal returns the JSON encoding of v.
//
// Marshal traverses the value v recursively.
// If an encountered value implements [Marshaler]
// and is not a nil pointer, Marshal calls [Marshaler.MarshalJSON]
// to produce JSON. If no [Marshaler.MarshalJSON] method is present but the
// value implements [encoding.TextMarshaler] instead, Marshal calls
// [encoding.TextMarshaler.MarshalText] and encodes the result as a JSON string.
// The nil pointer exception is not strictly necessary
// but mimics a similar, necessary exception in the behavior of
// [Unmarshaler.UnmarshalJSON].
//
// Otherwise, Marshal uses the following type-dependent default encodings:
//
// Boolean values encode as JSON booleans.
//
// Floating point, integer, and [Number] values encode as JSON numbers.
// NaN and +/-Inf values will return an [UnsupportedValueError].
//
// String values encode as JSON strings coerced to valid UTF-8,
// replacing invalid bytes with the Unicode replacement rune.
// So that the JSON will be safe to embed inside HTML <script> tags,
// the string is encoded using [HTMLEscape],
// which replaces "<", ">", "&", U+2028, and U+2029 are escaped
// to "\u003c","\u003e", "\u0026", "\u2028", and "\u2029".
// This replacement can be disabled when using an [Encoder],
// by calling [Encoder.SetEscapeHTML](false).
//
// Array and slice values encode as JSON arrays, except that
// []byte encodes as a base64-encoded string, and a nil slice
// encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Struct values encode as JSON objects.
// Each exported struct field becomes a member of the object, using the
// field name as the object key, unless the field is omitted for one of the
// reasons given below.
//
// The encoding of each struct field can be customized by the format string
// stored under the "json" key in the struct field's tag.
// The format string gives the name of the field, possibly followed by a
// comma-separated list of options. The name may be empty in order to
// specify options without overriding the default field name.
//
// The "omitempty" option specifies that the field should be omitted
// from the encoding if the field has an empty value, defined as
// false, 0, a nil pointer, a nil interface value, and any empty array,
// slice, map, or string.
//
// As a special case, if the field tag is "-", the field is always omitted.
// Note that a field with name "-" can still be generated using the tag "-,".
//
// Examples of struct field tags and their meanings:
//
//	// Field appears in JSON as key "myName".
//	Field int `json:"myName"`
//
//	// Field appears in JSON as key "myName" and
//	// the field is omitted from the object if its value is empty,
//	// as defined above.
//	Field int `json:"myName,omitempty"`
//
//	// Field appears in JSON as key "Field" (the default), but
//	// the field is skipped if empty.
//	// Note the leading comma.
//	Field int `json:",omitempty"`
//
//	// Field is ignored by this package.
//	Field int `json:"-"`
//
//	// Field appears in JSON as key "-".
//	Field int `json:"-,"`
//
// The "string" option signals that a field is stored as JSON inside a
// JSON-encoded string. It applies only to fields of string, floating point,
// integer, or boolean types. This extra level of encoding is sometimes used
// when communicating with JavaScript programs:
//
//	Int64String int64 `json:",string"`
//
// The key name will be used if it's a non-empty string consisting of
// only Unicode letters, digits, and ASCII punctuation except quotation
// marks, backslash, and comma.
//
// Embedded struct fields are usually marshaled as if their inner exported fields
// were fields in the outer struct, subject to the usual Go visibility rules amended
// as described in the next paragraph.
// An anonymous struct field with a name given in its JSON tag is treated as
// having that name, rather than being anonymous.
// An anonymous struct field of interface type is treated the same as having
// that type as its name, rather than being anonymous.
//
// The Go visibility rules for struct fields are amended for JSON when
// deciding which field to marshal or unmarshal. If there are
// multiple fields at the same level, and that level is the least
// nested (and would therefore be the nesting level selected by the
// usual Go rules), the following extra rules apply:
//
// 1) Of those fields, if any are JSON-tagged, only tagged fields are considered,
// even if there are multiple untagged fields that would otherwise conflict.
//
// 2) If there is exactly one field (tagged or not according to the first rule), that is selected.
//
// 3) Otherwise there are multiple fields, and all are ignored; no error occurs.
//
// Handling of anonymous struct fields is new in Go 1.1.
// Prior to Go 1.1, anonymous struct fields were ignored. To force ignoring of
// an anonymous struct field in both current and earlier versions, give the field
// a JSON tag of "-".
//
// Map values encode as JSON objects. The map's key type must either be a
// string, an integer type, or implement [encoding.TextMarshaler]. The map keys
// are sorted and used as JSON object keys by applying the following rules,
// subject to the UTF-8 coercion described for string values above:
//   - keys of any string type are used directly
//   - [encoding.TextMarshalers] are marshaled
//   - integer keys are converted to strings
//
// Pointer values encode as the value pointed to.
// A nil pointer encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Interface values encode as the value contained in the interface.
// A nil interface value encodes as the null JSON value.
//
// Channel, complex, and function values cannot be encoded in JSON.
// Attempting to encode such a value causes Marshal to return
// an [UnsupportedTypeError].
//
// JSON cannot represent cyclic data structures and Marshal does not
// handle them. Passing cyclic structures to Marshal will result in
// an error.
func Marshal(v any) ([]byte, error) {
	e := newEncodeState()
	defer encodeStatePool.Put(e)

	err := e.marshal(v, encOpts{escapeHTML: true})
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errs.Wrap(err)
	}
	buf := append([]byte(nil), e.Bytes()...)

	return buf, nil
}

// MarshalIndent is like [Marshal] but applies [Indent] to format the output.
// Each JSON element in the output will begin on a new line beginning with prefix
// followed by one or more copies of indent according to the indentation nesting.
func MarshalIndent(v any, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
	b, err := Marshal(v)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errs.Wrap(err)
	}
	b2 := make([]byte, 0, indentGrowthFactor*len(b))
	b2, err = appendIndent(b2, b, prefix, indent)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, errs.Wrap(err)
	}
	return b2, nil
}

// Marshaler is the interface implemented by types that
// can marshal themselves into valid JSON.
type Marshaler interface {
	MarshalJSON() ([]byte, error)
}

// An UnsupportedTypeError is returned by [Marshal] when attempting
// to encode an unsupported value type.
type UnsupportedTypeError struct {
	Type reflect.Type
}

func (e *UnsupportedTypeError) Error() string {
	return "json: unsupported type: " + e.Type.String()
}

// An UnsupportedValueError is returned by [Marshal] when attempting
// to encode an unsupported value.
type UnsupportedValueError struct {
	Value reflect.Value
	Str   string
}

func (e *UnsupportedValueError) Error() string {
	return "json: unsupported value: " + e.Str
}

// Before Go 1.2, an InvalidUTF8Error was returned by [Marshal] when
// attempting to encode a string value with invalid UTF-8 sequences.
// As of Go 1.2, [Marshal] instead coerces the string to valid UTF-8 by
// replacing invalid bytes with the Unicode replacement rune U+FFFD.
//
// Deprecated: No longer used; kept for compatibility.
type InvalidUTF8Error struct {
	S string // the whole string value that caused the error
}

func (e *InvalidUTF8Error) Error() string {
	return "json: invalid UTF-8 in string: " + strconv.Quote(e.S)
}

// A MarshalerError represents an error from calling a
// [Marshaler.MarshalJSON] or [encoding.TextMarshaler.MarshalText] method.
type MarshalerError struct {
	Type       reflect.Type
	Err        error
	sourceFunc string
}

func (e *MarshalerError) Error() string {
	srcFunc := e.sourceFunc
	if srcFunc == "" {
		srcFunc = "MarshalJSON"
	}
	return "json: error calling " + srcFunc +
		" for type " + e.Type.String() +
		": " + e.Err.Error()
}

// Unwrap returns the underlying error.
func (e *MarshalerError) Unwrap() error { return e.Err }

const hex = "0123456789abcdef"

// An encodeState encodes JSON into a bytes.Buffer.
type encodeState struct {
	bytes.Buffer // accumulated output

	// Keep track of what pointers we've seen in the current recursive call
	// path, to avoid cycles that could lead to a stack overflow. Only do
	// the relatively expensive map operations if ptrLevel is larger than
	// startDetectingCyclesAfter, so that we skip the work if we're within a
	// reasonable amount of nested pointers deep.
	ptrLevel uint
	ptrSeen  map[any]struct{}
}

const startDetectingCyclesAfter = 1000

var encodeStatePool sync.Pool

func newEncodeState() *encodeState {
	if v := encodeStatePool.Get(); v != nil {
		e := v.(*encodeState)
		e.Reset()
		if len(e.ptrSeen) > 0 {
			panic("ptrEncoder.encode should have emptied ptrSeen via defers")
		}
		e.ptrLevel = 0
		return e
	}
	return &encodeState{ptrSeen: make(map[any]struct{})}
}

// jsonError is an error wrapper type for internal use only.
// Panics with errors are wrapped in jsonError so that the top-level recover
// can distinguish intentional panics from this package.
type jsonError struct{ error }

func (e *encodeState) marshal(v any, opts encOpts) (err error) {
	defer func() {
		if r := recover(); r != nil {
			if je, ok := r.(jsonError); ok {
				err = je.error
			} else {
				panic(r)
			}
		}
	}()
	e.reflectValue(reflect.ValueOf(v), opts)
	return nil
}

// error aborts the encoding by panicking with err wrapped in jsonError.
func (e *encodeState) error(err error) {
	panic(jsonError{err})
}

func isEmptyValue(v reflect.Value) bool {
	switch v.Kind() {
	case reflect.Array, reflect.Map, reflect.Slice, reflect.String:
		return v.Len() == 0
	case reflect.Bool,
		reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr,
		reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64,
		reflect.Interface, reflect.Pointer:
		return v.IsZero()
	}
	return false
}

func (e *encodeState) reflectValue(v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	valueEncoder(v)(e, v, opts)
}

type encOpts struct {
	// quoted causes primitive fields to be encoded inside JSON strings.
	quoted bool
	// escapeHTML causes '<', '>', and '&' to be escaped in JSON strings.
	escapeHTML bool
}

type encoderFunc func(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts)

var encoderCache sync.Map // map[reflect.Type]encoderFunc

func valueEncoder(v reflect.Value) encoderFunc {
	if !v.IsValid() {
		return invalidValueEncoder
	}
	return typeEncoder(v.Type())
}

func typeEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	if fi, ok := encoderCache.Load(t); ok {
		return fi.(encoderFunc)
	}

	// To deal with recursive types, populate the map with an
	// indirect func before we build it. This type waits on the
	// real func (f) to be ready and then calls it. This indirect
	// func is only used for recursive types.
	var (
		wg sync.WaitGroup
		f  encoderFunc
	)
	wg.Add(1)
	fi, loaded := encoderCache.LoadOrStore(t, encoderFunc(func(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
		wg.Wait()
		f(e, v, opts)
	}))
	if loaded {
		return fi.(encoderFunc)
	}

	// Compute the real encoder and replace the indirect func with it.
	f = newTypeEncoder(t, true)
	wg.Done()
	encoderCache.Store(t, f)
	return f
}

var (
	marshalerType     = reflect.TypeFor[Marshaler]()
	textMarshalerType = reflect.TypeFor[encoding.TextMarshaler]()
)

// newTypeEncoder constructs an encoderFunc for a type.
// The returned encoder only checks CanAddr when allowAddr is true.
func newTypeEncoder(t reflect.Type, allowAddr bool) encoderFunc {
	// If we have a non-pointer value whose type implements
	// Marshaler with a value receiver, then we're better off taking
	// the address of the value - otherwise we end up with an
	// allocation as we cast the value to an interface.
	if t.Kind() != reflect.Pointer && allowAddr && reflect.PointerTo(t).Implements(marshalerType) {
		return newCondAddrEncoder(addrMarshalerEncoder, newTypeEncoder(t, false))
	}
	if t.Implements(marshalerType) {
		return marshalerEncoder
	}
	if t.Kind() != reflect.Pointer && allowAddr && reflect.PointerTo(t).Implements(textMarshalerType) {
		return newCondAddrEncoder(addrTextMarshalerEncoder, newTypeEncoder(t, false))
	}
	if t.Implements(textMarshalerType) {
		return textMarshalerEncoder
	}

	switch t.Kind() {
	case reflect.Bool:
		return boolEncoder
	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
		return intEncoder
	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
		return uintEncoder
	case reflect.Float32:
		return float32Encoder
	case reflect.Float64:
		return float64Encoder
	case reflect.String:
		return stringEncoder
	case reflect.Interface:
		return interfaceEncoder
	case reflect.Struct:
		return newStructEncoder(t)
	case reflect.Map:
		return newMapEncoder(t)
	case reflect.Slice:
		return newSliceEncoder(t)
	case reflect.Array:
		return newArrayEncoder(t)
	case reflect.Pointer:
		return newPtrEncoder(t)
	default:
		return unsupportedTypeEncoder
	}
}

func invalidValueEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, _ encOpts) {
	// #nosec
	e.WriteString("null")
}

func marshalerEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	m, ok := v.Interface().(Marshaler)
	if !ok {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	b, err := m.MarshalJSON()
	if err == nil {
		e.Grow(len(b))
		out := e.AvailableBuffer()
		out, err = appendCompact(out, b, opts.escapeHTML)
		e.Buffer.Write(out)
	}
	if err != nil {
		e.error(&MarshalerError{v.Type(), err, "MarshalJSON"})
	}
}

func addrMarshalerEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	va := v.Addr()
	if va.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	m := va.Interface().(Marshaler)
	b, err := m.MarshalJSON()
	if err == nil {
		e.Grow(len(b))
		out := e.AvailableBuffer()
		out, err = appendCompact(out, b, opts.escapeHTML)
		e.Buffer.Write(out)
	}
	if err != nil {
		e.error(&MarshalerError{v.Type(), err, "MarshalJSON"})
	}
}

func textMarshalerEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	m, ok := v.Interface().(encoding.TextMarshaler)
	if !ok {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	b, err := m.MarshalText()
	if err != nil {
		e.error(&MarshalerError{v.Type(), err, "MarshalText"})
	}
	// #nosec
	e.Write(appendString(e.AvailableBuffer(), b, opts.escapeHTML))
}

func addrTextMarshalerEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	va := v.Addr()
	if va.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	m := va.Interface().(encoding.TextMarshaler)
	b, err := m.MarshalText()
	if err != nil {
		e.error(&MarshalerError{v.Type(), err, "MarshalText"})
	}
	// #nosec
	e.Write(appendString(e.AvailableBuffer(), b, opts.escapeHTML))
}

func boolEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	b := e.AvailableBuffer()
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	b = strconv.AppendBool(b, v.Bool())
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	// #nosec
	e.Write(b)
}

func intEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	b := e.AvailableBuffer()
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	b = strconv.AppendInt(b, v.Int(), 10)
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	// #nosec
	e.Write(b)
}

func uintEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	b := e.AvailableBuffer()
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	b = strconv.AppendUint(b, v.Uint(), 10)
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	// #nosec
	e.Write(b)
}

type floatEncoder int // number of bits

func (bits floatEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	f := v.Float()
	if math.IsInf(f, 0) || math.IsNaN(f) {
		e.error(&UnsupportedValueError{v, strconv.FormatFloat(f, 'g', -1, int(bits))})
	}

	// Convert as if by ES6 number to string conversion.
	// This matches most other JSON generators.
	// See golang.org/issue/6384 and golang.org/issue/14135.
	// Like fmt %g, but the exponent cutoffs are different
	// and exponents themselves are not padded to two digits.
	b := e.AvailableBuffer()
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	abs := math.Abs(f)
	fmt := byte('f')
	// Note: Must use float32 comparisons for underlying float32 value to get precise cutoffs right.
	if abs != 0 {
		if bits == 64 && (abs < 1e-6 || abs >= 1e21) || bits == 32 && (float32(abs) < 1e-6 || float32(abs) >= 1e21) {
			fmt = 'e'
		}
	}
	b = strconv.AppendFloat(b, f, fmt, -1, int(bits))
	if fmt == 'e' {
		// clean up e-09 to e-9
		n := len(b)
		if n >= 4 && b[n-4] == 'e' && b[n-3] == '-' && b[n-2] == '0' {
			b[n-2] = b[n-1]
			b = b[:n-1]
		}
	}
	b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
	// #nosec
	e.Write(b)
}

var (
	float32Encoder = (floatEncoder(32)).encode
	float64Encoder = (floatEncoder(64)).encode
)

func stringEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.Type() == numberType {
		numStr := v.String()
		// In Go1.5 the empty string encodes to "0", while this is not a valid number literal
		// we keep compatibility so check validity after this.
		if numStr == "" {
			numStr = "0" // Number's zero-val
		}
		if !isValidNumber(numStr) {
			e.error(fmt.Errorf("json: invalid number literal %q", numStr))
		}
		b := e.AvailableBuffer()
		b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
		b = append(b, numStr...)
		b = mayAppendQuote(b, opts.quoted)
		// #nosec
		e.Write(b)
		return
	}
	if opts.quoted {
		b := appendString(nil, v.String(), opts.escapeHTML)
		// #nosec
		e.Write(appendString(e.AvailableBuffer(), b, false)) // no need to escape again since it is already escaped
	} else {
		// #nosec
		e.Write(appendString(e.AvailableBuffer(), v.String(), opts.escapeHTML))
	}
}

// isValidNumber reports whether s is a valid JSON number literal.
func isValidNumber(s string) bool {
	// This function implements the JSON numbers grammar.
	// See https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7159#section-6
	// and https://www.json.org/img/number.png

	if s == "" {
		return false
	}

	// Optional -
	if s[0] == '-' {
		s = s[1:]
		if s == "" {
			return false
		}
	}

	// Digits
	switch {
	default:
		return false

	case s[0] == '0':
		s = s[1:]

	case '1' <= s[0] && s[0] <= '9':
		s = s[1:]
		for len(s) > 0 && '0' <= s[0] && s[0] <= '9' {
			s = s[1:]
		}
	}

	// . followed by 1 or more digits.
	if len(s) >= 2 && s[0] == '.' && '0' <= s[1] && s[1] <= '9' {
		s = s[2:]
		for len(s) > 0 && '0' <= s[0] && s[0] <= '9' {
			s = s[1:]
		}
	}

	// e or E followed by an optional - or + and
	// 1 or more digits.
	if len(s) >= 2 && (s[0] == 'e' || s[0] == 'E') {
		s = s[1:]
		if s[0] == '+' || s[0] == '-' {
			s = s[1:]
			if s == "" {
				return false
			}
		}
		for len(s) > 0 && '0' <= s[0] && s[0] <= '9' {
			s = s[1:]
		}
	}

	// Make sure we are at the end.
	return s == ""
}

func interfaceEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	e.reflectValue(v.Elem(), opts)
}

func unsupportedTypeEncoder(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, _ encOpts) {
	e.error(&UnsupportedTypeError{v.Type()})
}

type structEncoder struct {
	fields structFields
}

type structFields struct {
	list         []field
	byExactName  map[string]*field
	byFoldedName map[string]*field
}

func (se structEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	next := byte('{')
FieldLoop:
	for i := range se.fields.list {
		f := &se.fields.list[i]

		// Find the nested struct field by following f.index.
		fv := v
		for _, i := range f.index {
			if fv.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
				if fv.IsNil() {
					continue FieldLoop
				}
				fv = fv.Elem()
			}
			fv = fv.Field(i)
		}

		if f.omitEmpty && isEmptyValue(fv) {
			continue
		}
		// #nosec
		e.WriteByte(next)
		next = ','
		if opts.escapeHTML {
			// #nosec
			e.WriteString(f.nameEscHTML)
		} else {
			// #nosec
			e.WriteString(f.nameNonEsc)
		}
		opts.quoted = f.quoted
		f.encoder(e, fv, opts)
	}
	if next == '{' {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("{}")
	} else {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteByte('}')
	}
}

func newStructEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	se := structEncoder{fields: cachedTypeFields(t)}
	return se.encode
}

type mapEncoder struct {
	elemEnc encoderFunc
}

func (me mapEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	if e.ptrLevel++; e.ptrLevel > startDetectingCyclesAfter {
		// We're a large number of nested ptrEncoder.encode calls deep;
		// start checking if we've run into a pointer cycle.
		ptr := v.UnsafePointer()
		if _, ok := e.ptrSeen[ptr]; ok {
			e.error(&UnsupportedValueError{v, fmt.Sprintf("encountered a cycle via %s", v.Type())})
		}
		e.ptrSeen[ptr] = struct{}{}
		defer delete(e.ptrSeen, ptr)
	}
	// #nosec
	e.WriteByte('{')

	// Extract and sort the keys.
	var (
		sv  = make([]reflectWithString, v.Len())
		mi  = v.MapRange()
		err error
	)
	for i := 0; mi.Next(); i++ {
		if sv[i].ks, err = resolveKeyName(mi.Key()); err != nil {
			e.error(fmt.Errorf("json: encoding error for type %q: %q", v.Type().String(), err.Error()))
		}
		sv[i].v = mi.Value()
	}
	slices.SortFunc(sv, func(i, j reflectWithString) int {
		return strings.Compare(i.ks, j.ks)
	})

	for i, kv := range sv {
		if i > 0 {
			// #nosec
			e.WriteByte(',')
		}
		// #nosec
		e.Write(appendString(e.AvailableBuffer(), kv.ks, opts.escapeHTML))
		// #nosec
		e.WriteByte(':')
		me.elemEnc(e, kv.v, opts)
	}
	// #nosec
	e.WriteByte('}')
	e.ptrLevel--
}

func newMapEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	switch t.Key().Kind() {
	case reflect.String,
		reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
		reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
	default:
		if !t.Key().Implements(textMarshalerType) {
			return unsupportedTypeEncoder
		}
	}
	me := mapEncoder{typeEncoder(t.Elem())}
	return me.encode
}

func encodeByteSlice(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, _ encOpts) {
	if v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}

	s := v.Bytes()
	b := e.AvailableBuffer()
	b = append(b, '"')
	b = base64.StdEncoding.AppendEncode(b, s)
	b = append(b, '"')
	// #nosec
	e.Write(b)
}

// sliceEncoder just wraps an arrayEncoder, checking to make sure the value isn't nil.
type sliceEncoder struct {
	arrayEnc encoderFunc
}

func (se sliceEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	if e.ptrLevel++; e.ptrLevel > startDetectingCyclesAfter {
		// We're a large number of nested ptrEncoder.encode calls deep;
		// start checking if we've run into a pointer cycle.
		// Here we use a struct to memorize the pointer to the first element of the slice
		// and its length.
		ptr := struct {
			ptr interface{} // always an unsafe.Pointer, but avoids a dependency on package unsafe
			len int
		}{v.UnsafePointer(), v.Len()}
		if _, ok := e.ptrSeen[ptr]; ok {
			e.error(&UnsupportedValueError{v, fmt.Sprintf("encountered a cycle via %s", v.Type())})
		}
		e.ptrSeen[ptr] = struct{}{}
		defer delete(e.ptrSeen, ptr)
	}
	se.arrayEnc(e, v, opts)
	e.ptrLevel--
}

func newSliceEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	// Byte slices get special treatment; arrays don't.
	if t.Elem().Kind() == reflect.Uint8 {
		p := reflect.PointerTo(t.Elem())
		if !p.Implements(marshalerType) && !p.Implements(textMarshalerType) {
			return encodeByteSlice
		}
	}
	enc := sliceEncoder{newArrayEncoder(t)}
	return enc.encode
}

type arrayEncoder struct {
	elemEnc encoderFunc
}

func (ae arrayEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	// #nosec
	e.WriteByte('[')
	n := v.Len()
	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
		if i > 0 {
			// #nosec
			e.WriteByte(',')
		}
		ae.elemEnc(e, v.Index(i), opts)
	}
	// #nosec
	e.WriteByte(']')
}

func newArrayEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	enc := arrayEncoder{typeEncoder(t.Elem())}
	return enc.encode
}

type ptrEncoder struct {
	elemEnc encoderFunc
}

func (pe ptrEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.IsNil() {
		// #nosec
		e.WriteString("null")
		return
	}
	if e.ptrLevel++; e.ptrLevel > startDetectingCyclesAfter {
		// We're a large number of nested ptrEncoder.encode calls deep;
		// start checking if we've run into a pointer cycle.
		ptr := v.Interface()
		if _, ok := e.ptrSeen[ptr]; ok {
			e.error(&UnsupportedValueError{v, fmt.Sprintf("encountered a cycle via %s", v.Type())})
		}
		e.ptrSeen[ptr] = struct{}{}
		defer delete(e.ptrSeen, ptr)
	}
	pe.elemEnc(e, v.Elem(), opts)
	e.ptrLevel--
}

func newPtrEncoder(t reflect.Type) encoderFunc {
	enc := ptrEncoder{typeEncoder(t.Elem())}
	return enc.encode
}

type condAddrEncoder struct {
	canAddrEnc, elseEnc encoderFunc
}

func (ce condAddrEncoder) encode(e *encodeState, v reflect.Value, opts encOpts) {
	if v.CanAddr() {
		ce.canAddrEnc(e, v, opts)
	} else {
		ce.elseEnc(e, v, opts)
	}
}

// newCondAddrEncoder returns an encoder that checks whether its value
// CanAddr and delegates to canAddrEnc if so, else to elseEnc.
func newCondAddrEncoder(canAddrEnc, elseEnc encoderFunc) encoderFunc {
	enc := condAddrEncoder{canAddrEnc: canAddrEnc, elseEnc: elseEnc}
	return enc.encode
}

func isValidTag(s string) bool {
	if s == "" {
		return false
	}
	for _, c := range s {
		switch {
		case strings.ContainsRune("!#$%&()*+-./:;<=>?@[]^_{|}~ ", c):
			// Backslash and quote chars are reserved, but
			// otherwise any punctuation chars are allowed
			// in a tag name.
		case !unicode.IsLetter(c) && !unicode.IsDigit(c):
			return false
		}
	}
	return true
}

func typeByIndex(t reflect.Type, index []int) reflect.Type {
	for _, i := range index {
		if t.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
			t = t.Elem()
		}
		t = t.Field(i).Type
	}
	return t
}

type reflectWithString struct {
	v  reflect.Value
	ks string
}

func resolveKeyName(k reflect.Value) (string, error) {
	if k.Kind() == reflect.String {
		return k.String(), nil
	}
	if tm, ok := k.Interface().(encoding.TextMarshaler); ok {
		if k.Kind() == reflect.Pointer && k.IsNil() {
			return "", nil
		}
		buf, err := tm.MarshalText()
		return string(buf), errs.Wrap(err)
	}
	switch k.Kind() {
	case reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64:
		return strconv.FormatInt(k.Int(), 10), nil
	case reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr:
		return strconv.FormatUint(k.Uint(), 10), nil
	}
	panic("unexpected map key type")
}

func appendString[Bytes []byte | string](dst []byte, src Bytes, escapeHTML bool) []byte {
	dst = append(dst, '"')
	start := 0
	for i := 0; i < len(src); {
		if b := src[i]; b < utf8.RuneSelf {
			if htmlSafeSet[b] || (!escapeHTML && safeSet[b]) {
				i++
				continue
			}
			dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			switch b {
			case '\\', '"':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', b)
			case '\b':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 'b')
			case '\f':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 'f')
			case '\n':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 'n')
			case '\r':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 'r')
			case '\t':
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 't')
			default:
				// This encodes bytes < 0x20 except for \b, \f, \n, \r and \t.
				// If escapeHTML is set, it also escapes <, >, and &
				// because they can lead to security holes when
				// user-controlled strings are rendered into JSON
				// and served to some browsers.
				dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '0', '0', hex[b>>4], hex[b&0xF])
			}
			i++
			start = i
			continue
		}
		// TODO(https://go.dev/issue/56948): Use generic utf8 functionality.
		// For now, cast only a small portion of byte slices to a string
		// so that it can be stack allocated. This slows down []byte slightly
		// due to the extra copy, but keeps string performance roughly the same.
		n := len(src) - i
		if n > utf8.UTFMax {
			n = utf8.UTFMax
		}
		c, size := utf8.DecodeRuneInString(string(src[i : i+n]))
		if c == utf8.RuneError && size == 1 {
			dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			dst = append(dst, `\ufffd`...)
			i += size
			start = i
			continue
		}
		// U+2028 is LINE SEPARATOR.
		// U+2029 is PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR.
		// They are both technically valid characters in JSON strings,
		// but don't work in JSONP, which has to be evaluated as JavaScript,
		// and can lead to security holes there. It is valid JSON to
		// escape them, so we do so unconditionally.
		// See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON#Safety.
		if c == '\u2028' || c == '\u2029' {
			dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '2', '0', '2', hex[c&0xF])
			i += size
			start = i
			continue
		}
		i += size
	}
	dst = append(dst, src[start:]...)
	dst = append(dst, '"')
	return dst
}

// A field represents a single field found in a struct.
type field struct {
	name      string
	nameBytes []byte // []byte(name)

	nameNonEsc  string // `"` + name + `":`
	nameEscHTML string // `"` + HTMLEscape(name) + `":`

	tag       bool
	index     []int
	typ       reflect.Type
	omitEmpty bool
	quoted    bool

	encoder encoderFunc
}

// byIndex sorts field by index sequence.
type byIndex []field

func (x byIndex) Len() int { return len(x) }

func (x byIndex) Swap(i, j int) { x[i], x[j] = x[j], x[i] }

func (x byIndex) Less(i, j int) bool {
	for k, xik := range x[i].index {
		if k >= len(x[j].index) {
			return false
		}
		if xik != x[j].index[k] {
			return xik < x[j].index[k]
		}
	}
	return len(x[i].index) < len(x[j].index)
}

// typeFields returns a list of fields that JSON should recognize for the given type.
// The algorithm is breadth-first search over the set of structs to include - the top struct
// and then any reachable anonymous structs.
func typeFields(t reflect.Type) structFields {
	// Anonymous fields to explore at the current level and the next.
	current := []field{}
	next := []field{{typ: t}}

	// Count of queued names for current level and the next.
	var count, nextCount map[reflect.Type]int

	// Types already visited at an earlier level.
	visited := map[reflect.Type]bool{}

	// Fields found.
	var fields []field

	// Buffer to run appendHTMLEscape on field names.
	var nameEscBuf []byte

	for len(next) > 0 {
		current, next = next, current[:0]
		count, nextCount = nextCount, map[reflect.Type]int{}

		for _, f := range current {
			if visited[f.typ] {
				continue
			}
			visited[f.typ] = true

			// Scan f.typ for fields to include.
			for i := 0; i < f.typ.NumField(); i++ {
				sf := f.typ.Field(i)
				if sf.Anonymous {
					t := sf.Type
					if t.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
						t = t.Elem()
					}
					if !sf.IsExported() && t.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
						// Ignore embedded fields of unexported non-struct types.
						continue
					}
					// Do not ignore embedded fields of unexported struct types
					// since they may have exported fields.
				} else if !sf.IsExported() {
					// Ignore unexported non-embedded fields.
					continue
				}
				tag := sf.Tag.Get("json")
				if tag == "-" {
					continue
				}
				name, opts := parseTag(tag)
				if !isValidTag(name) {
					name = ""
				}
				index := make([]int, len(f.index)+1)
				copy(index, f.index)
				index[len(f.index)] = i

				ft := sf.Type
				if ft.Name() == "" && ft.Kind() == reflect.Pointer {
					// Follow pointer.
					ft = ft.Elem()
				}

				// Only strings, floats, integers, and booleans can be quoted.
				quoted := false
				if opts.Contains("string") {
					switch ft.Kind() {
					case reflect.Bool,
						reflect.Int, reflect.Int8, reflect.Int16, reflect.Int32, reflect.Int64,
						reflect.Uint, reflect.Uint8, reflect.Uint16, reflect.Uint32, reflect.Uint64, reflect.Uintptr,
						reflect.Float32, reflect.Float64,
						reflect.String:
						quoted = true
					}
				}

				// Record found field and index sequence.
				if name != "" || !sf.Anonymous || ft.Kind() != reflect.Struct {
					tagged := name != ""
					if name == "" {
						name = sf.Name
					}
					field := field{
						name:      name,
						tag:       tagged,
						index:     index,
						typ:       ft,
						omitEmpty: opts.Contains("omitempty"),
						quoted:    quoted,
					}
					field.nameBytes = []byte(field.name)

					// Build nameEscHTML and nameNonEsc ahead of time.
					nameEscBuf = appendHTMLEscape(nameEscBuf[:0], field.nameBytes)
					field.nameEscHTML = `"` + string(nameEscBuf) + `":`
					field.nameNonEsc = `"` + field.name + `":`

					fields = append(fields, field)
					if count[f.typ] > 1 {
						// If there were multiple instances, add a second,
						// so that the annihilation code will see a duplicate.
						// It only cares about the distinction between 1 and 2,
						// so don't bother generating any more copies.
						fields = append(fields, fields[len(fields)-1])
					}
					continue
				}

				// Record new anonymous struct to explore in next round.
				nextCount[ft]++
				if nextCount[ft] == 1 {
					next = append(next, field{name: ft.Name(), index: index, typ: ft})
				}
			}
		}
	}

	sort.Slice(fields, func(i, j int) bool {
		x := fields
		// sort field by name, breaking ties with depth, then
		// breaking ties with "name came from json tag", then
		// breaking ties with index sequence.
		if x[i].name != x[j].name {
			return x[i].name < x[j].name
		}
		if len(x[i].index) != len(x[j].index) {
			return len(x[i].index) < len(x[j].index)
		}
		if x[i].tag != x[j].tag {
			return x[i].tag
		}
		return byIndex(x).Less(i, j)
	})

	// Delete all fields that are hidden by the Go rules for embedded fields,
	// except that fields with JSON tags are promoted.

	// The fields are sorted in primary order of name, secondary order
	// of field index length. Loop over names; for each name, delete
	// hidden fields by choosing the one dominant field that survives.
	out := fields[:0]
	for advance, i := 0, 0; i < len(fields); i += advance {
		// One iteration per name.
		// Find the sequence of fields with the name of this first field.
		fi := fields[i]
		name := fi.name
		for advance = 1; i+advance < len(fields); advance++ {
			fj := fields[i+advance]
			if fj.name != name {
				break
			}
		}
		if advance == 1 { // Only one field with this name
			out = append(out, fi)
			continue
		}
		dominant, ok := dominantField(fields[i : i+advance])
		if ok {
			out = append(out, dominant)
		}
	}

	fields = out
	sort.Sort(byIndex(fields))

	for i := range fields {
		f := &fields[i]
		f.encoder = typeEncoder(typeByIndex(t, f.index))
	}
	exactNameIndex := make(map[string]*field, len(fields))
	foldedNameIndex := make(map[string]*field, len(fields))
	for i, field := range fields {
		exactNameIndex[field.name] = &fields[i]
		// For historical reasons, first folded match takes precedence.
		if _, ok := foldedNameIndex[string(foldName(field.nameBytes))]; !ok {
			foldedNameIndex[string(foldName(field.nameBytes))] = &fields[i]
		}
	}
	return structFields{fields, exactNameIndex, foldedNameIndex}
}

// dominantField looks through the fields, all of which are known to
// have the same name, to find the single field that dominates the
// others using Go's embedding rules, modified by the presence of
// JSON tags. If there are multiple top-level fields, the boolean
// will be false: This condition is an error in Go and we skip all
// the fields.
func dominantField(fields []field) (field, bool) {
	// The fields are sorted in increasing index-length order, then by presence of tag.
	// That means that the first field is the dominant one. We need only check
	// for error cases: two fields at top level, either both tagged or neither tagged.
	if len(fields) > 1 && len(fields[0].index) == len(fields[1].index) && fields[0].tag == fields[1].tag {
		return field{}, false
	}
	return fields[0], true
}

var fieldCache sync.Map // map[reflect.Type]structFields

// cachedTypeFields is like typeFields but uses a cache to avoid repeated work.
func cachedTypeFields(t reflect.Type) structFields {
	if f, ok := fieldCache.Load(t); ok {
		return f.(structFields)
	}
	f, _ := fieldCache.LoadOrStore(t, typeFields(t))
	return f.(structFields)
}

func mayAppendQuote(b []byte, quoted bool) []byte {
	if quoted {
		b = append(b, '"')
	}
	return b
}

// foldName returns a folded string such that foldName(x) == foldName(y)
// is identical to bytes.EqualFold(x, y).
func foldName(in []byte) []byte {
	// This is inlinable to take advantage of "function outlining".
	var arr [32]byte // large enough for most JSON names
	return appendFoldedName(arr[:0], in)
}

func appendFoldedName(out, in []byte) []byte {
	for i := 0; i < len(in); {
		// Handle single-byte ASCII.
		if c := in[i]; c < utf8.RuneSelf {
			if 'a' <= c && c <= 'z' {
				c -= 'a' - 'A'
			}
			out = append(out, c)
			i++
			continue
		}
		// Handle multi-byte Unicode.
		r, n := utf8.DecodeRune(in[i:])
		out = utf8.AppendRune(out, foldRune(r))
		i += n
	}
	return out
}

// foldRune is returns the smallest rune for all runes in the same fold set.
func foldRune(r rune) rune {
	for {
		r2 := unicode.SimpleFold(r)
		if r2 <= r {
			return r2
		}
		r = r2
	}
}

// HTMLEscape appends to dst the JSON-encoded src with <, >, &, U+2028 and U+2029
// characters inside string literals changed to \u003c, \u003e, \u0026, \u2028, \u2029
// so that the JSON will be safe to embed inside HTML <script> tags.
// For historical reasons, web browsers don't honor standard HTML
// escaping within <script> tags, so an alternative JSON encoding must be used.
func HTMLEscape(dst *bytes.Buffer, src []byte) {
	dst.Grow(len(src))
	dst.Write(appendHTMLEscape(dst.AvailableBuffer(), src))
}

func appendHTMLEscape(dst, src []byte) []byte {
	// The characters can only appear in string literals,
	// so just scan the string one byte at a time.
	start := 0
	for i, c := range src {
		if c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '&' {
			dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '0', '0', hex[c>>4], hex[c&0xF])
			start = i + 1
		}
		// Convert U+2028 and U+2029 (E2 80 A8 and E2 80 A9).
		if c == 0xE2 && i+2 < len(src) && src[i+1] == 0x80 && src[i+2]&^1 == 0xA8 {
			dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '2', '0', '2', hex[src[i+2]&0xF])
			start = i + len("\u2029")
		}
	}
	return append(dst, src[start:]...)
}

// Compact appends to dst the JSON-encoded src with
// insignificant space characters elided.
func Compact(dst *bytes.Buffer, src []byte) error {
	dst.Grow(len(src))
	b := dst.AvailableBuffer()
	b, err := appendCompact(b, src, false)
	dst.Write(b)
	return err
}

func appendCompact(dst, src []byte, escape bool) ([]byte, error) {
	origLen := len(dst)
	scan := newScanner()
	defer freeScanner(scan)
	start := 0
	for i, c := range src {
		if escape && (c == '<' || c == '>' || c == '&') {
			if start < i {
				dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			}
			dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '0', '0', hex[c>>4], hex[c&0xF])
			start = i + 1
		}
		// Convert U+2028 and U+2029 (E2 80 A8 and E2 80 A9).
		if escape && c == 0xE2 && i+2 < len(src) && src[i+1] == 0x80 && src[i+2]&^1 == 0xA8 {
			if start < i {
				dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			}
			dst = append(dst, '\\', 'u', '2', '0', '2', hex[src[i+2]&0xF])
			start = i + 3
		}
		v := scan.step(scan, c)
		if v >= scanSkipSpace {
			if v == scanError {
				break
			}
			if start < i {
				dst = append(dst, src[start:i]...)
			}
			start = i + 1
		}
	}
	if scan.eof() == scanError {
		return dst[:origLen], scan.err
	}
	if start < len(src) {
		dst = append(dst, src[start:]...)
	}
	return dst, nil
}

func appendNewline(dst []byte, prefix, indent string, depth int) []byte {
	dst = append(dst, '\n')
	dst = append(dst, prefix...)
	for i := 0; i < depth; i++ {
		dst = append(dst, indent...)
	}
	return dst
}

// indentGrowthFactor specifies the growth factor of indenting JSON input.
// Empirically, the growth factor was measured to be between 1.4x to 1.8x
// for some set of compacted JSON with the indent being a single tab.
// Specify a growth factor slightly larger than what is observed
// to reduce probability of allocation in appendIndent.
// A factor no higher than 2 ensures that wasted space never exceeds 50%.
const indentGrowthFactor = 2

// Indent appends to dst an indented form of the JSON-encoded src.
// Each element in a JSON object or array begins on a new,
// indented line beginning with prefix followed by one or more
// copies of indent according to the indentation nesting.
// The data appended to dst does not begin with the prefix nor
// any indentation, to make it easier to embed inside other formatted JSON data.
// Although leading space characters (space, tab, carriage return, newline)
// at the beginning of src are dropped, trailing space characters
// at the end of src are preserved and copied to dst.
// For example, if src has no trailing spaces, neither will dst;
// if src ends in a trailing newline, so will dst.
func Indent(dst *bytes.Buffer, src []byte, prefix, indent string) error {
	dst.Grow(indentGrowthFactor * len(src))
	b := dst.AvailableBuffer()
	b, err := appendIndent(b, src, prefix, indent)
	dst.Write(b)
	return err
}

func appendIndent(dst, src []byte, prefix, indent string) ([]byte, error) {
	origLen := len(dst)
	scan := newScanner()
	defer freeScanner(scan)
	needIndent := false
	depth := 0
	for _, c := range src {
		scan.bytes++
		v := scan.step(scan, c)
		if v == scanSkipSpace {
			continue
		}
		if v == scanError {
			break
		}
		if needIndent && v != scanEndObject && v != scanEndArray {
			needIndent = false
			depth++
			dst = appendNewline(dst, prefix, indent, depth)
		}

		// Emit semantically uninteresting bytes
		// (in particular, punctuation in strings) unmodified.
		if v == scanContinue {
			dst = append(dst, c)
			continue
		}

		// Add spacing around real punctuation.
		switch c {
		case '{', '[':
			// delay indent so that empty object and array are formatted as {} and [].
			needIndent = true
			dst = append(dst, c)
		case ',':
			dst = append(dst, c)
			dst = appendNewline(dst, prefix, indent, depth)
		case ':':
			dst = append(dst, c, ' ')
		case '}', ']':
			if needIndent {
				// suppress indent in empty object/array
				needIndent = false
			} else {
				depth--
				dst = appendNewline(dst, prefix, indent, depth)
			}
			dst = append(dst, c)
		default:
			dst = append(dst, c)
		}
	}
	if scan.eof() == scanError {
		return dst[:origLen], scan.err
	}
	return dst, nil
}

// safeSet holds the value true if the ASCII character with the given array
// position can be represented inside a JSON string without any further
// escaping.
//
// All values are true except for the ASCII control characters (0-31), the
// double quote ("), and the backslash character ("\").
var safeSet = [utf8.RuneSelf]bool{
	' ':      true,
	'!':      true,
	'"':      false,
	'#':      true,
	'$':      true,
	'%':      true,
	'&':      true,
	'\'':     true,
	'(':      true,
	')':      true,
	'*':      true,
	'+':      true,
	',':      true,
	'-':      true,
	'.':      true,
	'/':      true,
	'0':      true,
	'1':      true,
	'2':      true,
	'3':      true,
	'4':      true,
	'5':      true,
	'6':      true,
	'7':      true,
	'8':      true,
	'9':      true,
	':':      true,
	';':      true,
	'<':      true,
	'=':      true,
	'>':      true,
	'?':      true,
	'@':      true,
	'A':      true,
	'B':      true,
	'C':      true,
	'D':      true,
	'E':      true,
	'F':      true,
	'G':      true,
	'H':      true,
	'I':      true,
	'J':      true,
	'K':      true,
	'L':      true,
	'M':      true,
	'N':      true,
	'O':      true,
	'P':      true,
	'Q':      true,
	'R':      true,
	'S':      true,
	'T':      true,
	'U':      true,
	'V':      true,
	'W':      true,
	'X':      true,
	'Y':      true,
	'Z':      true,
	'[':      true,
	'\\':     false,
	']':      true,
	'^':      true,
	'_':      true,
	'`':      true,
	'a':      true,
	'b':      true,
	'c':      true,
	'd':      true,
	'e':      true,
	'f':      true,
	'g':      true,
	'h':      true,
	'i':      true,
	'j':      true,
	'k':      true,
	'l':      true,
	'm':      true,
	'n':      true,
	'o':      true,
	'p':      true,
	'q':      true,
	'r':      true,
	's':      true,
	't':      true,
	'u':      true,
	'v':      true,
	'w':      true,
	'x':      true,
	'y':      true,
	'z':      true,
	'{':      true,
	'|':      true,
	'}':      true,
	'~':      true,
	'\u007f': true,
}

// htmlSafeSet holds the value true if the ASCII character with the given
// array position can be safely represented inside a JSON string, embedded
// inside of HTML <script> tags, without any additional escaping.
//
// All values are true except for the ASCII control characters (0-31), the
// double quote ("), the backslash character ("\"), HTML opening and closing
// tags ("<" and ">"), and the ampersand ("&").
var htmlSafeSet = [utf8.RuneSelf]bool{
	' ':      true,
	'!':      true,
	'"':      false,
	'#':      true,
	'$':      true,
	'%':      true,
	'&':      false,
	'\'':     true,
	'(':      true,
	')':      true,
	'*':      true,
	'+':      true,
	',':      true,
	'-':      true,
	'.':      true,
	'/':      true,
	'0':      true,
	'1':      true,
	'2':      true,
	'3':      true,
	'4':      true,
	'5':      true,
	'6':      true,
	'7':      true,
	'8':      true,
	'9':      true,
	':':      true,
	';':      true,
	'<':      false,
	'=':      true,
	'>':      false,
	'?':      true,
	'@':      true,
	'A':      true,
	'B':      true,
	'C':      true,
	'D':      true,
	'E':      true,
	'F':      true,
	'G':      true,
	'H':      true,
	'I':      true,
	'J':      true,
	'K':      true,
	'L':      true,
	'M':      true,
	'N':      true,
	'O':      true,
	'P':      true,
	'Q':      true,
	'R':      true,
	'S':      true,
	'T':      true,
	'U':      true,
	'V':      true,
	'W':      true,
	'X':      true,
	'Y':      true,
	'Z':      true,
	'[':      true,
	'\\':     false,
	']':      true,
	'^':      true,
	'_':      true,
	'`':      true,
	'a':      true,
	'b':      true,
	'c':      true,
	'd':      true,
	'e':      true,
	'f':      true,
	'g':      true,
	'h':      true,
	'i':      true,
	'j':      true,
	'k':      true,
	'l':      true,
	'm':      true,
	'n':      true,
	'o':      true,
	'p':      true,
	'q':      true,
	'r':      true,
	's':      true,
	't':      true,
	'u':      true,
	'v':      true,
	'w':      true,
	'x':      true,
	'y':      true,
	'z':      true,
	'{':      true,
	'|':      true,
	'}':      true,
	'~':      true,
	'\u007f': true,
}

// tagOptions is the string following a comma in a struct field's "json"
// tag, or the empty string. It does not include the leading comma.
type tagOptions string

// parseTag splits a struct field's json tag into its name and
// comma-separated options.
func parseTag(tag string) (string, tagOptions) {
	tag, opt, _ := strings.Cut(tag, ",")
	return tag, tagOptions(opt)
}

// Contains reports whether a comma-separated list of options
// contains a particular substr flag. substr must be surrounded by a
// string boundary or commas.
func (o tagOptions) Contains(optionName string) bool {
	if len(o) == 0 {
		return false
	}
	s := string(o)
	for s != "" {
		var name string
		name, s, _ = strings.Cut(s, ",")
		if name == optionName {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}