III. Checksec/custom/aslr_test.c

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+#include<stdio.h>
+
+int main(){
+    printf("main address : %p\n",&main);
+    printf("printf address : %p\n",&printf);
+    return 0;
+}

III. Checksec/custom/buffer_overflow.c

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+int main() {
+    char buffer[10];
+    strcpy(buffer, "Hello, World!"); // Vulnerable operation
+    printf("You entered: %s\n", buffer);
+    return 0;
+}

III. Checksec/custom/example.m

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#import <Foundation/Foundation.h>
+
+@interface Person : NSObject
+@property NSString *name;
+@end
+
+@implementation Person
+@end
+
+int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
+    @autoreleasepool {
+        // Create a Person object
+        Person *person = [[Person alloc] init];
+        person.name = @"John Doe";
+        
+        // The person object will be automatically managed by ARC
+        NSLog(@"Person's name: %@", person.name);
+    }
+    return 0;
+}

III. Checksec/custom/heap_example.c

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+int main() {
+    // Allocate memory on the heap
+    char *heapMemory = (char *)malloc(100 * sizeof(char));
+
+    if (heapMemory == NULL) {
+        fprintf(stderr, "Memory allocation failed.\n");
+        return 1;
+    }
+
+    printf("Memory allocated. Press Enter to exit.\n");
+
+    // Wait for Enter key press
+    while (getchar() != '\n');
+
+    // Free allocated memory
+    free(heapMemory);
+
+    return 0;
+}
+

III. Checksec/custom/hello.c

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+int main() {
+    printf("Hello, World!\n");
+    return 0;
+}

III. Checksec/mac/SecCode.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+// Source: https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/Security/blob/ef677c3d667a44e1737c1b0245e9ed04d11c51c1/OSX/libsecurity_codesigning/lib/SecCode.cpp#L314C5-L314C5
+/*
+ * Copyright (c) 2006-2015 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_START@
+ *
+ * This file contains Original Code and/or Modifications of Original Code
+ * as defined in and that are subject to the Apple Public Source License
+ * Version 2.0 (the 'License'). You may not use this file except in
+ * compliance with the License. Please obtain a copy of the License at
+ * http://www.opensource.apple.com/apsl/ and read it before using this
+ * file.
+ *
+ * The Original Code and all software distributed under the License are
+ * distributed on an 'AS IS' basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AND APPLE HEREBY DISCLAIMS ALL SUCH WARRANTIES,
+ * INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, QUIET ENJOYMENT OR NON-INFRINGEMENT.
+ * Please see the License for the specific language governing rights and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ *
+ * @APPLE_LICENSE_HEADER_END@
+ */
+
+//
+// SecCode - API frame for SecCode objects.
+//
+// Note that some SecCode* functions take SecStaticCodeRef arguments in order to
+// accept either static or dynamic code references, operating on the respective
+// StaticCode. Those functions are in SecStaticCode.cpp, not here, despite their name.
+//
+#include "cs.h"
+#include "Code.h"
+#include "cskernel.h"
+#include <security_utilities/cfmunge.h>
+#include <security_utilities/logging.h>
+#include <xpc/private.h>
+
+using namespace CodeSigning;
+
+
+//
+// CFError user info keys
+//
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorArchitecture =		CFSTR("SecCSArchitecture");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorPattern =			CFSTR("SecCSPattern");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceSeal =		CFSTR("SecCSResourceSeal");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceAdded =		CFSTR("SecCSResourceAdded");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceAltered =	CFSTR("SecCSResourceAltered");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceMissing =	CFSTR("SecCSResourceMissing");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceSideband =	CFSTR("SecCSResourceHasSidebandData");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorResourceRecursive =	CFSTR("SecCSResourceRecursive");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorInfoPlist =			CFSTR("SecCSInfoPlist");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorGuestAttributes =	CFSTR("SecCSGuestAttributes");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorRequirementSyntax = CFSTR("SecRequirementSyntax");
+const CFStringRef kSecCFErrorPath =				CFSTR("SecComponentPath");
+
+
+//
+// CF-standard type code functions
+//
+CFTypeID SecCodeGetTypeID(void)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+	return gCFObjects().Code.typeID;
+    END_CSAPI1(_kCFRuntimeNotATypeID)
+}
+
+
+//
+// Get a reference to the calling code.
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCopySelf(SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeRef *selfRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	CFRef<CFMutableDictionaryRef> attributes = makeCFMutableDictionary(1,
+		kSecGuestAttributePid, CFTempNumber(getpid()).get());
+	CodeSigning::Required(selfRef) = SecCode::autoLocateGuest(attributes, flags)->handle(false);
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Get the dynamic status of a code.
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeGetStatus(SecCodeRef codeRef, SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeStatus *status)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	CodeSigning::Required(status) = SecCode::required(codeRef)->status();
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Change the dynamic status of a code
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeSetStatus(SecCodeRef codeRef, SecCodeStatusOperation operation,
+	CFDictionaryRef arguments, SecCSFlags flags)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	SecCode::required(codeRef)->status(operation, arguments);
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Get the StaticCode for an Code
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCopyStaticCode(SecCodeRef codeRef, SecCSFlags flags, SecStaticCodeRef *staticCodeRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags, kSecCSUseAllArchitectures);
+	SecPointer<SecStaticCode> staticCode = SecCode::required(codeRef)->staticCode();
+	if (flags & kSecCSUseAllArchitectures)
+		if (Universal* macho = staticCode->diskRep()->mainExecutableImage())	// Mach-O main executable
+			if (macho->narrowed()) {
+				// create a new StaticCode comprising the whole fat file
+				RefPointer<DiskRep> rep = DiskRep::bestGuess(staticCode->diskRep()->mainExecutablePath());
+				staticCode = new SecStaticCode(rep);
+			}
+	CodeSigning::Required(staticCodeRef) = staticCode ? staticCode->handle() : NULL;
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Get the host for an Code
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCopyHost(SecCodeRef guestRef, SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeRef *hostRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	SecPointer<SecCode> host = SecCode::required(guestRef)->host();
+	CodeSigning::Required(hostRef) = host ? host->handle() : NULL;
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Find a guest by attribute(s)
+//
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeCanonical =		CFSTR("canonical");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeHash =			CFSTR("codedirectory-hash");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeMachPort =		CFSTR("mach-port");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributePid =			CFSTR("pid");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeAudit =			CFSTR("audit");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeDynamicCode =	CFSTR("dynamicCode");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeDynamicCodeInfoPlist = CFSTR("dynamicCodeInfoPlist");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeArchitecture =	CFSTR("architecture");
+const CFStringRef kSecGuestAttributeSubarchitecture = CFSTR("subarchitecture");
+
+#if TARGET_OS_OSX
+OSStatus SecCodeCopyGuestWithAttributes(SecCodeRef hostRef,
+	CFDictionaryRef attributes,	SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeRef *guestRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	if (hostRef) {
+		if (SecCode *guest = SecCode::required(hostRef)->locateGuest(attributes))
+			CodeSigning::Required(guestRef) = guest->handle(false);
+		else
+			return errSecCSNoSuchCode;
+	} else
+		CodeSigning::Required(guestRef) = SecCode::autoLocateGuest(attributes, flags)->handle(false);
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+
+//
+// Deprecated since 10.6, DO NOT USE. This can be raced.
+// Use SecCodeCreateWithAuditToken instead.
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCreateWithPID(pid_t pid, SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeRef *processRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	if (SecCode *guest = KernelCode::active()->locateGuest(CFTemp<CFDictionaryRef>("{%O=%d}", kSecGuestAttributePid, pid)))
+		CodeSigning::Required(processRef) = guest->handle(false);
+	else
+		return errSecCSNoSuchCode;
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+//
+// Shorthand for getting the SecCodeRef for a UNIX process
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCreateWithAuditToken(const audit_token_t *audit,
+									 SecCSFlags flags, SecCodeRef *processRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+	
+	checkFlags(flags);
+	CFRef<CFDataRef> auditData = makeCFData(audit, sizeof(audit_token_t));
+	if (SecCode *guest = KernelCode::active()->locateGuest(CFTemp<CFDictionaryRef>("{%O=%O}", kSecGuestAttributeAudit, auditData.get()))) {
+		CodeSigning::Required(processRef) = guest->handle(false);
+	} else {
+		return errSecCSNoSuchCode;
+	}
+	
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+OSStatus SecCodeCreateWithXPCMessage(xpc_object_t message, SecCSFlags flags,
+									 SecCodeRef * __nonnull CF_RETURNS_RETAINED target)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags);
+
+	if (xpc_get_type(message) != XPC_TYPE_DICTIONARY) {
+		return errSecCSInvalidObjectRef;
+	}
+	
+	xpc_connection_t connection = xpc_dictionary_get_remote_connection(message);
+	if (connection == NULL) {
+		return errSecCSInvalidObjectRef;
+	}
+
+	audit_token_t t = {0};
+	xpc_connection_get_audit_token(connection, &t);
+
+	return SecCodeCreateWithAuditToken(&t, flags, target);
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}
+
+#endif // TARGET_OS_OSX
+
+
+//
+// Check validity of an Code
+//
+OSStatus SecCodeCheckValidity(SecCodeRef codeRef, SecCSFlags flags,
+	SecRequirementRef requirementRef)
+{
+	return SecCodeCheckValidityWithErrors(codeRef, flags, requirementRef, NULL);
+}
+
+OSStatus SecCodeCheckValidityWithErrors(SecCodeRef codeRef, SecCSFlags flags,
+	SecRequirementRef requirementRef, CFErrorRef *errors)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags,
+		  kSecCSConsiderExpiration
+		| kSecCSStrictValidate
+		| kSecCSStrictValidateStructure
+		| kSecCSRestrictSidebandData
+		| kSecCSEnforceRevocationChecks
+		| kSecCSAllowNetworkAccess
+		| kSecCSNoNetworkAccess
+	);
+	SecPointer<SecCode> code = SecCode::required(codeRef);
+	code->checkValidity(flags);
+	if (const SecRequirement *req = SecRequirement::optional(requirementRef))
+		code->staticCode()->validateRequirement(req->requirement(), errSecCSReqFailed);
+
+	END_CSAPI_ERRORS
+}
+
+
+//
+// Collect suitably laundered information about the code signature of a SecStaticCode
+// and return it as a CFDictionary.
+//
+// This API contracts to return a few pieces of information even for unsigned
+// code. This means that a SecStaticCodeRef is usable as a basic indentifier
+// (i.e. handle) for any code out there.
+//
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCertificates =	CFSTR("certificates");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoChangedFiles =	CFSTR("changed-files");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCMS =				CFSTR("cms");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDesignatedRequirement = CFSTR("designated-requirement");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoEntitlements =	CFSTR("entitlements");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoEntitlementsDict =	CFSTR("entitlements-dict");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoFlags =			CFSTR("flags");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoFormat =			CFSTR("format");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDigestAlgorithm =	CFSTR("digest-algorithm");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDigestAlgorithms = CFSTR("digest-algorithms");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoPlatformIdentifier = CFSTR("platform-identifier");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoIdentifier =		CFSTR("identifier");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoImplicitDesignatedRequirement = CFSTR("implicit-requirement");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDefaultDesignatedLightweightCodeRequirement = CFSTR("default-designated-lwcr");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoMainExecutable =	CFSTR("main-executable");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoPList =			CFSTR("info-plist");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoRequirements =	CFSTR("requirements");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoRequirementData =	CFSTR("requirement-data");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoSource =			CFSTR("source");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoStatus =			CFSTR("status");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoTeamIdentifier =  CFSTR("teamid");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoTime =			CFSTR("signing-time");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoTimestamp =		CFSTR("signing-timestamp");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoTrust =			CFSTR("trust");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoUnique =			CFSTR("unique");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCdHashes =        CFSTR("cdhashes");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCdHashesFull =	CFSTR("cdhashes-full");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoRuntimeVersion = 	CFSTR("runtime-version");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoStapledNotarizationTicket = CFSTR("stapled-ticket");
+
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCodeDirectory =	CFSTR("CodeDirectory");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCodeOffset =		CFSTR("CodeOffset");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDiskRepInfo =     CFSTR("DiskRepInfo");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoEntitlementsDER =	CFSTR("entitlements-DER");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoResourceDirectory = CFSTR("ResourceDirectory");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoNotarizationDate = CFSTR("NotarizationDate");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCMSDigestHashType = CFSTR("CMSDigestHashType");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoCMSDigest =        CFSTR("CMSDigest");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoSignatureVersion = CFSTR("SignatureVersion");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoLaunchConstraintsSelf = CFSTR("LaunchConstraints-self");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoLaunchConstraintsParent = CFSTR("LaunchConstraints-parent");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoLaunchConstraintsResponsible = CFSTR("LaunchConstraints-responsible");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoLibraryConstraints = CFSTR("LibraryConstraints");
+
+/* DiskInfoRepInfo types */
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDiskRepVersionPlatform =	 	CFSTR("VersionPlatform");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDiskRepVersionMin =        	CFSTR("VersionMin");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDiskRepVersionSDK =        	CFSTR("VersionSDK");
+const CFStringRef kSecCodeInfoDiskRepNoLibraryValidation = 	CFSTR("NoLibraryValidation");
+
+
+OSStatus SecCodeCopySigningInformation(SecStaticCodeRef codeRef, SecCSFlags flags,
+	CFDictionaryRef *infoRef)
+{
+	BEGIN_CSAPI
+
+	checkFlags(flags,
+		  kSecCSInternalInformation
+		| kSecCSSigningInformation
+		| kSecCSRequirementInformation
+		| kSecCSDynamicInformation
+		| kSecCSContentInformation
+		| kSecCSSkipResourceDirectory
+		| kSecCSCalculateCMSDigest);
+
+	SecPointer<SecStaticCode> code = SecStaticCode::requiredStatic(codeRef);
+	CFRef<CFDictionaryRef> info = code->signingInformation(flags);
+
+	if (flags & kSecCSDynamicInformation)
+		if (SecPointer<SecCode> dcode = SecStaticCode::optionalDynamic(codeRef))
+			info.take(cfmake<CFDictionaryRef>("{+%O,%O=%u}", info.get(), kSecCodeInfoStatus, dcode->status()));
+
+	CodeSigning::Required(infoRef) = info.yield();
+
+	END_CSAPI
+}

III. Checksec/python/CrimsonUroboros.py

@@ -0,0 +1,720 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import lief
+import uuid
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+import os
+import sys
+import mmap
+import plistlib
+import json
+
+'''*** REMAINDER ***
+Change initialization in MachOProcessoer -> process -> try block.
+Always initialize the latest Snake class:
+
+snake_instance = SnakeII(binaries)
+'''
+### --- I. MACH-O --- ###
+class MachOProcessor:
+    def __init__(self, file_path):
+        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeI: Mach-O part.'''
+        self.file_path = file_path
+    
+    def parseFatBinary(self):
+        return lief.MachO.parse(self.file_path)
+    
+    def process(self):
+        '''Executes the code for the SnakeI: Mach-O. *** '''
+        if not os.path.exists(self.file_path): # Check if file_path specified in the --path argument exists.
+            print(f'The file {self.file_path} does not exist.')
+            exit()
+        
+        try: # Check if the file has a valid Mach-O format
+            global binaries # It must be global, becuase after the class is destructed, the snake_instance would point to invalid memory ("binary" is dependant on "binaries").
+            binaries = self.parseFatBinary()
+            if binaries == None:
+                exit() # Exit if not
+
+            global snake_instance # Must be globall for further processors classes.
+            snake_instance = SnakeIII(binaries) # Initialize the latest Snake class
+                
+            if args.file_type: # Print binary file type
+                print(f'File type: {snake_instance.getFileType()}')
+            if args.header_flags: # Print binary header flags
+                header_flag_list = snake_instance.getHeaderFlags()
+                print("Header flags:", " ".join(header_flag.name for header_flag in header_flag_list))
+            if args.endian: # Print binary endianess
+                print(f'Endianess: {snake_instance.getEndianess()}')
+            if args.header: # Print binary header
+                print(snake_instance.getBinaryHeader())
+            if args.load_commands: # Print binary load commands
+                load_commands_list = snake_instance.getLoadCommands()
+                print("Load Commands:", " ".join(load_command.command.name for load_command in load_commands_list))
+            if args.segments: # Print binary segments in human friendly form
+                for segment in snake_instance.getSegments():
+                    print(segment)
+            if args.sections: # Print binary sections in human friendly form
+                for section in snake_instance.getSections():
+                    print(section)
+            if args.symbols: # Print symbols
+                for symbol in snake_instance.getSymbols():
+                    print(symbol.name)
+            if args.chained_fixups: # Print Chained Fixups information
+                print(snake_instance.getChainedFixups())
+            if args.exports_trie: # Print Exports Trie information 
+                print(snake_instance.getExportTrie())    
+            if args.uuid: # Print UUID
+                print(f'UUID: {snake_instance.getUUID()}')
+            if args.main: # Print entry point and stack size
+                print(f'Entry point: {hex(snake_instance.getMain().entrypoint)}')
+                print(f'Stack size: {hex(snake_instance.getMain().stack_size)}')
+            if args.encryption_info is not None: # Print encryption info and save encrypted data if path is specified
+                if snake_instance.binary.has_encryption_info:
+                    crypt_id, crypt_offset, crypt_size = snake_instance.getEncryptionInfo()
+                    print(f"cryptid: {crypt_id}")
+                    print(f"cryptoffset: {hex(crypt_offset)}")
+                    print(f"cryptsize: {hex(crypt_size)}")
+                    save_path = args.encryption_info
+                    if save_path and save_path.strip():
+                        snake_instance.saveEcryptedData(save_path.strip())
+                else:
+                    print(f"{os.path.basename(file_path)} binary does not have encryption info.")
+            if args.strings_section: # Print strings from __cstring section
+                print('Strings from __cstring section:')
+                print('-------------------------------')
+                for string in (snake_instance.getStringSection()):
+                    print(string)
+            if args.all_strings: # Print strings from all sections.
+                print(snake_instance.findAllStringsInBinary())
+            if args.save_strings: # Parse all sections, detect strings and save them to a file
+                extracted_strings = snake_instance.findAllStringsInBinary()
+                with open(args.save_strings, 'a') as f:
+                    for s in extracted_strings:
+                        f.write(s)
+            if args.info: # Print all info about the binary
+                print('\n<=== HEADER ===>')
+                print(snake_instance.getBinaryHeader())
+                print('\n<=== LOAD COMMANDS ===>')
+                for lcd in snake_instance.getLoadCommands():
+                    print(lcd)
+                    print("="*50)
+                print('\n<=== SEGMENTS ===>')
+                for segment in snake_instance.getSegments():
+                    print(segment)
+                print('\n<=== SECTIONS ===>')
+                for section in snake_instance.getSections():
+                    print(section)
+                print('\n<=== SYMBOLS  ===>')
+                for symbol in snake_instance.getSymbols():
+                    print(symbol.name)
+                print('\n<=== STRINGS ===>')
+                print('Strings from __cstring section:')
+                print('-------------------------------')
+                for string in (snake_instance.getStringSection()):
+                    print(string)
+                if snake_instance.binary.has_encryption_info:
+                    print('\n<=== ENCRYPTION INFO ===>')
+                    crypt_id, crypt_offset, crypt_size = snake_instance.getEncryptionInfo()
+                    print(f"cryptid: {crypt_id}")
+                    print(f"cryptoffset: {hex(crypt_offset)}")
+                    print(f"cryptsize: {hex(crypt_size)}")
+                print('\n<=== UUID ===>')
+                print(f'{snake_instance.getUUID()}')
+                print('\n<=== ENDIANESS ===>')
+                print(snake_instance.getEndianess())
+                print('\n<=== ENTRYPOINT ===>')
+                print(f'{hex(snake_instance.getMain().entrypoint)}')
+        except Exception as e: # Handling any unexpected errors
+            print(f"An error occurred during Mach-O processing: {e}")
+            exit()
+class SnakeI:
+    def __init__(self, binaries):
+        '''When initiated, the program parses a Universal binary (binaries parameter) and extracts the ARM64 Mach-O. If the file is not in a universal format but is a valid ARM64 Mach-O, it is taken as a binary parameter during initialization.'''
+        self.binary = self.parseFatBinary(binaries)
+        self.fat_offset = self.binary.fat_offset # For various calculations, if ARM64 Mach-O extracted from Universal Binary 
+        self.prot_map = {
+        0: '---',
+        1: 'r--',
+        2: '-w-',
+        3: 'rw-',
+        4: '--x',
+        5: 'r-x',
+        6: '-wx',
+        7: 'rwx'
+        }
+        self.segment_flags_map = {
+        0x1: 'SG_HIGHVM',
+        0x2: 'SG_FVMLIB',
+        0x4: 'SG_NORELOC',
+        0x8: 'SG_PROTECTED_VERSION_1',
+        0x10: 'SG_READ_ONLY',
+        }
+    
+    def mapProtection(self, numeric_protection):
+        '''Maps numeric protection to its string representation.'''
+        return self.prot_map.get(numeric_protection, 'Unknown')
+    
+    def getSegmentFlags(self, flags):
+        '''Maps numeric segment flags to its string representation.'''
+        return self.segment_flags_map.get(flags, '')
+        #return " ".join(activated_flags)
+        
+    def parseFatBinary(self, binaries):
+        '''Parse Mach-O file, whether compiled for multiple architectures or just for a single one. It returns the ARM64 binary if it exists. If not, it exits the program.'''
+        for binary in binaries:
+            if binary.header.cpu_type == lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64:
+                arm64_bin = binary
+        if arm64_bin == None:
+            print('The specified Mach-O file is not in ARM64 architecture.')
+            exit()
+        return arm64_bin
+
+    def getFileType(self):
+        """Extract and return the file type from a binary object's header."""
+        return self.binary.header.file_type.name
+
+    def getHeaderFlags(self):
+        '''Return binary header flags.'''
+        return self.binary.header.flags_list
+
+    def getEndianess(self):
+        '''Check the endianness of a binary based on the system and binary's magic number.'''
+        magic = self.binary.header.magic.name
+        endianness = sys.byteorder
+        if endianness == 'little' and (magic == 'MAGIC_64' or magic == 'MAGIC' or magic == 'FAT_MAGIC'):
+            return 'little'
+        else:
+            return 'big'
+    
+    def getBinaryHeader(self):
+        '''https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#header'''
+        return self.binary.header
+
+    def getLoadCommands(self):
+        '''https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#loadcommand'''
+        return self.binary.commands
+
+    def getSegments(self):
+        '''Extract segmenents from binary and return a human readable string: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#lief.MachO.SegmentCommand'''
+        segment_info = []
+        for segment in self.binary.segments:
+            name = segment.name
+            va_start = '0x' + format(segment.virtual_address, '016x')
+            va_end = '0x' + format(int(va_start, 16) + segment.virtual_size, '016x')
+            file_start = hex(segment.file_size + self.fat_offset)
+            file_end = hex(int(file_start, 16) + segment.file_size)
+            init_prot = self.mapProtection(segment.init_protection)
+            max_prot = self.mapProtection(segment.max_protection)            
+            flags = self.getSegmentFlags(segment.flags)
+            if flags != '':
+                segment_info.append(f'{name.ljust(16)}{init_prot}/{max_prot.ljust(8)} VM: {va_start}-{va_end.ljust(24)} FILE: {file_start}-{file_end} ({flags})')
+            else:
+                segment_info.append(f'{name.ljust(16)}{init_prot}/{max_prot.ljust(8)} VM: {va_start}-{va_end.ljust(24)} FILE: {file_start}-{file_end}')                
+        return segment_info
+
+    def getSections(self):
+        '''Extract sections from binary and return in human readable format: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#lief.MachO.Section'''
+        sections_info = []
+        sections_info.append("SEGMENT".ljust(14) + "SECTION".ljust(20) + "TYPE".ljust(28) + "VIRTUAL MEMORY".ljust(32) + "FILE".ljust(26) + "FLAGS".ljust(40))
+        sections_info.append(len(sections_info[0])*"=")
+        for section in self.binary.sections:
+            segment_name = section.segment_name
+            section_name = section.fullname
+            section_type = section.type.name
+            section_va_start = hex(section.virtual_address)
+            section_va_end = hex(section.virtual_address + section.offset)
+            section_size_start = hex(section.offset + self.fat_offset)
+            section_size_end = hex(section.size + section.offset + self.fat_offset)
+            section_flags_list = section.flags_list
+            flags_strings = [flag.name for flag in section_flags_list]
+            flags = " ".join(flags_strings)
+            sections_info.append((f'{segment_name.ljust(14)}{section_name.ljust(20)}{section_type.ljust(28)}{section_va_start}-{section_va_end.ljust(20)}{section_size_start}-{section_size_end}\t\t({flags})'))
+        return sections_info
+
+    def getSymbols(self):
+        '''Get all symbols from the binary (LC_SYMTAB, Chained Fixups, Exports Trie): https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#symbol'''
+        return self.binary.symbols
+
+    def getChainedFixups(self):
+        '''Return Chained Fixups information: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/latest/api/python/macho.html#chained-binding-info'''
+        return self.binary.dyld_chained_fixups
+        
+    def getExportTrie(self):
+        '''Return Export Trie information: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/latest/api/python/macho.html#dyldexportstrie-command'''
+        try:
+            return self.binary.dyld_exports_trie.show_export_trie()
+        except:
+            return "NO EXPORT TRIE"
+
+    def getUUID(self):
+        '''Return UUID as string and in UUID format: https://lief-project.github.io/doc/stable/api/python/macho.html#uuidcommand'''
+        for cmd in self.binary.commands:
+            if isinstance(cmd, lief.MachO.UUIDCommand):
+                uuid_bytes = cmd.uuid
+                break
+        uuid_string = str(uuid.UUID(bytes=bytes(uuid_bytes)))
+        return uuid_string
+
+    def getMain(self):
+        '''Determine the entry point of an executable.'''
+        return self.binary.main_command
+    
+    def getStringSection(self):
+        '''Return strings from the __cstring (string table).'''
+        extracted_strings = set()
+        for section in self.binary.sections:
+            if section.type == lief.MachO.SECTION_TYPES.CSTRING_LITERALS:
+                extracted_strings.update(section.content.tobytes().split(b'\x00'))
+        return extracted_strings
+
+    def findAllStringsInBinary(self):
+        '''Check every binary section to find strings.'''
+        extracted_strings = ""
+        byte_set = set()
+        for section in self.binary.sections:
+            byte_set.update(section.content.tobytes().split(b'\x00'))
+        for byte_item in byte_set:
+            try:
+                decoded_string = byte_item.decode('utf-8')
+                extracted_strings += decoded_string + "\n"
+            except UnicodeDecodeError:
+                pass
+        return extracted_strings
+    
+    def getEncryptionInfo(self):
+        '''Return information regardles to LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO(_64).'''
+        if self.binary.has_encryption_info:
+            crypt_id = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_id
+            crypt_offset = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_offset
+            crypt_size = self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_size
+            return crypt_id, crypt_offset, crypt_size
+    
+    def extractBytesAtOffset(self, offset, size):
+        '''Extract bytes at a given offset and of a specified size in a binary file (takes into account Fat Binary slide)'''
+        # Open the binary file in binary mode
+        with open(file_path, "rb") as file:
+            # Check if the specified offset and size are within bounds
+            file_size = os.path.getsize(file_path)
+            offset += self.fat_offset # Add the fat_offset in case of the Fat Binary (ARM binary data is most of the time after x86_64 binary data)
+            #print(hex(offset) + hex(size))
+            if offset + size > file_size:
+                raise ValueError("Offset and size exceed the binary file's length.")
+            # Seek to the offset considering the fat_offset
+            file.seek(offset)
+            # Read the specified size of bytes
+            extracted_bytes = file.read(size)
+        return extracted_bytes
+    
+    def saveEcryptedData(self,output_path):
+        _, cryptoff, cryptsize = self.getEncryptionInfo()
+        self.saveBytesToFile(self.extractBytesAtOffset(cryptoff, cryptsize), output_path)
+### --- II. CODE SIGNING --- ### 
+class CodeSigningProcessor:
+    def __init__(self):
+        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeII: Code Signing.'''
+        pass
+
+    def process(self):
+        try:
+            if args.verify_signature: # Verify if Code Signature match the binary content ()
+                if snake_instance.isSigValid(file_path):
+                    print("Valid Code Signature (matches the content)")
+                else:
+                    print("Invalid Code Signature (does not match the content)")
+            if args.cd_info: # Print Code Signature information
+                print(snake_instance.getCodeSignature(file_path).decode('utf-8'))
+            if args.cd_requirements: # Print Requirements.
+                print(snake_instance.getCodeSignatureRequirements(file_path).decode('utf-8'))
+            if args.entitlements: # Print Entitlements.
+                print(snake_instance.getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(file_path,args.entitlements))
+            if args.extract_cms: # Extract the CMS Signature and save it to a given file.
+                cms_signature = snake_instance.extractCMS()
+                snake_instance.saveBytesToFile(cms_signature, args.extract_cms)
+            if args.extract_certificates: # Extract Certificates and save them to a given file.
+                snake_instance.extractCertificatesFromCodeSignature(args.extract_certificates)
+            if args.remove_sig: # Save a new file on a disk with the removed signature:
+                snake_instance.removeCodeSignature(args.remove_sig)
+            if args.sign_binary: # Sign the given binary using specified identity:
+                snake_instance.signBinary(args.sign_binary)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"An error occurred during Code Signing processing: {e}") 
+class SnakeII(SnakeI):
+    def __init__(self, binaries):
+        super().__init__(binaries)
+        self.magic_bytes = (0xFADE0B01).to_bytes(4, byteorder='big')  # CMS Signature Blob magic bytes, as Code Signature as a whole is in network byte order(big endian).
+
+    def isSigValid(self, file_path):
+        '''Checks if the Code Signature is valid (if the contents of the binary have been modified.)'''
+        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-v", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        if result.stderr == b'':
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def getCodeSignature(self, file_path):
+        '''Returns information about the Code Signature.'''
+        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "-vvvvvv", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        return result.stderr
+
+    def getCodeSignatureRequirements(self, file_path):
+        '''Returns information about the Code Signature Requirements.'''
+        result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "-r", "-", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        return result.stdout
+
+    def getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(self, file_path, format=None):
+        '''Returns information about the Entitlements for Code Signature.'''
+        if format == 'human' or format == None:
+            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", file_path], capture_output=True)
+            return result.stdout.decode('utf-8')
+        elif format == 'xml':
+            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", "--xml", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        elif format == 'der':
+            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", "--entitlements", "-", "--der", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        return result.stdout
+
+    def extractCMS(self):
+        '''Find the offset of magic bytes in a binary using LIEF.'''
+        cs = self.binary.code_signature
+        cs_content = bytes(cs.content)
+        offset = cs_content.find(self.magic_bytes)
+        cms_len_in_bytes = cs_content[offset + 4:offset + 8]
+        cms_len_in_int = int.from_bytes(cms_len_in_bytes, byteorder='big')
+        cms_signature = cs_content[offset + 8:offset + 8 + cms_len_in_int]
+        return cms_signature
+
+    def saveBytesToFile(self, data, filename):
+        '''Save bytes to a file.'''
+        with open(filename, 'wb') as file:
+            file.write(data)
+
+    def extractCertificatesFromCodeSignature(self, cert_name):
+        '''Extracts certificates from the CMS Signature and saves them to a file with _0, _1, _2 indexes at the end of the file names.'''
+        subprocess.run(["codesign", "-d", f"--extract-certificates={cert_name}_", file_path], capture_output=True)
+
+    def removeCodeSignature(self, new_name):
+        '''Save new file on a disk with removed signature.'''
+        self.binary.remove_signature()
+        self.binary.write(new_name)
+
+    def signBinary(self,security_identity=None):
+        '''Sign binary using pseudo identity (adhoc) or specified identity.'''
+        if security_identity == 'adhoc' or security_identity == None:
+            result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", "-", "-f", file_path], capture_output=True)
+            return result.stdout.decode('utf-8')
+        else:
+            try:
+                result = subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", security_identity, "-f", file_path], capture_output=True)
+            except Exception as e:
+                print(f"An error occurred during Code Signing using {security_identity}\n {e}")
+### --- III. CHECKSEC --- ### 
+class ChecksecProcessor:
+    def __init__(self):
+        '''This class contains part of the code from the main() for the SnakeIII: Checksec.'''
+        pass
+
+    def process(self):
+        try:
+            if args.has_pie: # Check if PIE is set in the header flags
+                print("PIE: " + str(snake_instance.hasPIE()))
+            if args.has_arc: # Check if ARC is in use
+                print("ARC: " + str(snake_instance.hasARC()))
+            if args.is_stripped: # Check if binary is stripped
+                print("STRIPPED: " + str(snake_instance.isStripped()))
+            if args.has_canary: # Check if binary has stack canary
+                print("CANARY: " + str(snake_instance.hasCanary()))
+            if args.has_nx_stack: # Check if binary has non executable stack
+                print("NX STACK: " + str(snake_instance.hasNXstack()))
+            if args.has_nx_heap: # Check if binary has non executable heap
+                print("NX HEAP: " + str(snake_instance.hasNXheap()))
+            if args.has_xn: # Check if binary is protected by eXecute Never functionality
+                print(f"eXecute Never: {str(snake_instance.hasXN())}")
+            if args.is_notarized: # Check if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification
+                print("NOTARIZED: " + str(snake_instance.isNotarized(file_path)))
+            if args.is_encrypted: # Check if the application has encrypted data
+                print("ENCRYPTED: " + str(snake_instance.isEncrypted()))
+            if args.has_restrict: # Check if the application has encrypted data
+                print("RESTRICTED: " + str(snake_instance.hasRestrictSegment()))
+            if args.is_hr: # Check if Hardened Runtime is in use   
+                print("HARDENED: " + str(snake_instance.hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(file_path)))
+            if args.is_as: # Check if App Sandbox is in use
+                print("APP SANDBOX: " + str(snake_instance.hasAppSandbox()))
+            if args.is_fort: # Check if binary is fortified
+                fortified_symbols = snake_instance.getForifiedSymbols()
+                print("FORTIFIED: " + str(snake_instance.isFortified(fortified_symbols)))   
+            if args.has_rpath: # Check if binary has @rpaths
+                print("RPATH: " + str(snake_instance.hasRpath()))                
+            if args.checksec: # Run all checks from above and present it in a table
+                print("<==== CHECKSEC ======")
+                print("PIE: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasPIE()))
+                print("ARC: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasARC()))
+                print("STRIPPED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isStripped()))
+                print("CANARY: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasCanary()))
+                print("NX STACK: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasNXstack()))
+                print("NX HEAP: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasNXheap()))
+                print("XN:".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasXN()))
+                print("NOTARIZED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isNotarized(file_path)))
+                print("ENCRYPTED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isEncrypted()))
+                print("RESTRICTED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasRestrictSegment()))
+                print("HARDENED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(file_path)))
+                print("APP SANDBOX: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasAppSandbox()))
+                fortified_symbols = snake_instance.getForifiedSymbols()
+                print("FORTIFIED: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.isFortified(fortified_symbols)))
+                print("RPATH: ".ljust(16) + str(snake_instance.hasRpath()))
+                print("=====================>")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"An error occurred during Checksec processing: {e}")
+class SnakeIII(SnakeII):
+    def __init__(self, binaries):
+        super().__init__(binaries)
+
+    def hasPIE(self):
+        '''Check if MH_PIE (0x00200000) is set in the header flags.'''
+        return self.binary.is_pie
+
+    def hasARC(self):
+        '''Check if the _objc_release symbol is imported.'''
+        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
+            if symbol.name.lower().strip() == '_objc_release':
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def isStripped(self):
+        '''Check if binary is stripped.'''
+        filter_symbols = ['radr://5614542', '__mh_execute_header']
+
+        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
+            symbol_type = symbol.type
+            symbol_name = symbol.name.lower().strip()
+
+            is_symbol_stripped = (symbol_type & 0xe0 > 0) or (symbol_type in [0x0e, 0x1e, 0x0f])
+            is_filtered = symbol_name not in filter_symbols
+
+            if is_symbol_stripped and is_filtered:
+                return False
+        return True
+
+    def hasCanary(self):
+        '''Check whether in the binary there are symbols: ___stack_chk_fail and ___stack_chk_guard.'''
+        canary_symbols = ['___stack_chk_fail', '___stack_chk_guard']
+        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
+            if symbol.name.lower().strip() in canary_symbols:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def hasNXstack(self):
+        '''Check if MH_ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION (0x00020000 ) is not set in the header flags.'''
+        return not bool(self.binary.header.flags & lief.MachO.HEADER_FLAGS.ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION.value)
+
+    def hasNXheap(self):
+        '''Check if MH_NO_HEAP_EXECUTION (0x01000000 ) is set in the header flags.'''
+        return bool(self.binary.header.flags & lief.MachO.HEADER_FLAGS.NO_HEAP_EXECUTION.value)
+
+    def isXNos():
+        '''Check if the OS is running on the ARM architecture.'''
+        system_info = os.uname()
+        if "arm" in system_info.machine.lower():
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    def checkXNmap():
+        '''If XN is ON, you will not be able to map memory page that has W&X at the same time, so to check it, you can create such page.'''
+        try:
+            mmap.mmap(-1,4096, prot=mmap.PROT_READ | mmap.PROT_WRITE | mmap.PROT_EXEC)
+        except mmap.error as e:
+            #print(f"Failed to create W&X memory map - eXecute Never is supported on this machine. \n {str(e)}")
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    def convertXMLEntitlementsToDict(self, entitlements_xml):
+        '''Takes the Entitlements in XML format from getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature() method and convert them to a dictionary.'''
+        return plistlib.loads(entitlements_xml)
+    
+    def convertDictEntitlementsToJson(self,entitlements_dict):
+        '''Takes the Entitlements in dictionary format from convertXMLEntitlementsToDict() method and convert them to a JSON with indent 4.'''
+        return json.dumps(entitlements_dict, indent=4)
+    
+    def checkIfEntitlementIsUsed(self, entitlement_name, entitlement_value):
+        '''Check if the given entitlement exists and has the specified value.'''
+        try:
+            entitlements_xml = self.getEntitlementsFromCodeSignature(file_path, 'xml')
+            if entitlements_xml == b'': # Return False if there are no entitlements
+                return False
+            entitlements_dict = self.convertXMLEntitlementsToDict(entitlements_xml)
+            # Convert the entire parsed data to lowercase for case-insensitive comparison
+            parsed_data = {key.lower(): value for key, value in entitlements_dict.items()}
+            # Convert entitlement name and value to lowercase for case-insensitive and type-insensitive comparison
+            entitlement_name_lower = entitlement_name.lower()
+            entitlement_value_lower = str(entitlement_value).lower()
+
+            if entitlement_name_lower in parsed_data and str(parsed_data[entitlement_name_lower]).lower() == entitlement_value_lower:
+                return True
+            else:
+                return False
+        except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
+            # Handle JSON decoding error if any
+            print(f"Error in checkIfEntitlementIsUsed: {e}")
+            return False
+        
+    def hasAllowJITentitlement(self):
+        '''Checks if the binary has missing com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit entitlement that allows the app to create writable and executable memory using the MAP_JIT flag.'''
+        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit', 'true'):
+            print(f"[INFO -> XN]: {os.path.basename(file_path)} contains allow-jit entitlement.")
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    def checkIfCompiledForOtherThanARM(self):
+        '''Iterates over FatBinary and check if there are other architectures than ARM.'''
+        XN_types = [lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64, lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM]
+        for binary in binaries:
+            if binary.header.cpu_type not in XN_types:
+                print(f"[INFO -> XN]: {os.path.basename(file_path)} is compiled for other CPUs than ARM or ARM64.")
+                return True
+        return False
+        
+    def hasXN(self):
+        '''Check if binary allows W&X via com.apple.security.cs.allow-jit entitlement or is compiled for other CPU types than these which supports eXecuteNever feature of ARM.'''
+        if self.hasAllowJITentitlement() or self.checkIfCompiledForOtherThanARM():
+            return False
+        return True
+    
+    def isNotarized(self, file_path):
+        '''Verifies if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification.'''
+        result = subprocess.run(["spctl", "-a", file_path], capture_output=True)
+        if result.stderr == b'':
+            return True
+        else:
+            #print(f"[INFO -> NOTARIZATION]: {result.stderr.decode().rstrip()}")
+            return False
+
+    def isEncrypted(self):
+        '''If the cryptid has a non-zero value, some parts of the binary are encrypted.'''
+        if self.binary.has_encryption_info:
+            if self.binary.encryption_info.crypt_id == 1:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def hasRestrictSegment(self):
+        '''Check if binary contains __RESTRICT segment. Return True if it does.'''
+        for segment in self.binary.segments:
+            if segment.name.lower().strip() == "__restrict":
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def hasHardenedRuntimeFlag(self, file_path):
+        '''Check if Hardened Runtime flag is set for the given binary.'''
+        if b'runtime' in self.getCodeSignature(file_path):
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    def hasAppSandbox(self):
+        '''Check if App Sandbox is in use (com.apple.security.app-sandbox entitlement is set).'''
+        if self.checkIfEntitlementIsUsed('com.apple.security.app-sandbox', 'true'):
+            return True
+        return False
+    
+    def getForifiedSymbols(self):
+        '''Check for symbol names that contain _chk suffix and filter out stack canary symbols. Function returns a list of all safe symbols.'''
+        symbol_fiter = ['___stack_chk_fail', '___stack_chk_guard']
+        fortified_symbols = []
+        for symbol in self.binary.symbols:
+            symbol_name = symbol.name.lower().strip()
+            if ('_chk' in symbol_name) and (symbol_name not in symbol_fiter):
+                fortified_symbols.append(symbol_name)
+        return fortified_symbols
+
+    def isFortified(self, fortified_symbols):
+        '''Check if there are any fortified symbols in the give fortified_symbols list.'''
+        if len(fortified_symbols) > 0:
+            return True
+        return False
+
+    def hasRpath(self):
+        return self.binary.has_rpath
+### --- ARGUMENT PARSER --- ###  
+class ArgumentParser:
+    def __init__(self):
+        '''Class for parsing arguments from the command line. I decided to remove it from main() for additional readability and easier code maintenance in the VScode'''
+        self.parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Mach-O files parser for binary analysis")
+        self.addGeneralArgs()
+        self.addMachOArgs()
+        self.addCodeSignArgs()
+        self.addChecksecArgs()
+
+    def addGeneralArgs(self):
+        self.parser.add_argument('-p', '--path', required=True, help="Path to the Mach-O file")
+
+    def addMachOArgs(self):
+        macho_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('MACH-O ARGS')
+        macho_group.add_argument('--file_type', action='store_true', help="Print binary file type")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--header_flags', action='store_true', help="Print binary header flags")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--endian', action='store_true', help="Print binary endianess")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--header', action='store_true', help="Print binary header")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--load_commands', action='store_true', help="Print binary load commands names")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--segments', action='store_true', help="Print binary segments in human-friendly form")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--sections', action='store_true', help="Print binary sections in human-friendly form")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--symbols', action='store_true', help="Print all binary symbols")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--chained_fixups', action='store_true', help="Print Chained Fixups information")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--exports_trie', action='store_true', help="Print Export Trie information")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--uuid', action='store_true', help="Print UUID")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--main', action='store_true', help="Print entry point and stack size")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--encryption_info', nargs='?',const='', help="Print encryption info if any. Optionally specify an output path to dump the encrypted data (if cryptid=0, data will be in plain text)", metavar="(optional) save_path.bytes")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--strings_section', action='store_true', help="Print strings from __cstring section")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--all_strings', action='store_true', help="Print strings from all sections")
+        macho_group.add_argument('--save_strings', help="Parse all sections, detect strings, and save them to a file", metavar='all_strings.txt')
+        macho_group.add_argument('--info', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print header, load commands, segments, sections, symbols, and strings")
+
+    def addCodeSignArgs(self):
+        codesign_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('CODE SIGNING ARGS')
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--verify_signature', action='store_true', default=False, help="Code Signature verification (if the contents of the binary have been modified)")
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--cd_info', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print Code Signature information")
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--cd_requirements', action='store_true', default=False, help="Print Code Signature Requirements")
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--entitlements', help="Print Entitlements in a human-readable, XML, or DER format (default: human)", nargs='?', const='human', metavar='human|xml|var')
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--extract_cms', help="Extract CMS Signature from the Code Signature and save it to a given file", metavar='cms_signature.der')
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--extract_certificates', help="Extract Certificates and save them to a given file. To each filename will be added an index at the end:  _0 for signing, _1 for intermediate, and _2 for root CA certificate", metavar='certificate_name')
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--remove_sig', help="Save the new file on a disk with removed signature", metavar='unsigned_binary')
+        codesign_group.add_argument('--sign_binary', help="Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to get the identity (default: adhoc)", nargs='?', const='adhoc', metavar='adhoc|identity_number')
+    
+    def addChecksecArgs(self):
+        checksec_group = self.parser.add_argument_group('CHECKSEC ARGS')
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_pie', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Position-Independent Executable (PIE) is set")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_arc', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) is in use (can be false positive)")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_stripped', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is stripped")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_canary', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if Stack Canary is in use (can be false positive)")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_nx_stack', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if stack is non-executable (NX stack)")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_nx_heap', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if heap is non-executable (NX heap)")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_xn', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary is protected by eXecute Never (XN) ARM protection")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_notarized', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_encrypted', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the application is encrypted (has LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO(_64) and cryptid set to 1)")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_restrict', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if binary has __RESTRICT segment")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_hr', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the Hardened Runtime is in use")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_as', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the App Sandbox is in use")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--is_fort', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the binary is fortified")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--has_rpath', action='store_true', default=False, help="Check if the binary utilise any @rpath variables")
+        checksec_group.add_argument('--checksec', action='store_true', default=False, help="Run all checksec module options on the binary")
+        
+    def parseArgs(self):
+        return self.parser.parse_args()
+
+    def printAllArgs(self, args):
+        '''Just for debugging. This method is a utility designed to print all  parsed arguments and their corresponding values.'''
+        for arg, value in vars(args).items():
+            print(f"{arg}: {value}")
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    arg_parser = ArgumentParser()
+    args = arg_parser.parseArgs()
+    
+    file_path = os.path.abspath(args.path)
+    
+    ### --- I. MACH-O --- ###
+    macho_processor = MachOProcessor(file_path)
+    macho_processor.process()
+    
+    ### --- II. CODE SIGNING --- ###
+    code_signing_processor = CodeSigningProcessor()
+    code_signing_processor.process()
+    
+    ### --- III. CHECKSEC --- ###
+    checksec_processor = ChecksecProcessor()
+    checksec_processor.process()

III. Checksec/python/LCFinder.py

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import argparse
+import lief
+
+
+class LCFinder:
+    def __init__(self, args):
+        """
+        Initialize CheckLC object.
+
+        :param args: Command-line arguments.
+        """
+        self.path = args.path if args.path else None
+        self.list_path = args.list_path if args.list_path else None
+        self.load_command = args.lc
+
+    def parseFatBinary(self, binaries):
+        """
+        Parse the fat binary and return the ARM64 binary if found.
+
+        :param binaries: List of binaries in the fat binary.
+        :return: ARM64 binary if found, else None.
+        """
+        arm64_bin = None
+        for binary in binaries:
+            if binary.header.cpu_type == lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64:
+                arm64_bin = binary
+        return arm64_bin
+
+    def getLoadCommands(self, binary):
+        """
+        Get the list of load commands from the binary.
+
+        :param binary: MachO binary.
+        :return: List of load commands.
+        """
+        return binary.commands
+
+    def checkLoadCommand(self, binary, target_load_command):
+        """
+        Check if the specified load command is present in the binary.
+
+        :param binary: MachO binary.
+        :param target_load_command: The load command to check for.
+        :return: True if the load command is found, else False.
+        """
+        load_commands_list = self.getLoadCommands(binary)
+        for lc in load_commands_list:
+            load_command = str(lc.command)
+            parts = load_command.split('.')
+            name = parts[-1]
+            lc_name = "LC_" + name
+            lc_filter = [name.lower(), lc_name.lower()]
+            if target_load_command.lower() in lc_filter:
+                return True
+        return False
+
+    def processPath(self, path):
+        """
+        Process a single binary file.
+
+        :param path: Path to the binary file.
+        """
+        try:
+            binary = lief.MachO.parse(path)
+            arm64_bin = self.parseFatBinary(binary)
+            if arm64_bin and self.checkLoadCommand(arm64_bin, self.load_command):
+                print(f"Load Command '{self.load_command}' found in: {path}")
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error processing {path}: {e}")
+
+    def processList(self, list_path):
+        """
+        Process a list of binary files.
+
+        :param list_path: Path to the file containing a list of binary paths.
+        """
+        try:
+            with open(list_path, 'r') as file:
+                paths = file.readlines()
+                for path in paths:
+                    self.processPath(path.strip())
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"Error processing list: {e}")
+
+    def run(self):
+        """
+        Run the check based on provided input.
+        """
+        if self.path:
+            self.processPath(self.path)
+        elif self.list_path:
+            self.processList(self.list_path)
+        else:
+            print("Please provide either a single path or a list path.")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Check for a specific load command in Mach-O binaries.")
+    parser.add_argument("--path", "-p", help="Absolute path to the valid MachO binary.")
+    parser.add_argument("--list_path", "-l", help="Path to a wordlist file containing absolute paths.")
+    parser.add_argument("--lc", help="The load command to check for.", required=True)
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+    checker = LCFinder(args)
+    checker.run()

III. Checksec/python/ModifyMachOFlags.py

@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import lief
+import argparse
+import subprocess
+
+class ModifyMachOFlags:
+    """Class for modifying Mach-O binary flags and signing the binary."""
+
+    def __init__(self, input_path=None, output_path=None, sign_identity=None):
+        """Initialize the ModifyMachOFlags instance with input, output, and signing identity."""
+        self.input_path = input_path
+        self.output_path = output_path
+        self.sign_identity = sign_identity
+        self.macho_flags = {
+            'NOUNDEFS': 0x1,
+            'INCRLINK': 0x2,
+            'DYLDLINK': 0x4,
+            'BINDATLOAD': 0x8,
+            'PREBOUND': 0x10,
+            'SPLIT_SEGS': 0x20,
+            'LAZY_INIT': 0x40,
+            'TWOLEVEL': 0x80,
+            'FORCE_FLAT': 0x100,
+            'NOMULTIDEFS': 0x200,
+            'NOFIXPREBINDING': 0x400,
+            'PREBINDABLE': 0x800,
+            'ALLMODSBOUND': 0x1000,
+            'SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS': 0x2000,
+            'CANONICAL': 0x4000,
+            'WEAK_DEFINES': 0x8000,
+            'BINDS_TO_WEAK': 0x10000,
+            'ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION': 0x20000,
+            'ROOT_SAFE': 0x40000,
+            'SETUID_SAFE': 0x80000,
+            'NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS': 0x100000,
+            'PIE': 0x200000,
+            'DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB': 0x400000,
+            'HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS': 0x800000,
+            'NO_HEAP_EXECUTION': 0x1000000,
+            'APP_EXTENSION_SAFE': 0x02000000,
+            'NLIST_OUTOFSYNC_WITH_DYLDINFO': 0x04000000,
+            'SIM_SUPPORT': 0x08000000,
+            'DYLIB_IN_CACHE': 0x80000000,
+        }
+
+    def parseFatBinary(self, binaries, arch):
+        """Parse the specified architecture from the given binaries."""
+        bin_by_arch = next((bin for bin in binaries if bin.header.cpu_type == arch), None)
+        if bin_by_arch is None:
+            print(f'The specified Mach-O file is not in {arch} architecture.')
+            exit()
+        return bin_by_arch
+
+    def modifyMachOFlags(self, flags):
+        """Modify Mach-O binary flags based on the provided dictionary of flags and values."""
+        try:
+            binaries = lief.MachO.parse(self.input_path)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"An error occurred: {e}")
+            exit()
+
+        arch = lief.MachO.CPU_TYPES.ARM64  # Modify the architecture as needed
+        binary = self.parseFatBinary(binaries, arch)
+
+        for flag, value in flags.items():
+            self.setFlag(binary, flag, value)
+
+        binary.write(self.output_path)
+
+    def signBinary(self):
+        """Sign the modified binary using the specified or default identity."""
+        if self.sign_identity:
+            if self.sign_identity == 'adhoc':
+                subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", "-", "-f", self.output_path], check=True)
+            else:
+                subprocess.run(["codesign", "-s", self.sign_identity, "-f", self.output_path], check=True)
+
+    def setFlag(self, binary, flag, value):
+        """Set or clear the specified flag in the Mach-O binary based on the given value."""
+        if value:
+            binary.header.flags |= flag
+        else:
+            binary.header.flags &= ~flag
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    default_instance = ModifyMachOFlags()  # Create an instance with default values
+
+    parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Modify the Mach-O binary flags.")
+    parser.add_argument('-i', '--input', required=True, help="Path to the Mach-O file.")
+    parser.add_argument('-o', '--out', required=True, help="Where to save a modified file.")
+    parser.add_argument('--flag', action='append', type=str, help=f"Specify the flag constant name and value (e.g., NO_HEAP_EXECUTION=1). Can be used multiple times. Available flags: \n{', '.join(default_instance.macho_flags.keys())}\n")
+    parser.add_argument('--sign_binary', help="Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to get the identity. (default: adhoc)", nargs='?', const='adhoc', metavar='adhoc|identity_number')
+
+    args = parser.parse_args()
+
+    modifier = ModifyMachOFlags(args.input, args.out, args.sign_binary)
+
+    # Process flags provided by the user
+    flags = {}
+    if args.flag:
+        for flag_str in args.flag:
+            flag_parts = flag_str.split('=')
+            if len(flag_parts) == 2:
+                flag_name, flag_value = flag_parts
+                flag_name = flag_name.upper()
+                if flag_name in modifier.macho_flags:
+                    flags[modifier.macho_flags[flag_name]] = int(flag_value)
+                else:
+                    print(f"Invalid flag constant: {flag_name}")
+                    exit()
+            else:
+                print(f"Invalid flag format: {flag_str}")
+                exit()
+
+    modifier.modifyMachOFlags(flags)
+    modifier.signBinary()

README.md

@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ Each article directory contains three subdirectories:
 * ☐ [IV. Dylibs]()
 
 ## TOOLS
-### [CrimsonUroboros](II.%20Code%20Signing//python/CrimsonUroboros.py)
+### [CrimsonUroboros](III.%20Checksec/python/CrimsonUroboros.py)
 ![alt](img/CrimsonUroboros.jpg)
 Core program resulting from the Snake&Apple article series for binary analysis. You may find older versions of this script in each article directory in this repository.
 * Usage
@@ -163,6 +163,55 @@ Designed to extract cms sginature from Mach-O files (bash alternative to `Singat
 ./extract_cms.sh target_binary cms_sign
 ```
 ***
+### [ModifyMachOFlags](III.%20Checksec/python/ModifyMachOFlags.py)
+Designed to change Mach-O header flags.
+* Usage:
+```console
+usage: ModifyMachOFlags [-h] -i INPUT -o OUT [--flag FLAG] [--sign_binary [adhoc|identity_number]]
+
+Modify the Mach-O binary flags.
+
+options:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  -i INPUT, --input INPUT
+                        Path to the Mach-O file.
+  -o OUT, --out OUT     Where to save a modified file.
+  --flag FLAG           Specify the flag constant name and value (e.g., NO_HEAP_EXECUTION=1). Can be used multiple times. Available
+                        flags: NOUNDEFS, INCRLINK, DYLDLINK, BINDATLOAD, PREBOUND, SPLIT_SEGS, LAZY_INIT, TWOLEVEL, FORCE_FLAT,
+                        NOMULTIDEFS, NOFIXPREBINDING, PREBINDABLE, ALLMODSBOUND, SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS, CANONICAL, WEAK_DEFINES,
+                        BINDS_TO_WEAK, ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION, ROOT_SAFE, SETUID_SAFE, NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS, PIE,
+                        DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB, HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS, NO_HEAP_EXECUTION, APP_EXTENSION_SAFE,
+                        NLIST_OUTOFSYNC_WITH_DYLDINFO, SIM_SUPPORT, DYLIB_IN_CACHE
+  --sign_binary [adhoc|identity_number]
+                        Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to get the
+                        identity. (default: adhoc)
+```
+* Example:
+```bash
+ModifyMachOFlags -i hello -o hello_modified --flag NO_HEAP_EXECUTION=1 --sign_binary
+```
+***
+### [LCFinder](III.%20Checksec/python/LCFinder.py)
+Designed to find if specified Load Command exist in the binary or list of binaries.
+* Usage:
+```console
+usage: LCFinder [-h] [--path PATH] [--list_path LIST_PATH] --lc LC
+
+Check for a specific load command in Mach-O binaries.
+
+options:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  --path PATH, -p PATH  Absolute path to the valid MachO binary.
+  --list_path LIST_PATH, -l LIST_PATH
+                        Path to a wordlist file containing absolute paths.
+  --lc LC               The load command to check for.
+```
+* Example:
+```bash
+LCFinder -l macho_paths.txt --lc SEGMENT_64 2>/dev/null
+LCFinder -p hello --lc lc_segment_64 2>/dev/null
+```
+***
 ## INSTALL
 ```
 pip -r requirements.txt
@@ -181,4 +230,11 @@ I will write the code for each article as a class SnakeX, where X will be the ar
 ## ADDITIONAL LINKS
 * [Apple Open Source](https://opensource.apple.com/releases/)
 * [XNU](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu)
-* [dyld](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/dyld)
+* [dyld](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/dyld)
+
+## TODO
+* DER Entitlements converter method - currently, only the `convert_xml_entitlements_to_dict()` method exists. I need to create a Python parser for DER-encoded entitlements.
+* SuperBlob parser - to find other blobs in Code Signature.
+* Entitlements Blob parser - to check if XML and DER blobs exist.
+* Every method in the Snake class that use Entitlements should parse first XML > DER (currently, only XML parser exists)
+* After making a SuperBlob parser and CodeDirectory blob parser, modify hasHardenedRuntime to check Runtime flag by using bitmask, instead of string.