Verified on real signed files that the issuer byte-scan mis-attributes
multi-entity manifests: Leica read as "Truepic" (timestamp authority in the
chain), Nikon as "Adobe Firefly" (XMP-toolkit "Adobe" + the sample's
"Adobe_MAX" name), Truepic as "Google". Platform attribution now prefers the
claim generator (what produced the asset) and falls back to the issuer scan.
- New _CLAIM_GENERATOR_PLATFORM map + _platform_from_generator; claim generator
read for non-PNG via the now-public c2pa.cbor_text_after.
- Device tokens listed only where verified against a real C2PA file (Leica
lc_c2pa, Nikon, Truepic Lens); Pixel/Samsung/Sony/Canon/Bria deferred until a
real sample confirms the in-manifest string. Camera C2PA marks capture
authenticity, so these never set is_ai.
- cbor_text_after made public (was _cbor_text_after); call sites + tests updated.
- Regression test: claim_generator beats incidental Adobe/Google/Truepic tokens.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Adds Trufo, Overlai, MarkAny, Mentaport, LumaTrace, VerdaAI, ContentLens, ISCC
(io.iscc content code), and Adobe ICN fingerprint to C2PA_SOFT_BINDINGS, and
notes AIWatermark wraps Meta PixelSeal. All `alg` prefixes verified against the
official c2pa-org/softbinding-algorithm-list registry.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Broadens metadata provenance coverage at the detection and container-strip level.
Detection:
- C2PA soft-binding `alg` -> forensic-watermark vendor (Adobe TrustMark,
Digimarc, Imatag, Steg.AI, Microsoft, ...) via C2PA_SOFT_BINDINGS +
soft_binding_vendors_in(); names the watermark vendor even when the watermark
itself can't be decoded.
- IPTC Photo Metadata 2025.1 AI-disclosure XMP fields (AISystemUsed etc.) via
iptc_ai_system() + IPTC_AI_FIELD_MARKERS.
- Adobe TrustMark open keyless decoder (trustmark_detector.py, optional extra
`trustmark`) -- the watermark behind Adobe Durable Content Credentials.
Detects provenance, not AI origin, so it does not assert is_ai.
Removal / containers:
- isobmff.strip_c2pa_boxes now also drops a top-level XMP uuid box that carries
an AI label (matched by AI-marker content, byte-order-robust; plain XMP kept).
- remove_ai_metadata routes MP4/MOV/M4V/M4A (and any ftyp-sniffed ISOBMFF)
through the box stripper; raises a clear error for non-ISOBMFF audio/video
(WebM/MP3/WAV) instead of crashing in the image path.
Tests: soft-binding scan, IPTC element/attribute/presence, MP4 + M4A detect/
strip, ISOBMFF XMP surgical strip, content-sniff, unsupported-container guard,
TrustMark absent-safety + identify integration. ruff clean; pyright clean on
all new modules.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
remove_ai_metadata now scrubs AI tags from the JPEG EXIF instead of passing
the block through wholesale. Closes the v0.5.5 follow-up: the xAI/Grok
Signature + UUID-Artist pair was detected but not removed.
- metadata._scrub_ai_exif(): deletes the xAI signature pair and any
Software/Make/Artist/ImageDescription tag carrying an AI_GENERATOR_TOKENS
token (so Ideogram's Make="Ideogram AI" is scrubbed too), keeping genuine
camera/editor EXIF intact.
- Shared _is_xai_signature_pair / _exif_text helpers (module-level compiled
regexes) are now the single source of truth, used by both xai_signature
and _scrub_ai_exif.
- Tests: Grok signature stripped on JPEG output, Ideogram Make stripped,
real-camera Make ("Apple") preserved. 325 passing.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
xAI Grok (Aurora) images carry no C2PA/SynthID/IPTC -- their only provenance
signal is an EXIF pair: ImageDescription "Signature: <base64>" + a UUID Artist.
Verified stable across 3 genuine generations (a real download previously read
as unknown / "no AI metadata").
- metadata.xai_signature(): matches the Signature blob + UUID Artist pair;
wired into has_ai_metadata, get_ai_metadata, and identify (platform
"xAI (Grok / Aurora)").
- data/samples/grok-1.jpg: real Grok fixture (neutral content; the Artist UUID
is the public image id, not PII).
- Tests: synthetic-fixture unit tests, real-sample assertion, identify
integration (322 passing).
Docs (research refresh, May 2026):
- C2PA 2.4 Durable Content Credentials (soft-binding re-discovery after the
embedded manifest is stripped).
- New AI-labeling laws, primary-source verified: EU AI Act Art 50 (2026-08-02),
South Korea AI Framework Act Art 31(3), California AB 853.
- Hedge removal claims: defeating the SynthID verifier is not forensic
invisibility (arXiv:2605.09203); cite SynthID-Image (arXiv:2510.09263).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
The native-vs-downscale decision in InvisibleEngine.remove_watermark (the
issue #10/#15 fix: max_resolution=0 must not pre-downscale, since any
downscale both loses quality and lets SynthID survive) had no test. Extract
it into a pure helper invisible_engine._target_size(w, h, max_resolution)
and cover it with tests/test_invisible_engine.py::TestTargetSize so a
re-introduced forced downscale fails CI instead of silently regressing #15.
Also:
- Clamp the short side to >=1 in _target_size: extreme aspect ratios (e.g.
5000x3 with --max-resolution 1024) truncated it to 0 and crashed
image.resize(). Pre-existing in the inline math; fixed now that it is a
named, tested function.
- Consolidate the two duplicated temp-file save blocks into one
unconditional save (behavior unchanged: the EXIF-transposed image is
still always persisted before WatermarkRemover reloads it by path), and
drop the now-redundant `_tmp_path is not None` guard in finally.
- Bump version 0.5.3 -> 0.5.4 (pyproject, __init__, uv.lock); document the
helper as the regression guard in CLAUDE.md.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
- feat(identify): detect the China TC260 <TC260:AIGC> XMP label (Doubao
and other China-served generators); reports platform + ContentProducer.
Removal already strips it via the existing metadata cleaner.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
- fix(invisible): process at native resolution by default; the forced
downscale-to-1024 -> upscale-back round-trip was the main quality loss
(#10). Matches the raiw.cc backend (fal fast-sdxl = sdxl-base-1.0).
New --max-resolution opt-in cap for GPU/MPS memory.
- docs: verified fal checkpoint, native-res, gpt-image-2 SynthID.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
The invisible pipeline force-downscaled inputs >1024px to 1024 before
diffusion, then upscaled the result back -- a lossy round-trip that was
the main cause of the quality loss reported in #10. The hosted raiw.cc
backend (fal fast-sdxl) does no pre-downscale, and at strength ~0.05
SDXL img2img doesn't need it.
Default is now native resolution (max_resolution=0). New --max-resolution
flag (invisible / all / batch) re-introduces an opt-in long-side cap only
to bound GPU/MPS memory on very large inputs.
Addresses #10. End-to-end quality/removal not re-verified locally (no GPU
here); matches raiw-app's proven production config.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
#11 left the import block un-sorted (ruff I001); reorder so diffusers
precedes the local ctrlregen import.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
`cv2.imread(..., IMREAD_COLOR)` was silently stripping the alpha channel
on RGBA inputs, and `cv2.imwrite` then wrote opaque 3-channel PNGs — so
images with transparent backgrounds came back with an opaque-black (or
white) background and the sparkle area baked in as a solid blob.
Read the source with `IMREAD_UNCHANGED`, keep the alpha plane out of the
detection/inpaint path (those still operate on BGR), and rejoin alpha at
save time. The detected watermark bbox is also zeroed in the alpha plane
so the sparkle region becomes transparent rather than an opaque artifact.
Applies to `visible`, `all`, and `batch` modes. RGB-only inputs and JPEG
outputs are unaffected.
Based on #9 by @eskibars. Replaces the os.execl(..., "-c", repr-string)
restart (used after the CUDA-torch auto-install) with os.execv -m, so we
no longer build an exec string from repr(sys.argv). Forwards sys.argv[1:]
only: under -m Python sets argv[0] to the module path, so passing the full
argv would re-inject the program name as a spurious Click argument.
Verified: python -m remove_ai_watermarks.cli --version works; test_cli green.
Closes#9
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
The CtrlRegen engine module references a non-existent top-level package
'ctrlregen' in four locations:
src/remove_ai_watermarks/noai/ctrlregen/engine.py
L39: from ctrlregen.pipeline import CustomCtrlRegenPipeline
L57: from ctrlregen.color import color_match
L242: from ctrlregen.tiling import resize_center_crop, run_tiled
L267: from ctrlregen.tiling import resize_center_crop
These should be absolute imports of the package's own subpackage. As a
result, the top-level try/except sets _HAS_DIFFUSERS=False and
_HAS_COLOR_MATCHER=False even when the [gpu] extra is correctly
installed, and is_ctrlregen_available() always returns False.
Effect on users: invoking the ctrlregen profile crashes with
ImportError: Failed to auto-install missing dependencies:
controlnet-aux, color-matcher, safetensors
regardless of whether those packages are installed. The auto-install
fallback also fails in uv-managed venvs (uv does not ship pip in the
venv by default), so the error path is unrecoverable.
Reproduction (before fix):
uv sync --all-extras
uv run remove-ai-watermarks invisible <image> --pipeline ctrlregen
# → ImportError as above
Fix: change the four imports to use the package-qualified path
(matching the absolute-import style used elsewhere in the codebase,
e.g. watermark_remover.py).
Verified post-fix on Linux/CUDA (NVIDIA L40S):
- is_ctrlregen_available() returns True
- CtrlRegen pipeline loads, downloads weights, and runs end-to-end
- Tile-based path (image > 512px) processes 6 tiles cleanly
- 142 existing pytest tests still pass
Collected live samples from three popular generators we lacked:
- Ideogram tags its downloads with EXIF Make="Ideogram AI" (no C2PA, no
SynthID, no imwatermark) -- the Make tag is its only signal. exif_generator
only read Software/Artist/ImageDescription, so it missed this; now reads
Make too. Real cameras put "Apple"/"Canon" in Make (no AI token), so this
stays low-false-positive. 4 originals ingested.
- Recraft (PNG export) and Krea hosting FLUX 2: downloads carry NO detectable
signal -- no C2PA/EXIF/IPTC, and notably no imwatermark despite Krea running
FLUX. identify correctly reports 'unknown'. Both ingested as neg fixtures.
Lesson recorded in CLAUDE.md: the imwatermark detector fires only on pristine
output from a pipeline that runs the encoder (diffusers default, official BFL),
not from re-hosts (Krea/Stability) or re-encoded exports (Recraft/Canva).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Closes the documented gap where EXIF/XMP fields inside AVIF/HEIF/JXL went
unparsed. metadata.exif_generator extracts the EXIF Software/Artist tag
(via PIL+piexif, which opens AVIF natively) and the XMP CreatorTool (via a
container-agnostic raw-byte scan that also covers HEIF/JXL that PIL can't
open), and matches against AI_GENERATOR_TOKENS so only generator names
(Firefly, DALL-E, Midjourney, ComfyUI, ...) fire -- a plain 'Adobe
Photoshop' or 'GIMP' tag is not flagged.
identify() surfaces it as a high-confidence signal and uses it for
platform attribution when no C2PA names a platform, so an AVIF/HEIF whose
only AI signal is an EXIF/XMP generator tag is now caught.
Validated with synthesized fixtures (the 'no positive fixtures' blocker
was self-imposed): real AVIF and JPEG written with EXIF Software via PIL,
plus an XMP CreatorTool raw-scan fixture. Zero false positives across the
109-image corpus (real iPhone photos carry no AI generator token).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Collected live C2PA positives from Bing Image Creator and Stability Brand
Studio (DreamStudio successor) and learned two things our scan got wrong:
- Bing now runs Microsoft's own MAI-Image model, not DALL-E, and signs
C2PA as 'Microsoft'. The scan caught it, but the platform label claimed
'Microsoft Designer (DALL-E / OpenAI backend)'. Relabeled model-neutral:
'Microsoft (Bing Image Creator / Designer)'.
- Stability signs C2PA as 'Stability AI' (cert 'Stability AI Ltd'), which
was not in C2PA_ISSUERS, so it read as 'unknown signer'. Added the issuer
and a platform mapping. Stability uses no SynthID and (on its current
Stable Image model) no imwatermark watermark -- verified, both negative.
Both ingested as SynthID-negative corpus fixtures (they are AI but not
SynthID) for issuer-coverage. Canva skipped: its downloads are re-encoded
design exports that strip C2PA, so a Canva sample would be inconclusive.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Research found one locally-fillable detection gap: Stable Diffusion, SDXL,
and FLUX all embed an open DWT-DCT watermark via the invisible-watermark
(imwatermark) library -- a PUBLIC decoder, no secret key, unlike SynthID.
New invisible_watermark.py decodes the known fixed patterns (verified
against upstream source: diffusers SDXL WATERMARK_MESSAGE, FLUX.2
src/flux2/watermark.py, and the 'StableDiffusionV1' default string) and
identify() reports the scheme as a high-confidence signal.
Verified locally end-to-end: embedding SDXL's exact 48-bit message and
decoding it back recovers 48/48 bits; a clean image and our own fal-SDXL
outputs decode to ~21/48 (no match). Caveat baked into the report: the
watermark is fragile -- gone after JPEG q90 -- so it confirms origin only
on pristine files; absence is never proof.
imwatermark is an optional dep (extra 'detect'; pulls non-headless opencv),
so the import is guarded and the signal is skipped when absent. CLI
--no-visible now means metadata-only (skips both pixel-domain detectors).
Also records the broader watermarking landscape in CLAUDE.md: which
services are locally detectable (SD/SDXL/FLUX), C2PA-covered (Bing/Canva/
Getty/Shutterstock unsampled), or proprietary-only like SynthID (Amazon
Titan/Nova, Kakao). Midjourney embeds neither C2PA nor an invisible mark.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
New 'identify' command and identify.py module: upload an image, get one
ProvenanceReport answering where it was made and what watermarks it
carries. Aggregates every locally-readable signal:
- C2PA Content Credentials -> generating platform (issuer + generator).
- IPTC digitalSourceType 'Made with AI' (Meta and others).
- Embedded SD/ComfyUI generation parameters (local pipelines).
- SynthID metadata proxy (Google / OpenAI C2PA companion).
- Visible Gemini sparkle (cv2 fallback for the stripped-metadata case),
promoted only at confidence >= 0.5 (corpus-tuned: Gemini sparkles
score >= 0.56, non-sparkle <= 0.49).
is_ai_generated is True or None, never asserted False -- stripped
metadata leaves no local proof of a clean origin, so absence of signals
is reported as 'unknown' with an explicit caveat. The SynthID *pixel*
watermark remains locally undecodable; the report says so.
Non-PNG containers (JPEG/WebP/AVIF/HEIF/JXL) get the same issuer +
generator attribution via a binary scan (the caBX parser is PNG-only).
The cv2 dependency is isolated in gemini_engine.detect_sparkle_confidence
so identify.py stays type-clean. CLI supports --json and --no-visible.
Validated against the 109-image corpus: 14/14 positives flagged AI,
93/94 negatives clean (the one 'neg' flagged is a Meta image that
genuinely carries the IPTC tag -- correct), zero true errors.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
get_ai_metadata opened the file with PIL unguarded, so a HEIC (or any
format PIL can't open without optional plugins) raised
UnidentifiedImageError instead of falling through to the binary scan --
unlike has_ai_metadata, which already guards. Wrap the open in
except Exception and continue to the C2PA/IPTC path. Regression test
feeds an unopenable .heic shell and asserts no raise.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
On some manifests (observed: Microsoft Designer) the first CBOR "name"
key precedes a binary hash field, not the generator string, so
_cbor_text_after returns control-char garbage. Guard with isprintable()
to drop it; issuer detection (byte-search) and the SynthID verdict are
unaffected. Adds TestParseChunkGuards covering kept-vs-dropped cases.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Detect SynthID-bearing images via their C2PA companion: a manifest signed by a
SynthID-using vendor (Google/OpenAI) on AI-generated content implies an
invisible SynthID pixel watermark. Verified end-to-end against the vendor
oracles (openai.com/verify, Gemini "Verify with SynthID").
- metadata: synthid_source() + synthid_watermark verdict in get_ai_metadata,
surfaced as a `metadata --check` callout. Format-agnostic (PNG caBX parser +
JPEG/WebP/AVIF/HEIF/JXL binary scan).
- constants: SYNTHID_C2PA_ISSUERS {Google, OpenAI}; +opened/placed actions.
- c2pa: single CBOR-aware parser (_cbor_text_after) replaces glitchy regex
(fixes fGPT-4o claim_generator); removed duplicate _scan_png_c2pa_chunk from
metadata; shared synthid_verdict / synthid_vendors_in helpers.
- corpus: scripts/synthid_corpus.py ingest tool + data/synthid_corpus/
(manifest tracked, images gitignored) for a labeled reference set.
- tests: +38 across C2PA parser internals, extract/inject round-trip, ISOBMFF
container stripping, all IPTC AI markers, and invisible watermark strength
tiers (SynthID/StableSignature/TreeRing/StegaStamp/RingID/RivaGAN/...).
Pixel-level SynthID detection remains out of reach locally (Google's decoder is
proprietary); a from-scratch spectral pilot confirmed it does not separate real
content. See CLAUDE.md for the full evaluation.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
SD-1.5 dreamshaper at 768 px did not defeat SynthID v2 on Gemini 3 Pro
outputs (verified May 2026 via Gemini app's "Verify with SynthID"). Switch
the default invisible engine to SDXL at 1024 px, matching the raiw-app
production config (strength 0.05, steps 50). Drop the SD-1.5 pipeline.
Metadata layer: add C2PA UUID and IPTC AI marker byte-scan detection
across all formats, plus an ISOBMFF box walker (noai/isobmff.py) that
strips top-level C2PA uuid and JUMBF jumb boxes from AVIF/HEIF/JPEG-XL
containers without re-encoding.
README gets a Legal table and a Threat-model section about SynthID v2's
136-bit payload. CLAUDE.md tracks the SD-1.5 regression as historical
context.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
Reverse alpha blending applied at the assumed default position painted
a visible inverse-sparkle artifact onto clean or edited images. The
function now returns an unmodified copy when detection fails, instead
of falling back to the hardcoded Gemini corner. Bump to 0.3.5.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.7 (1M context) <noreply@anthropic.com>
- metadata --check now shows claim_generator, c2pa_spec, digital_source_type,
c2pa_actions, signer instead of empty table for C2PA-only files
- reuses existing extract_c2pa_chunk() from noai/c2pa.py — no more duplicate
PNG chunk parsing or full-file reads
- adds data/samples/openai-images-2/amur-leopard.png: real gpt-image-2 output
with C2PA manifest signed by OpenAI OpCo LLC / Trufo CA (spec 2.2.0)
- removes stale data/samples/nano-banana-1/2.png (no longer referenced)
- updates README: new Images 2.0 row in supported models table
- documents known text-degradation limitation in CLAUDE.md
Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
- cli: log metadata strip failures to verbose instead of swallowing
- cli: extract _process_batch_image() from cmd_batch for readability
- cli: reuse module-level SUPPORTED_FORMATS constant in batch command
- metadata: limit C2PA binary scan to first 512KB to prevent OOM
- Remove opencv-python from [gpu] extra (conflicts with headless in base deps)
- Add graceful fallback in 'invisible' and 'all' commands when GPU deps missing
- Cache InvisibleEngine in batch mode (avoid reloading model per image)
- Fix --humanize help text (was '0.0-1.0', actual range is 0-6.0+)
- Fix stale docstring referencing non-existent [invisible] extra
- Add [gpu] extra install instructions to README
- Fix broken NeuralBleach placeholder URL in Credits
- Unify 'all' defaults to match 'invisible' (strength=0.02, steps=100)
- Reorder CLI docs: 'all' command first, individual commands second
- HuggingFace token is now documented as optional
- Remove 'additional setup' label from invisible section
Changes since 0.1.0:
- Fix phantom model param bug in invisible/all commands
- Fix macOS SSL certificate issue for YOLO downloads
- Use temp file in 'all' pipeline to hide intermediate output
- Add legal disclaimer and fix license attribution
- Add troubleshooting and upgrade docs to README
- Expand test suite to 137 tests covering all CLI modes
- Clean up dependencies and pyright config
- Add disclaimer section to README (research/education purposes)
- Remove incorrect Apache-2.0 license claim from ctrlregen docstrings
- Expand Credits with CtrlRegen and NeuralBleach attribution
- Add license info (MIT) for GeminiWatermarkTool and NeuralBleach
- CLI with visible, invisible, all, metadata, and batch commands
- Gemini watermark removal via reverse alpha blending
- Invisible watermark removal via diffusion regeneration (SynthID, TreeRing)
- AI metadata stripping (EXIF, PNG text, C2PA)
- Face protection (YOLO/Haar) and analog humanizer
- 137 tests covering all CLI modes and core engines
- Ruff and Pyright clean
test-user