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# Snake & Apple
![alt](img/Snake_Apple.jpg)
The code repository for the `Snake&Apple` article series, which documents my research about macOS security.
Each article directory contains three subdirectories:
* `mac` - source code of macOS for references and copy of presentations.
* `custom` - code, for example, programs written for articles.
* `python` - contains the latest CrimsonUroboros and other Python scripts created during research.
## ARTICLES
The short introduction is written in [Snake&Apple Intro](https://karol-mazurek95.medium.com/snake-apple-ff87a399ecc4?sk=v2%2Fb2295773-88e6-4654-9d3d-61d73b9001e5)
The tags for each article are in the [Article_tags.md](Article_tags.md).
The table of contents showing links to all articles is below:
* ☑ [App Bundle Extension](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-app-bundle-ext-f5c43a3c84c4?sk=v2%2F3ff105ad-f4f0-464d-b4d5-46b86c66fe14)
* ☑ [Cracking macOS apps](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/cracking-macos-apps-39575dd672e0?sk=v2%2F727dce55-53ee-45f6-b051-2979e62f2ba1)
* ☑ [Cracking Electron Integrity](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/cracking-electron-integrity-0a10e0d5f239?sk=v2%2F7726b99c-c6c9-4d70-8c37-da9f2f0874e8)
* ☑ [I. Mach-O](https://karol-mazurek95.medium.com/snake-apple-i-mach-o-a8eda4b87263?sk=v2%2Ffc1cbfa4-e2d4-4387-9a82-b27191978b5b)
* ☑ [II. Code Signing](https://karol-mazurek95.medium.com/snake-apple-ii-code-signing-f0a9967b7f02?sk=v2%2Fbbc87007-89ca-4135-91d6-668b5d2fe9ae)
* ☑ [III. Checksec](https://karol-mazurek95.medium.com/snake-apple-iii-checksec-ed64a4b766c1?sk=v2%2Fb4b8d637-e906-4b6b-8088-ca1f893cd787)
* ☑ [IV. Dylibs](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-iv-dylibs-2c955439b94e?sk=v2%2Fdef72b7a-121a-47a1-af89-7bf53aed1ea2)
* ☑ [V. Dyld](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-v-dyld-8b36b674cc44?sk=v2%2F4acb16f8-fa88-41f0-8d7c-1362f4060010)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (I)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-i-8199faad040e?sk=v2%2F359b081f-d944-409b-9e7c-95f7c171b969)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (II)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-ii-b74360b8af47?sk=v2%2Ff0cff71c-5345-4228-a639-653325fc979d)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (III)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-iii-af77701a3034?sk=v2%2F06c92503-2db9-40e2-b139-c9ae0a35e7b3)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (IV)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-iv-ede6b157752c?sk=v2%2F87ebe38d-004c-41a6-bc1f-43898494a512)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (V)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-v-c40a267573cb?sk=v2%2F4c9f16b2-59bd-406a-945d-10a1fba1001b)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (VI)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-vi-1013a69118ff?sk=v2%2F37b3a61f-8483-4b38-977d-7f860944862b)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (VII)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-vii-62c202f98610?sk=v2%2Fab26bfcf-ba56-493d-9af3-2d8790ca6208)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (VIII)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-viii-327d7e7f3c0f?sk=v2%2F6c6b611d-fee4-4d9d-8a36-d59a05116e23)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (IX)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-ix-5052c865100e?sk=v2%2Fe078d739-ab30-4f2d-8a12-eefc63dd73b4)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (X)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-x-76408570c357?sk=v2%2F8b69c2f1-ce13-4d05-bba1-e0164c3de381)
* ☑ [DYLD — Do You Like Death? (XI)](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-xi-cef76bc8dc14?sk=v2%2F0b88b392-ae94-43d0-9120-109306051e00)
* ☑ [VI. AMFI](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-vi-amfi-31c48fb92d33?sk=v2%2F8116bf86-e0a7-42be-ada9-5348447c01fd)
* ☑ [Unexpected but expected behavior](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/unexpected-but-expected-behavior-bf281cc21ee2?sk=v2%2Fda20f402-b7fa-4bb1-a160-83e758cdd513)
* ☑ [VII. Antivirus](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-vii-antivirus-0a57acc10185?sk=v2%2F2c46d7ac-4435-41e6-bbda-2acb4eb78c76)
* ☑ [Apple Gatekeeper Bypass](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/apple-gatekeeper-bypass-4315bbb33018?sk=v2%2F3c20fa28-1a3d-4bd0-9a25-79646f60c44f)
* ☑ [VIII. Sandbox](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/snake-apple-viii-app-sandbox-5aff081f07d5?sk=v2%2F5b65151b-d1f3-4f18-93da-4ad9aeacadb7)
* ☑ [SBPL Compilator](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/sbpl-compilator-c05f5304d057?sk=v2%2F4ae3bf90-ff12-4fea-b0fc-0f2ef60d7b93)
* ☑ [Sandbox Detector](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/sandbox-detector-4268ab3cd361?sk=v2%2F58fe49fb-1381-4db3-9db9-3f6309e4053a)
* ☑ [Sandbox Validator](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/sandbox-validator-e760e5d88617?sk=v2%2F145ac2ef-ca06-41a0-b310-c96f4ce0037b)
* ☑ [App Sandbox startup](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/app-sandbox-startup-71daf8f259d1?sk=v2%2F9f3b09a6-c7c0-445d-8613-8e25bf3f4e4d)
* ☑ [System Intigrity Protection](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/system-integrity-protection-sip-140562b07fea?sk=v2%2F9c293b8f-c376-4603-b8a1-2872ba3395cf)
* ☐ [IX. TCC]()
* ☑ [Apple UUID Finder](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/apple-uuid-finder-a5173bdd1a8a?sk=v2%2F04bb0d32-6dc9-437d-bf72-8f65e03fed90)
* ☐ [X. NU]()
* ☑ [Kernel Debugging Setup on MacOS](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/kernel-debugging-setup-on-macos-07dd8c86cdb6?sk=v2%2F782bf539-a057-4f14-bbe7-f8e1ace26701)
## TOOLS
[CrimsonUroboros](#crimsonuroboros) • [MachOFileFinder](#machofilefinder) • [TrustCacheParser](#trustcacheparser) • [SignatureReader](#signaturereader) • [extract_cms.sh](#extract_cmssh) • [ModifyMachOFlags](#modifymachoflags) • [LCFinder](#lcfinder) • [MachODylibLoadCommandsFinder](#machodylibloadcommandsfinder) • [AMFI_test.sh](VI.%20AMFI/custom/AMFI_test.sh) • [make_plist](VIII.%20Sandbox/python/make_plist.py) • [sandbox_inspector](VIII.%20Sandbox/python/sandbox_inspector.py) • [spblp_compiler_wrapper](VIII.%20Sandbox/custom/sbpl_compiler_wrapper) • [make_bundle](#make_bundle) • [make_bundle_exe](#make_bundle_exe) • [make_dmg](#make_dmg) • [electron_patcher](#electron_patcher) • [sandbox_validator](#sandbox_validator) • [sandblaster](#sandblaster) • [sip_check](#sip_check) • [crimson_waccess.py](#crimson_waccesspy) • [sip_tester](#sip_tester) • [UUIDFinder](#uuidfinder)
***
### [CrimsonUroboros](tests/CrimsonUroboros.py)
![alt](img/CrimsonUroboros.jpg)
Core program resulting from the Snake&Apple article series for binary analysis. You may find older versions of this script in each article directory in this repository.
* Usage
```console
usage: CrimsonUroboros [-h] [-p PATH] [-b BUNDLE] [--bundle_structure] [--bundle_info]
[--bundle_info_syntax_check] [--bundle_frameworks] [--bundle_plugins] [--bundle_id]
[--file_type] [--header_flags] [--endian] [--header] [--load_commands] [--has_cmd LC_MAIN]
[--segments] [--has_segment __SEGMENT] [--sections] [--has_section __SEGMENT,__section]
[--symbols] [--imports] [--exports] [--imported_symbols] [--chained_fixups]
[--exports_trie] [--uuid] [--main] [--encryption_info [(optional) save_path.bytes]]
[--strings_section] [--all_strings] [--save_strings all_strings.txt] [--info]
[--dump_data [offset,size,output_path]] [--calc_offset vm_offset] [--constructors]
[--dump_section __SEGMENT,__section] [--dump_binary output_path] [--verify_signature]
[--cd_info] [--cd_requirements] [--entitlements [human|xml|var]]
[--extract_cms cms_signature.der] [--extract_certificates certificate_name]
[--remove_sig unsigned_binary] [--sign_binary [adhoc|identity]] [--cs_offset] [--cs_flags]
[--verify_bundle_signature] [--remove_sig_from_bundle] [--has_pie] [--has_arc]
[--is_stripped] [--has_canary] [--has_nx_stack] [--has_nx_heap] [--has_xn] [--is_notarized]
[--is_encrypted] [--is_restricted] [--is_hr] [--is_as] [--is_fort] [--has_rpath] [--has_lv]
[--checksec] [--dylibs] [--rpaths] [--rpaths_u] [--dylibs_paths] [--dylibs_paths_u]
[--broken_relative_paths] [--dylibtree [cache_path,output_path,is_extracted]] [--dylib_id]
[--reexport_paths] [--hijack_sec] [--dylib_hijacking [(optional) cache_path]]
[--dylib_hijacking_a [cache_path]] [--prepare_dylib [(optional) target_dylib_name]]
[--is_built_for_sim] [--get_dyld_env] [--compiled_with_dyld_env] [--has_interposing]
[--interposing_symbols] [--dump_prelink_info [(optional) out_name]]
[--dump_prelink_text [(optional) out_name]] [--dump_prelink_kext [kext_name]]
[--kext_prelinkinfo [kext_name]] [--kmod_info kext_name] [--kext_entry kext_name]
[--kext_exit kext_name] [--mig] [--has_suid] [--has_sgid] [--has_sticky]
[--injectable_dyld] [--test_insert_dylib] [--test_prune_dyld] [--test_dyld_print_to_file]
[--test_dyld_SLC] [--xattr] [--xattr_value xattr_name] [--xattr_all] [--has_quarantine]
[--remove_quarantine] [--add_quarantine] [--sandbox_container_path]
[--sandbox_container_metadata] [--sandbox_redirectable_paths] [--sandbox_parameters]
[--sandbox_entitlements] [--sandbox_build_uuid] [--sandbox_redirected_paths]
[--sandbox_system_images] [--sandbox_system_profiles] [--sandbox_content_protection]
[--sandbox_profile_data] [--dump_kext kext_name] [--extract_sandbox_operations]
Mach-O files parser for binary analysis
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
GENERAL ARGS:
-p PATH, --path PATH Path to the Mach-O file
-b BUNDLE, --bundle BUNDLE
Path to the App Bundle (can be used with -p to change path of binary which is by default
set to: /target.app/Contents/MacOS/target)
BUNDLE ARGS:
--bundle_structure Print the structure of the app bundle
--bundle_info Print the Info.plist content of the app bundle (JSON format)
--bundle_info_syntax_check
Check if bundle info syntax is valid
--bundle_frameworks Print the list of frameworks in the bundle
--bundle_plugins Print the list of plugins in the bundle
--bundle_id Print the CFBundleIdentifier value from the Info.plist file if it exists
MACH-O ARGS:
--file_type Print binary file type
--header_flags Print binary header flags
--endian Print binary endianess
--header Print binary header
--load_commands Print binary load commands names
--has_cmd LC_MAIN Check of binary has given load command
--segments Print binary segments in human-friendly form
--has_segment __SEGMENT
Check if binary has given '__SEGMENT'
--sections Print binary sections in human-friendly form
--has_section __SEGMENT,__section
Check if binary has given '__SEGMENT,__section'
--symbols Print all binary symbols
--imports Print imported symbols
--exports Print exported symbols
--imported_symbols Print symbols imported from external libraries with dylib names
--chained_fixups Print Chained Fixups information
--exports_trie Print Export Trie information
--uuid Print UUID
--main Print entry point and stack size
--encryption_info [(optional) save_path.bytes]
Print encryption info if any. Optionally specify an output path to dump the encrypted data
(if cryptid=0, data will be in plain text)
--strings_section Print strings from __cstring section
--all_strings Print strings from all sections
--save_strings all_strings.txt
Parse all sections, detect strings, and save them to a file
--info Print header, load commands, segments, sections, symbols, and strings
--dump_data [offset,size,output_path]
Dump {size} bytes starting from {offset} to a given {filename} (e.g.
'0x1234,0x1000,out.bin')
--calc_offset vm_offset
Calculate the real address (file on disk) of the given Virtual Memory {vm_offset} (e.g.
0xfffffe000748f580)
--constructors Print binary constructors
--dump_section __SEGMENT,__section
Dump '__SEGMENT,__section' to standard output as a raw bytes
--dump_binary output_path
Dump arm64 binary to a given file
CODE SIGNING ARGS:
--verify_signature Code Signature verification (if the contents of the binary have been modified)
--cd_info Print Code Signature information
--cd_requirements Print Code Signature Requirements
--entitlements [human|xml|var]
Print Entitlements in a human-readable, XML, or DER format (default: human)
--extract_cms cms_signature.der
Extract CMS Signature from the Code Signature and save it to a given file
--extract_certificates certificate_name
Extract Certificates and save them to a given file. To each filename will be added an
index at the end: _0 for signing, _1 for intermediate, and _2 for root CA certificate
--remove_sig unsigned_binary
Save the new file on a disk with removed signature
--sign_binary [adhoc|identity]
Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to
get the identity (default: adhoc)
--cs_offset Print Code Signature file offset
--cs_flags Print Code Signature flags
--verify_bundle_signature
Code Signature verification (if the contents of the bundle have been modified)
--remove_sig_from_bundle
Remove Code Signature from the bundle
CHECKSEC ARGS:
--has_pie Check if Position-Independent Executable (PIE) is set
--has_arc Check if Automatic Reference Counting (ARC) is in use (can be false positive)
--is_stripped Check if binary is stripped
--has_canary Check if Stack Canary is in use (can be false positive)
--has_nx_stack Check if stack is non-executable (NX stack)
--has_nx_heap Check if heap is non-executable (NX heap)
--has_xn Check if binary is protected by eXecute Never (XN) ARM protection
--is_notarized Check if the application is notarized and can pass the Gatekeeper verification
--is_encrypted Check if the application is encrypted (has LC_ENCRYPTION_INFO(_64) and cryptid set to 1)
--is_restricted Check if binary has __RESTRICT segment or CS_RESTRICT flag set
--is_hr Check if the Hardened Runtime is in use
--is_as Check if the App Sandbox is in use
--is_fort Check if the binary is fortified
--has_rpath Check if the binary utilise any @rpath variables
--has_lv Check if the binary has Library Validation (protection against Dylib Hijacking)
--checksec Run all checksec module options on the binary
DYLIBS ARGS:
--dylibs Print shared libraries used by specified binary with compatibility and the current version
(loading paths unresolved, like @rpath/example.dylib)
--rpaths Print all paths (resolved) that @rpath can be resolved to
--rpaths_u Print all paths (unresolved) that @rpath can be resolved to
--dylibs_paths Print absolute dylib loading paths (resolved @rpath|@executable_path|@loader_path) in
order they are searched for
--dylibs_paths_u Print unresolved dylib loading paths.
--broken_relative_paths
Print 'broken' relative paths from the binary (cases where the dylib source is specified
for an executable directory without @executable_path)
--dylibtree [cache_path,output_path,is_extracted]
Print the dynamic dependencies of a Mach-O binary recursively. You can specify the Dyld
Shared Cache path in the first argument, the output directory as the 2nd argument, and if
you have already extracted DSC in the 3rd argument (0 or 1). The output_path will be used
as a base for dylibtree. For example, to not extract DSC, use: --dylibs ",,1", or to
extract from default to default use just --dylibs or --dylibs ",,0" which will extract DSC
to extracted_dyld_share_cache/ in the current directory
--dylib_id Print path from LC_ID_DYLIB
--reexport_paths Print paths from LC_REEXPORT_DLIB
--hijack_sec Check if binary is protected against Dylib Hijacking
--dylib_hijacking [(optional) cache_path]
Check for possible Direct and Indirect Dylib Hijacking loading paths. The output is
printed to console and saved in JSON format to /tmp/dylib_hijacking_log.json(append mode).
Optionally, specify the path to the Dyld Shared Cache
--dylib_hijacking_a [cache_path]
Like --dylib_hijacking, but shows only possible vectors (without protected binaries)
--prepare_dylib [(optional) target_dylib_name]
Compile rogue dylib. Optionally, specify target_dylib_path, it will search for the
imported symbols from it in the dylib specified in the --path argument and automatically
add it to the source code of the rogue lib. Example: --path lib1.dylib --prepare_dylib
/path/to/lib2.dylib
DYLD ARGS:
--is_built_for_sim Check if binary is built for simulator platform.
--get_dyld_env Extract Dyld environment variables from the loader binary.
--compiled_with_dyld_env
Check if binary was compiled with -dyld_env flag and print the environment variables and
its values.
--has_interposing Check if binary has interposing sections.
--interposing_symbols
Print interposing symbols if any.
AMFI ARGS:
--dump_prelink_info [(optional) out_name]
Dump "__PRELINK_INFO,__info" to a given file (default: "PRELINK_info.txt")
--dump_prelink_text [(optional) out_name]
Dump "__PRELINK_TEXT,__text" to a given file (default: "PRELINK_text.txt")
--dump_prelink_kext [kext_name]
Dump prelinked KEXT {kext_name} from decompressed Kernel Cache PRELINK_TEXT segment to a
file named: prelinked_{kext_name}.bin
--kext_prelinkinfo [kext_name]
Print _Prelink properties from PRELINK_INFO,__info for a give {kext_name}
--kmod_info kext_name
Parse kmod_info structure for the given {kext_name} from Kernel Cache
--kext_entry kext_name
Calculate the virtual memory address of the __start (entrypoint) for the given {kext_name}
Kernel Extension
--kext_exit kext_name
Calculate the virtual memory address of the __stop (exitpoint) for the given {kext_name}
Kernel Extension
--mig Search for MIG subsystem and prints message handlers
--has_suid Check if the file has SetUID bit set
--has_sgid Check if the file has SetGID bit set
--has_sticky Check if the file has sticky bit set
--injectable_dyld Check if the binary is injectable using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES
--test_insert_dylib Check if it is possible to inject dylib using DYLD_INSERT_LIBRARIES (INVASIVE - the binary
is executed)
--test_prune_dyld Check if Dyld Environment Variables are cleared (using DYLD_PRINT_INITIALIZERS=1)
(INVASIVE - the binary is executed)
--test_dyld_print_to_file
Check if DYLD_PRINT_TO_FILE Dyld Environment Variables works (INVASIVE - the binary is
executed)
--test_dyld_SLC Check if DYLD_SHARED_REGION=private Dyld Environment Variables works and code can be
injected using DYLD_SHARED_CACHE_DIR (INVASIVE - the binary is executed)
ANTIVIRUS ARGS:
--xattr Print all extended attributes names
--xattr_value xattr_name
Print single extended attribute value
--xattr_all Print all extended attributes names and their values
--has_quarantine Check if the file has quarantine extended attribute
--remove_quarantine Remove com.apple.quarantine extended attribute from the file
--add_quarantine Add com.apple.quarantine extended attribute to the file
SANDBOX ARGS:
--sandbox_container_path
Print the sandbox container path
--sandbox_container_metadata
Print the .com.apple.containermanagerd.metadata.plist contents for the given bundlein XML
format
--sandbox_redirectable_paths
Print the redirectable paths from the sandbox container metadata as list
--sandbox_parameters Print the parameters from the sandbox container metadata as key-value pairs
--sandbox_entitlements
Print the entitlements from the sandbox container metadata in JSON format
--sandbox_build_uuid Print the sandbox build UUID from the sandbox container metadata
--sandbox_redirected_paths
Print the redirected paths from the sandbox container metadata as list
--sandbox_system_images
Print the system images from the sandbox container metadata as key-value pairs
--sandbox_system_profiles
Print the system profile from the sandbox container metadata in JSON format
--sandbox_content_protection
Print the content protection from the sandbox container metadata
--sandbox_profile_data
Print raw bytes ofthe sandbox profile data from the sandbox container metadata
--dump_kext kext_name
Dump the kernel extension binary from the kernelcache.decompressed file
--extract_sandbox_operations
Extract sandbox operations from the Sandbox.kext file
```
* Example:
```bash
CrimsonUroboros.py -p PATH --info
```
***
### [MachOFileFinder](I.%20Mach-O/python/MachOFileFinder.py)
Designed to find ARM64 Mach-O binaries within a specified directory and print their file type.
* Usage:
```bash
python MachOFileFinder.py PATH
```
* Example:
```bash
python MachOFileFinder.py . -r 2>/dev/null
EXECUTE:/Users/karmaz95/t/pingsender
DYLIB:/Users/karmaz95/t/dylibs/use_dylib_app/customs/custom.dylib
BUNDLE:/Users/karmaz95/t/bundles/MyBundle
```
***
### [TrustCacheParser](II.%20Code%20Signing/python/TrustCacheParser.py)
Designed to parse trust caches and print it in human readable form (based on [PyIMG4](https://github.com/m1stadev/PyIMG4) and [trustcache](https://github.com/CRKatri/trustcache))
* Usage:
```console
usage: TrustCacheParser [-h] [--dst DST] [--parse_img] [--parse_tc] [--print_tc] [--all]
Copy Trust Cache files to a specified destination.
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--dst DST, -d DST Destination directory to copy Trust Cache files to.
--parse_img Parse copied Image4 to extract payload data.
--parse_tc Parse extract payload data to human-readable form trust cache using
trustcache.
--print_tc Print the contents of trust_cache (files must be in the current
directory and ends with .trust_cache)
--all parse_img -> parse_tc -> print_tc
```
***
### [SignatureReader](II.%20Code%20Signing/python/SignatureReader.py)
Designed to parse extracted cms sginature from Mach-O files.
* Usage:
```bash
# First extract CMS Signature using CrimsonUroboros
CrimsonUroboros -p target_binary --extract_cms cms_sign
# or using extract_cms.sh script
./extract_cms.sh target_binary cms_sign
```
```console
usage: SignatureReader [-h] [--load_cms cms_signature.der]
[--extract_signature cms_signature.der]
[--extract_pubkey cert_0] [--human]
CMS Signature Loader
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--load_cms cms_signature.der
Load the DER encoded CMS Signature from the filesystem
and print it
--extract_signature cms_signature.der
Extract and print the signature part from the DER
encoded CMS Signature
--extract_pubkey cert_0
Extract public key from the given certificate and save
it to extracted_pubkey.pem
--human Print in human-readable format
❯ CrimsonUroboros -p signed_ad_hoc_example --extract_cms cms_sign
```
* Example:
```bash
SignatureReader --extract_signature cms_sign --human
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
```
***
### [extract_cms.sh](II.%20Code%20Signing/custom/extract_cms.sh)
Designed to extract cms sginature from Mach-O files (bash alternative to `SingatureReader --extract_signature`).
* Example:
```
./extract_cms.sh target_binary cms_sign
```
***
### [ModifyMachOFlags](III.%20Checksec/python/ModifyMachOFlags.py)
Designed to change Mach-O header flags.
* Usage:
```console
usage: ModifyMachOFlags [-h] -i INPUT -o OUT [--flag FLAG] [--sign_binary [adhoc|identity_number]]
Modify the Mach-O binary flags.
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-i INPUT, --input INPUT
Path to the Mach-O file.
-o OUT, --out OUT Where to save a modified file.
--flag FLAG Specify the flag constant name and value (e.g., NO_HEAP_EXECUTION=1). Can be used multiple times. Available
flags: NOUNDEFS, INCRLINK, DYLDLINK, BINDATLOAD, PREBOUND, SPLIT_SEGS, LAZY_INIT, TWOLEVEL, FORCE_FLAT,
NOMULTIDEFS, NOFIXPREBINDING, PREBINDABLE, ALLMODSBOUND, SUBSECTIONS_VIA_SYMBOLS, CANONICAL, WEAK_DEFINES,
BINDS_TO_WEAK, ALLOW_STACK_EXECUTION, ROOT_SAFE, SETUID_SAFE, NO_REEXPORTED_DYLIBS, PIE,
DEAD_STRIPPABLE_DYLIB, HAS_TLV_DESCRIPTORS, NO_HEAP_EXECUTION, APP_EXTENSION_SAFE,
NLIST_OUTOFSYNC_WITH_DYLDINFO, SIM_SUPPORT, DYLIB_IN_CACHE
--sign_binary [adhoc|identity_number]
Sign binary using specified identity - use : 'security find-identity -v -p codesigning' to get the
identity. (default: adhoc)
```
* Example:
```bash
ModifyMachOFlags -i hello -o hello_modified --flag NO_HEAP_EXECUTION=1 --sign_binary
```
***
### [LCFinder](III.%20Checksec/python/LCFinder.py)
Designed to find if specified Load Command exist in the binary or list of binaries.
* Usage:
```console
usage: LCFinder [-h] [--path PATH] [--list_path LIST_PATH] --lc LC
Check for a specific load command in Mach-O binaries.
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--path PATH, -p PATH Absolute path to the valid MachO binary.
--list_path LIST_PATH, -l LIST_PATH
Path to a wordlist file containing absolute paths.
--lc LC The load command to check for.
```
* Example:
```bash
LCFinder -l macho_paths.txt --lc SEGMENT_64 2>/dev/null
LCFinder -p hello --lc lc_segment_64 2>/dev/null
```
***
### [MachODylibLoadCommandsFinder](IV.%20Dylibs/python/MachODylibLoadCommandsFinder.py)
Designed to Recursively crawl the system and parse Mach-O files to find DYLIB related load commands.
Print the total Mach-O files analyzed and how many DYLIB-related LCs existed
* Usage:
```console
MachODylibLoadCommandsFinder 2>/dev/null
```
***
### [check_amfi](VI.%20AMFI/python/check_amfi.py)
Simple script for calculating `amfiFlags` (described [here](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/dyld-do-you-like-death-vi-1013a69118ff) in `ProcessConfig — AMFI properties`)
* Usage:
```console
python3 check_amfi.py 0x1df
```
***
### [make_bundle](App%20Bundle%20Extension/custom/make_bundle.sh)
Build a codeless bundle with a red icon.
* Usage:
```console
./make_bundle.sh
```
***
### [make_bundle_exe](App%20Bundle%20Extension/custom/make_bundle_exe.sh)
Bash template for building a PoC app bundle with Mach-O binary that utilizes Framework:
* Usage:
```console
./make_bundle_exe.sh
```
***
### [make_dmg](App%20Bundle%20Extension/custom/make_dmg.sh)
Script for packing the app in a compressed DMG container:
* Usage (change names in the script):
```console
./make_dmg.sh
```
### [electron_patcher](App%20Bundle%20Extension/custom/electron_patcher.py)
Python script for extracting ASAR files from Electron apps and patching them with a custom ASAR file.
```
python3 electron_patcher.py extract app_bundle.app extracted_asar
python3 electron_patcher.py pack extracted_asar app_bundle.app
```
### [sandbox_validator](VIII.%20Sandbox/custom/sandbox_validator.c)
It can be used to quickly check if a given process is allowed to perform a particular operation while it is sandboxed.
```bash
# Compile
clang -o sandbox_validator sandbox_validator.c
# Usage: sandbox_validator PID "OPERATION" "FILTER_NAME" "FILTER_VALUE"
sandbox_validator 93298
sandbox_validator 93298 "file-read*"
sandbox_validator 93298 "file-read*" PATH "/users/karmaz/.trash"
sandbox_validator 93298 "authorization-right-obtain" RIGHT_NAME "system.burn"
```
### [sandblaster](https://github.com/Karmaz95/sandblaster)
This is my forked version of [sandblaster](https://github.com/cellebrite-labs/sandblaster) with MacOS Support:
```bash
python3 reverse_sandbox.py -o sonoma_sandbox_operations.txt profile_sb -r 17
```
### [sip_check](VIII.%20Sandbox/custom/sip_check.py)
A simple program to check if SIP is enabled in the system with more details.
It was introduced in [the article about SIP](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/system-integrity-protection-sip-140562b07fea?sk=v2%2F9c293b8f-c376-4603-b8a1-2872ba3395cf)
```bash
python3 sip_check.py
SIP Configuration Flags:
CSR_ALLOW_UNTRUSTED_KEXTS: Off
CSR_ALLOW_UNRESTRICTED_FS: Off
CSR_ALLOW_TASK_FOR_PID: Off
CSR_ALLOW_KERNEL_DEBUGGER: Off
CSR_ALLOW_APPLE_INTERNAL: Off
CSR_ALLOW_UNRESTRICTED_DTRACE: Off
CSR_ALLOW_UNRESTRICTED_NVRAM: Off
CSR_ALLOW_DEVICE_CONFIGURATION: Off
CSR_ALLOW_ANY_RECOVERY_OS: Off
CSR_ALLOW_UNAPPROVED_KEXTS: Off
CSR_ALLOW_EXECUTABLE_POLICY_OVERRIDE: Off
CSR_ALLOW_UNAUTHENTICATED_ROOT: Off
```
### [crimson_waccess.py](VIII.%20Sandbox/python/crimson_waccess.py)
It can be use for checking the possibility of file modification and creation in a given directory.
It was introduced in [the article about SIP](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/system-integrity-protection-sip-140562b07fea?sk=v2%2F9c293b8f-c376-4603-b8a1-2872ba3395cf)
```bash
python3 crimson_waccess.py -f sip_protected_paths.txt
```
### [sip_tester](VIII.%20Sandbox/python/sip_tester)
It can be used to check if a given path, process or service is SIP-protected and also to check missing paths from `rootless.conf`.
It was introduced in [the article about SIP](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/system-integrity-protection-sip-140562b07fea?sk=v2%2F9c293b8f-c376-4603-b8a1-2872ba3395cf)
```bash
sip_tester --path /bin
sip_tester --pid 1234
sip_tester --service com.apple.kernelmanager_helper
sip_tester --missing_paths
```
### [UUIDFinder](IX.%20TCC/python/UUIDFinder.py)
A tool for creating a centralized UUID database for macOS. It is used to find UUIDs of files and directories.
It was introduced in the article [Apple UUID Finder](https://karol-mazurek.medium.com/apple-uuid-finder-a5173bdd1a8a?sk=v2%2F04bb0d32-6dc9-437d-bf72-8f65e03fed90)
```bash
usage: UUIDFinder [-h] [--path PATH | --list LIST] [--uuid UUID] [--delete] [--resolve] [--show_db] [--db_location DB_LOCATION]
UUIDFinder - A tool for managing Mach-O executable UUIDs
options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--path, -p PATH Path to the executable
--list, -l LIST Path to a file containing a list of executables
--uuid, -u UUID UUID to lookup or add
--delete, -d Delete the path record from database
--resolve, -r Get UUIDs for the path and add to database
--show_db, -s Show all records in the database
--db_location DB_LOCATION
Location of the UUID database file
Examples:
---------
1. Display UUIDs for a single executable from database:
--path /path/to/executable
-p /path/to/executable
2. Find path for a specific UUID in database:
--uuid 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000
-u 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000
3. Add or update UUID for a path:
--path /path/to/executable --uuid 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000
-p /path/to/executable -u 123e4567-e89b-12d3-a456-426614174000
4. Extract and add UUIDs from executable to database:
--path /path/to/executable --resolve
-p /path/to/executable -r
5. Delete path and its UUIDs from database:
--path /path/to/executable --delete
-p /path/to/executable -d
6. Process multiple executables from a list file:
--list /path/to/list.txt --resolve
-l /path/to/list.txt -r
7. Show all records in the database:
--show_db
-s
8. Use custom database location:
--path /path/to/executable --db_location /custom/path/db.json
-p /path/to/executable --db_location /custom/path/db.json
Notes:
------
- All UUIDs are stored in lowercase in the database
- The default database file is 'uuid_database.json' in the current directory
- When using --list, each path should be on a new line in the list file
- The tool automatically converts relative paths to absolute paths
```
## INSTALL
```
pip3 install -r requirements.txt
wget https://github.com/CRKatri/trustcache/releases/download/v2.0/trustcache_macos_arm64 -O /usr/local/bin/trustcache
chmod +x /usr/local/bin/trustcache
xattr -d com.apple.quarantine /usr/local/bin/trustcache
brew install keith/formulae/dyld-shared-cache-extractor
brew install blacktop/tap/ipsw
brew install tree
```
## LIMITATIONS
* Codesigning module(codesign wrapper) works only on macOS.
* `--dylib_hijacking` needs [ipsw](https://github.com/blacktop/ipsw) to be installed.
* `--dylibtree` needs the [dyld-shared-cache-extractor](https://github.com/keith/dyld-shared-cache-extractor) to be installed.
## WHY UROBOROS?
I will write the code for each article as a class SnakeX, where X will be the article number, to make it easier for the audience to follow.
Each Snake class will be a child of the previous one and infinitely "eat itself" (inherit methods of the previous class), like Uroboros.
## ADDITIONAL LINKS
* [Apple Open Source](https://opensource.apple.com/releases/)
* [XNU](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/xnu)
* [dyld](https://github.com/apple-oss-distributions/dyld)
## TODO - IDEAS / IMPROVES
* DER Entitlements converter method - currently, only the `convert_xml_entitlements_to_dict()` method exists. I need to create a Python parser for DER-encoded entitlements.
* SuperBlob parser - to find other blobs in Code Signature.
* Entitlements Blob parser - to check if XML and DER blobs exist.
* Every method in the Snake class that use Entitlements should parse first XML > DER (currently, only XML parser exists)
* After making a SuperBlob parser and CodeDirectory blob parser, modify hasHardenedRuntime to check Runtime flag by using bitmask, instead of string.
* Build Dyld Shared Cache parser and extractor to make SnakeIV independant of dyld-shared-cache-extractor.
* Create `RottenApple.app` in another repository and use it for testing.
* Add Dyld Closure chapter to Snake&Apple V - Dyld.
* Move `kext_prelinkinfo`, `dumpPrelink_info` and `dumpPrelink_text` to Snake & Apple chapter about Kernel Extensions when ready.
* Add kernelcache parser.
* Add `LC_FILESET_ENTRY` method to `dumpKernelExtension`.
* Consider moving methods like `removeNullBytesAlignment`, `calcTwoComplement64` etc. to `Utils` class.
* Move `--mig` option to Snake & Apple chapter about Mach Kernel when ready.
* Make Thread manager class and improve the Threading.thread with tracing methods and `kill()`.
* Reconsider moving --xattr like args to another Snake class related to filesystem.
* Consider adding second option to dump Sandbox Operations based on this [Csaba Fitzl comment](https://x.com/theevilbit/status/1828773101041221755).
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