Victor KuznetsovandClaude Opus 5
c927560614
High-confidence C2PA attribution required signingCredential.trusted, a status code the reader emits only when a trust anchor list is loaded. None ships, so from 0.27.0 through 0.30.0 the branch was unreachable in production for every vendor: an intact, cryptographically bound manifest scored the same medium as a fallback parse that validated nothing, which collapsed the one distinction the official reader exists to draw. A hand-built info dict stamping that code kept the branch green in the suite. Confidence now follows the binding. Signer trust and certificate expiry stay visible as their own dimensions and as caveats, because a trust list that was never configured is a missing input, not a finding against the credential. Every committed provenance fixture with a reader result and an intact binding now reaches high confidence, and test_no_committed_fixture_reports_a_trusted_signer guards the reachability itself rather than a synthesized status set. Revocation joins binding and signature failures as disqualifying. It arrives only on signer_validity, so a check reading the other two returned a confident AI verdict off a credential the issuer had disowned, with an empty integrity_clashes -- quieter than a hash mismatch on the same file. Expiry stays non-disqualifying: it does not imply the signed bytes changed, and a signature genuinely made outside validity already arrives as claimSignature.outsideValidity. The rule now lives in one place. _validation_fields maps status codes to the four dimensions and names the failures that moved one; c2pa_info_has_invalid_credential maps dimensions to disqualified. The ingredient-reachability walk and the user-visible reason both consume that path instead of re-classifying raw codes, so adding this one rule no longer means editing three layers in lockstep. Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 5 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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Supported signals
This page describes the current support boundary. A check mark means that the repository contains a corresponding code path. It does not guarantee detection or removal on every future vendor version.
Visible marks
The visible command registers these mark keys:
| Key | Mark | Expected area | Important limit |
|---|---|---|---|
gemini |
Google Gemini sparkle | Usually bottom right | Detection includes a false positive gate. |
doubao |
豆包AI生成 |
Bottom right | Vendor specific text detector. |
jimeng |
★ 即梦AI |
Bottom right | Vendor specific text detector. |
qwen |
千问AI生成 |
Bottom right | Strict visual gate. |
kling |
可灵AI 3.0 |
Bottom right | Only calibrated variants are covered. |
yuanbao |
元宝 over AI生成 |
Bottom right | Standard two-line variant only. |
samsung |
✦ Contenuti generati dall'AI |
Bottom left | Calibrated for the Italian text variant. |
runninghub |
RunningHub AI生成 |
Top left | Strict visual and position gates. |
baidu |
百度 AI生成 |
Bottom right | Detector and extended removal footprint. |
liblib |
LibLibAI |
Bottom center | Includes a minimum image size gate. |
jimeng_pill |
AI生成 pill |
Top left | Weak detector with additional product and background gates. |
--mark auto evaluates all registered marks and removes every selected match.
Known marks are localized to a mask, then the selected fill backend reconstructs
the masked area.
Marks from other vendors are not detected automatically. Use erase --region
when you can select the affected area yourself.
Visible video marks
| Key | Mark | Motion | Important limit |
|---|---|---|---|
sora |
Sora 2 mascot and wordmark | Moves among frame positions | Requires a temporally recurring visual match; the older Sora Turbo corner swirl is a different unsupported mark. |
veo |
Current four-point diamond and legacy Veo text |
Fixed bottom-right corner | Uses separate silhouettes and requires a recurring match; learned fill is preferable on structured backgrounds. |
seedance |
Boxed AI label |
Fixed bottom-right corner | Requires an anchored recurring match; the full localized box is filled because a thinner synthetic shape mask leaves the real translucent rim behind. |
dola |
Dola AI text |
Fixed bottom-right corner | Requires an anchored recurring match; ByteDance or BytePlus provenance can relax only an existing visual run. |
hailuo |
MINIMAX | hailuo AI composite label |
Fixed lower edge | Uses a synthetic waveform, text, separator, and ring silhouette; the complete recurring label box is filled. A TC260 label naming MiniMax as producer can relax only an existing stable run. |
kling |
Kling swirl, KLING AI, version, and optional PRO suffix |
Fixed bottom-right edge | Combines a synthetic logo rescue with font variants, an edge gate, a white-label gate, and anchored temporal recurrence. |
video identify, video visible, and video all share this registry and the
same temporal arbiter. It is separate from the image registry because selection
is made over a sequence rather than one raster. The default auto mode scans
all six entries in one decode pass and selects the first temporally stable
match in table order; an explicit mark restricts the scan to that row.
Accepted fills are motion-aligned across adjacent frames by default. The prior
fill contributes only where its warped mask covers the current removal mask and
nearby source context agrees. Scene cuts or disjoint marks retain the
independent frame fill.
Fill backends
| Backend | Install | Behavior |
|---|---|---|
cv2 |
remove-ai-watermarks[visible] |
Classical OpenCV inpainting |
migan |
remove-ai-watermarks[migan] |
MI-GAN through ONNX Runtime; practical learned CPU video tier |
lama |
remove-ai-watermarks[lama] |
big-LaMa through ONNX Runtime; offline video quality tier |
auto |
Depends on installed extras | Selects LaMa, then MI-GAN, then OpenCV |
The learned backends download model files on first use.
Metadata and provenance
The inspection and stripping code handles signals in these groups:
- C2PA Content Credentials and supported cloud manifest references;
- EXIF and XMP generator fields;
- exact app-export provenance and AIGC disclosures from supported ByteDance-family products, with product-only provenance excluded from the generated-image verdict;
- IPTC AI disclosure fields;
- PNG text chunks and embedded generation parameters;
- China TC260 AIGC labels in supported image placements and the normative
MP4/MOV
moov.udta.meta.keys/ilst, MKV/WebMSegment.Tags.Tag.SimpleTag, AVILIST/INFO/AIGC, and FLVscript.onMetaData.AIGCplacements; - xAI and Grok EXIF signature fields;
- Samsung AI editing markers;
- Hugging Face job metadata;
- open Stable Diffusion style DWT-DCT watermarks with the
detectextra; - Adobe TrustMark Variant P schemas 0-2 with the
trustmarkextra. Variant Q needs a different model, while schema 3 is deliberately rejected because it produced persistent false positives on unrelated generators.
identify combines detected signals into a ProvenanceReport. It reports
unknown when evidence is absent. It never treats missing metadata as proof that
an image is human made. C2PA presence alone is not a verified identity: the
report distinguishes asset binding, claim signature, signer trust, and signer
validity. High-confidence C2PA attribution requires an intact asset binding and
claim signature; signer trust and certificate expiry are reported as their own
dimensions and as caveats, since no trust anchor list ships to evaluate them.
Fallback claims, which validate nothing, remain medium-confidence, while a failed
binding or signature or a revoked credential contributes no origin verdict.
File and container formats
Pixel based image commands discover these extensions:
- PNG;
- JPEG;
- WebP;
- HEIC and HEIF;
- AVIF.
HEIC, HEIF, and AVIF pixel decoding requires the independent heif extra in
addition to the selected pixel feature. Metadata scanning does not.
Metadata inspection and removal additionally have container paths for:
- JPEG XL metadata;
- MP4, MOV, M4V, and M4A;
- WebM, MKV, MKA, AVI, FLV, MP3, WAV, FLAC, OGG, OGA, Opus, and AAC when ffmpeg is available.
JPEG image metadata stripping removes targeted metadata segments without re-encoding the entropy coded image scan. PNG and WebP removal preserves pixel values through lossless output paths. HEIC, HEIF, AVIF, and other containers use their format specific paths.
Invisible watermarks
The invisible command uses diffusion regeneration. It targets watermark
patterns by changing the image rather than decoding and deleting a known
payload.
Current pipeline values, both CUDA-only:
qwen-zimage, the default;sdxl-zimage, the same recipe and the same face stage on an SDXL global pass.
The controlnet, sdxl, qwen and default values were removed. A retired name
is rejected at parse time rather than remapped onto a surviving profile.
SynthID does not have a public local pixel decoder in this project. The tool
recognizes presence from supported provenance: Google AI C2PA under Google's
all-media watermark policy, and current OpenAI C2PA carrying an explicit
c2pa.watermarked.* action. Legacy OpenAI C2PA without that action does not
assert SynthID. After provenance metadata is removed, a local negative result
is still inconclusive.
Microsoft Paint can name com.microsoft.invismark.1 in a C2PA soft-binding
assertion. Inspection reports both that exact algorithm and its signed value,
which Paint uses as the identifier carried by the pixel watermark, and emits an
additive invismark signal so callers can select pixel removal without parsing
the generic soft_binding detail. Photos uses a parallel local writer path.
Metadata stripping removes only the embedded manifest; invisible and all
guarantee the supported InvisMark removal contract by regenerating the pixel
layer as well. The project has no validated local InvisMark decoder, so local
inspection cannot independently verify the output. Microsoft's official
Content Provenance Detection API
is the external oracle: it reports pixel Watermark and embedded C2PA results
separately; a control-positive, output-negative pair is the available per-file
verification path.
For MP4, MOV, and M4V, video invisible or the explicit
video all --invisible option can regenerate the video through a VAE and strip
source metadata. The shipped profile is oracle-certified, but it is not a local
decoder. A fresh source-positive, output-negative pair from Gemini's built-in
SynthID verifier is an optional per-file audit. A normal Gemini answer may instead
infer from a visible logo or metadata; asking it to reinterpret a completed
verifier result is not a second oracle run.
The optional detect extra is different: it provides a local decoder for the
open DWT-DCT watermark used by some Stable Diffusion, SDXL, and FLUX workflows.
That signal is carrier and transformation sensitive, so a negative is still
not a universal clean verdict.
Provider overview
| Provider or family | Visible | Invisible path | Metadata or provenance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Google Gemini | Sparkle | Diffusion regeneration for SynthID | C2PA and related source signals |
| Google Veo video | Veo diamond and legacy text | Oracle-certified VAE removal for SynthID | C2PA and related source signals |
| OpenAI image generators | None registered | Diffusion regeneration for supported invisible signals | C2PA and generator provenance |
| Microsoft Paint and Photos | None registered | External Microsoft oracle for InvisMark; no validated local decoder | Paint C2PA soft-binding algorithm and identifier |
| Stable Diffusion and SDXL | None registered | Diffusion regeneration; optional open decoder | Embedded parameters and text metadata |
| FLUX | None registered | Diffusion regeneration; optional open decoder | C2PA for supported sources |
| Adobe Firefly | None registered | Optional TrustMark Variant P decoder | C2PA |
| Midjourney | None registered | No registered pixel decoder | EXIF, XMP, and IPTC signals |
| Luma AI | None registered | No registered pixel decoder | PNG text generator tags (Uni-1) |
| ByteDance generators | Doubao and Jimeng marks | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC, supported C2PA, and exact app-export AIGC disclosures |
| Qwen | Qwen mark | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC |
| Kling | Kling image and video marks | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC |
| Hailuo / MiniMax video | Hailuo composite video label | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC where present |
| Baidu | Baidu mark | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC |
| LibLibAI | LibLibAI mark | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC |
| RunningHub | RunningHub mark | No registered pixel decoder | TC260 AIGC |
| Samsung Galaxy AI | One locale specific mark | No registered pixel decoder | C2PA and Samsung markers |
For detector thresholds, measured limits, and incident history, see module internals and known limitations.