Merge pull request #103 from Control-D-Inc/release-branch-v1.3.2

Release branch v1.3.2
2026-02-03 22:18:39 +00:00 · 2023-12-13 10:00:11 -05:00
parent f1b8d1c4ad 0084e9ef26
commit 998b9a5c5d
42 changed files with 2123 additions and 402 deletions
--- a/client_info.go
+++ b/client_info.go
@@ -5,10 +5,11 @@ type ClientInfoCtxKey struct{}

 // ClientInfo represents ctrld's clients information.
 type ClientInfo struct {
-	Mac      string
-	IP       string
-	Hostname string
-	Self     bool
+	Mac          string
+	IP           string
+	Hostname     string
+	Self         bool
+	ClientIDPref string
 }

 // LeaseFileFormat specifies the format of DHCP lease file.
--- a/cmd/cli/cli.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/cli.go
@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ func initCLI() {
 	_ = runCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("homedir")
 	runCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&iface, "iface", "", "", `Update DNS setting for iface, "auto" means the default interface gateway`)
 	_ = runCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("iface")
+	runCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cdUpstreamProto, "proto", "", ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH, `Control D upstream type, either "doh" or "doh3"`)

 	rootCmd.AddCommand(runCmd)

@@ -158,6 +159,7 @@ func initCLI() {
 		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
 			checkStrFlagEmpty(cmd, cdUidFlagName)
 			checkStrFlagEmpty(cmd, cdOrgFlagName)
+			validateCdAndNextDNSFlags()
 			sc := &service.Config{}
 			*sc = *svcConfig
 			osArgs := os.Args[2:]
@@ -176,6 +178,9 @@ func initCLI() {
 				// Pass --cd flag to "ctrld run" command, so the provision token takes no effect.
 				sc.Arguments = append(sc.Arguments, "--cd="+cdUID)
 			}
+			if cdUID != "" {
+				validateCdUpstreamProtocol()
+			}

 			p := &prog{
 				router: router.New(&cfg, cdUID != ""),
@@ -223,7 +228,7 @@ func initCLI() {
 				}()
 			}

-			tryReadingConfig(writeDefaultConfig)
+			tryReadingConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, true)

 			if err := v.Unmarshal(&cfg); err != nil {
 				mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("failed to unmarshal config: %v", err)
@@ -231,6 +236,10 @@ func initCLI() {

 			initLogging()

+			if nextdns != "" {
+				removeNextDNSFromArgs(sc)
+			}
+
 			// Explicitly passing config, so on system where home directory could not be obtained,
 			// or sub-process env is different with the parent, we still behave correctly and use
 			// the expected config file.
@@ -244,16 +253,20 @@ func initCLI() {
 				return
 			}

-			if router.Name() != "" {
+			if router.Name() != "" && iface != "" {
 				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("cleaning up router before installing")
 				_ = p.router.Cleanup()
 			}

 			tasks := []task{
 				{s.Stop, false},
+				{func() error { return doGenerateNextDNSConfig(nextdns) }, true},
 				{s.Uninstall, false},
 				{s.Install, false},
 				{s.Start, true},
+				// Note that startCmd do not actually write ControlD config, but the config file was
+				// generated after s.Start, so we notice users here for consistent with nextdns mode.
+				{noticeWritingControlDConfig, false},
 			}
 			mainLog.Load().Notice().Msg("Starting service")
 			if doTasks(tasks) {
@@ -281,7 +294,7 @@ func initCLI() {
 			}
 		},
 	}
-	// Keep these flags in sync with runCmd above, except for "-d".
+	// Keep these flags in sync with runCmd above, except for "-d"/"--nextdns".
 	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&configPath, "config", "c", "", "Path to config file")
 	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&configBase64, "base64_config", "", "", "Base64 encoded config")
 	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&listenAddress, "listen", "", "", "Listener address and port, in format: address:port")
@@ -295,6 +308,8 @@ func initCLI() {
 	startCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&cdDev, "dev", "", false, "Use Control D dev resolver/domain")
 	_ = startCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("dev")
 	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&iface, "iface", "", "", `Update DNS setting for iface, "auto" means the default interface gateway`)
+	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&nextdns, nextdnsFlagName, "", "", "NextDNS resolver id")
+	startCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cdUpstreamProto, "proto", "", ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH, `Control D upstream type, either "doh" or "doh3"`)

 	routerCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use: "setup",
@@ -367,6 +382,10 @@ func initCLI() {
 				mainLog.Load().Error().Msg(err.Error())
 				return
 			}
+			if _, err := s.Status(); errors.Is(err, service.ErrNotInstalled) {
+				mainLog.Load().Warn().Msg("service not installed")
+				return
+			}
 			initLogging()

 			tasks := []task{
@@ -388,6 +407,50 @@ func initCLI() {
 		},
 	}

+	reloadCmd := &cobra.Command{
+		PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			initConsoleLogging()
+			checkHasElevatedPrivilege()
+		},
+		Use:   "reload",
+		Short: "Reload the ctrld service",
+		Args:  cobra.NoArgs,
+		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			dir, err := userHomeDir()
+			if err != nil {
+				mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msg("failed to find ctrld home dir")
+			}
+			cc := newControlClient(filepath.Join(dir, ctrldControlUnixSock))
+			resp, err := cc.post(reloadPath, nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msg("failed to send reload signal to ctrld")
+			}
+			defer resp.Body.Close()
+			switch resp.StatusCode {
+			case http.StatusOK:
+				mainLog.Load().Notice().Msg("Service reloaded")
+			case http.StatusCreated:
+				s, err := newService(&prog{}, svcConfig)
+				if err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Msg(err.Error())
+					return
+				}
+				mainLog.Load().Warn().Msg("Service was reloaded, but new config requires service restart.")
+				mainLog.Load().Warn().Msg("Restarting service")
+				if _, err := s.Status(); errors.Is(err, service.ErrNotInstalled) {
+					mainLog.Load().Warn().Msg("Service not installed")
+					return
+				}
+				restartCmd.Run(cmd, args)
+			default:
+				buf, err := io.ReadAll(resp.Body)
+				if err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msg("could not read response from control server")
+				}
+				mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msgf("failed to reload ctrld: %s", string(buf))
+			}
+		},
+	}
 	statusCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "status",
 		Short: "Show status of the ctrld service",
@@ -503,9 +566,10 @@ NOTE: Uninstalling will set DNS to values provided by DHCP.`,
 		Short: "Manage ctrld service",
 		Args:  cobra.OnlyValidArgs,
 		ValidArgs: []string{
-			statusCmd.Use,
+			startCmd.Use,
 			stopCmd.Use,
 			restartCmd.Use,
+			reloadCmd.Use,
 			statusCmd.Use,
 			uninstallCmd.Use,
 			interfacesCmd.Use,
@@ -514,6 +578,7 @@ NOTE: Uninstalling will set DNS to values provided by DHCP.`,
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(startCmd)
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(stopCmd)
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(restartCmd)
+	serviceCmd.AddCommand(reloadCmd)
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(statusCmd)
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(uninstallCmd)
 	serviceCmd.AddCommand(interfacesCmd)
@@ -568,6 +633,19 @@ NOTE: Uninstalling will set DNS to values provided by DHCP.`,
 	}
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(restartCmdAlias)

+	reloadCmdAlias := &cobra.Command{
+		PreRun: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			initConsoleLogging()
+			checkHasElevatedPrivilege()
+		},
+		Use:   "reload",
+		Short: "Reload the ctrld service",
+		Run: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) {
+			reloadCmd.Run(cmd, args)
+		},
+	}
+	rootCmd.AddCommand(reloadCmdAlias)
+
 	statusCmdAlias := &cobra.Command{
 		Use:   "status",
 		Short: "Show status of the ctrld service",
@@ -688,6 +766,7 @@ func RunMobile(appConfig *AppConfig, appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struc
 	homedir = appConfig.HomeDir
 	verbose = appConfig.Verbose
 	cdUID = appConfig.CdUID
+	cdUpstreamProto = ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH
 	logPath = appConfig.LogPath
 	run(appCallback, stopCh)
 }
@@ -699,10 +778,12 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 	}
 	waitCh := make(chan struct{})
 	p := &prog{
-		waitCh:      waitCh,
-		stopCh:      stopCh,
-		cfg:         &cfg,
-		appCallback: appCallback,
+		waitCh:       waitCh,
+		stopCh:       stopCh,
+		reloadCh:     make(chan struct{}),
+		reloadDoneCh: make(chan struct{}),
+		cfg:          &cfg,
+		appCallback:  appCallback,
 	}
 	if homedir == "" {
 		if dir, err := userHomeDir(); err == nil {
@@ -740,9 +821,11 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {

 	readBase64Config(configBase64)
 	processNoConfigFlags(noConfigStart)
+	p.mu.Lock()
 	if err := v.Unmarshal(&cfg); err != nil {
 		mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("failed to unmarshal config: %v", err)
 	}
+	p.mu.Unlock()

 	processLogAndCacheFlags()

@@ -777,14 +860,47 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 		cdUID = uid
 	}
 	if cdUID != "" {
-		err := processCDFlags()
-		if err != nil {
-			appCallback.Exit(err.Error())
-			return
+		validateCdUpstreamProtocol()
+		if err := processCDFlags(&cfg); err != nil {
+			if isMobile() {
+				appCallback.Exit(err.Error())
+				return
+			}
+
+			uninstallIfInvalidCdUID := func() {
+				cdLogger := mainLog.Load().With().Str("mode", "cd").Logger()
+				if uer, ok := err.(*controld.UtilityErrorResponse); ok && uer.ErrorField.Code == controld.InvalidConfigCode {
+					s, err := newService(&prog{}, svcConfig)
+					if err != nil {
+						cdLogger.Warn().Err(err).Msg("failed to create new service")
+						return
+					}
+					if netIface, _ := netInterface(iface); netIface != nil {
+						if err := restoreNetworkManager(); err != nil {
+							cdLogger.Error().Err(err).Msg("could not restore NetworkManager")
+							return
+						}
+						cdLogger.Debug().Str("iface", netIface.Name).Msg("Restoring DNS for interface")
+						if err := resetDNS(netIface); err != nil {
+							cdLogger.Warn().Err(err).Msg("something went wrong while restoring DNS")
+						} else {
+							cdLogger.Debug().Str("iface", netIface.Name).Msg("Restoring DNS successfully")
+						}
+					}
+
+					tasks := []task{{s.Uninstall, true}}
+					if doTasks(tasks) {
+						cdLogger.Info().Msg("uninstalled service")
+					}
+					cdLogger.Fatal().Err(uer).Msg("failed to fetch resolver config")
+					return
+				}
+			}
+			uninstallIfInvalidCdUID()
 		}
 	}

-	updated := updateListenerConfig()
+	updated := updateListenerConfig(&cfg)

 	if cdUID != "" {
 		processLogAndCacheFlags()
@@ -812,7 +928,9 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 		initLoggingWithBackup(false)
 	}

-	validateConfig(&cfg)
+	if err := validateConfig(&cfg); err != nil {
+		os.Exit(1)
+	}
 	initCache()

 	if daemon {
@@ -859,19 +977,21 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 		if cp := router.CertPool(); cp != nil {
 			rootCertPool = cp
 		}
-		p.onStarted = append(p.onStarted, func() {
-			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("router setup on start")
-			if err := p.router.Setup(); err != nil {
-				mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("could not configure router")
-			}
-		})
-		p.onStopped = append(p.onStopped, func() {
-			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("router cleanup on stop")
-			if err := p.router.Cleanup(); err != nil {
-				mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("could not cleanup router")
-			}
-			p.resetDNS()
-		})
+		if iface != "" {
+			p.onStarted = append(p.onStarted, func() {
+				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("router setup on start")
+				if err := p.router.Setup(); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("could not configure router")
+				}
+			})
+			p.onStopped = append(p.onStopped, func() {
+				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("router cleanup on stop")
+				if err := p.router.Cleanup(); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("could not cleanup router")
+				}
+				p.resetDNS()
+			})
+		}
 	}

 	close(waitCh)
@@ -907,10 +1027,17 @@ func writeConfigFile() error {
 	return nil
 }

-func readConfigFile(writeDefaultConfig bool) bool {
+// readConfigFile reads in config file.
+//
+// - It writes default config file if config file not found if writeDefaultConfig is true.
+// - It emits notice message to user if notice is true.
+func readConfigFile(writeDefaultConfig, notice bool) bool {
 	// If err == nil, there's a config supplied via `--config`, no default config written.
 	err := v.ReadInConfig()
 	if err == nil {
+		if notice {
+			mainLog.Load().Notice().Msg("Reading config: " + v.ConfigFileUsed())
+		}
 		mainLog.Load().Info().Msg("loading config file from: " + v.ConfigFileUsed())
 		defaultConfigFile = v.ConfigFileUsed()
 		return true
@@ -925,7 +1052,8 @@ func readConfigFile(writeDefaultConfig bool) bool {
 		if err := v.Unmarshal(&cfg); err != nil {
 			mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("failed to unmarshal default config: %v", err)
 		}
-		_ = updateListenerConfig()
+		nop := zerolog.Nop()
+		_, _ = tryUpdateListenerConfig(&cfg, &nop, true)
 		if err := writeConfigFile(); err != nil {
 			mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("failed to write default config file: %v", err)
 		} else {
@@ -933,6 +1061,9 @@ func readConfigFile(writeDefaultConfig bool) bool {
 			if err != nil {
 				mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("failed to get default config file path: %v", err)
 			}
+			if cdUID == "" && nextdns == "" {
+				mainLog.Load().Notice().Msg("Generating controld default config: " + fp)
+			}
 			mainLog.Load().Info().Msg("writing default config file to: " + fp)
 		}
 		return false
@@ -1015,7 +1146,7 @@ func processNoConfigFlags(noConfigStart bool) {
 	v.Set("upstream", upstream)
 }

-func processCDFlags() error {
+func processCDFlags(cfg *ctrld.Config) error {
 	logger := mainLog.Load().With().Str("mode", "cd").Logger()
 	logger.Info().Msgf("fetching Controld D configuration from API: %s", cdUID)
 	bo := backoff.NewBackoff("processCDFlags", logf, 30*time.Second)
@@ -1031,44 +1162,17 @@ func processCDFlags() error {
 		}
 		break
 	}
-	if uer, ok := err.(*controld.UtilityErrorResponse); ok && uer.ErrorField.Code == controld.InvalidConfigCode {
-		s, err := newService(&prog{}, svcConfig)
-		if err != nil {
-			logger.Warn().Err(err).Msg("failed to create new service")
-			return nil
-		}
-		if netIface, _ := netInterface(iface); netIface != nil {
-			if err := restoreNetworkManager(); err != nil {
-				logger.Error().Err(err).Msg("could not restore NetworkManager")
-				return nil
-			}
-			logger.Debug().Str("iface", netIface.Name).Msg("Restoring DNS for interface")
-			if err := resetDNS(netIface); err != nil {
-				logger.Warn().Err(err).Msg("something went wrong while restoring DNS")
-			} else {
-				logger.Debug().Str("iface", netIface.Name).Msg("Restoring DNS successfully")
-			}
-		}
-
-		tasks := []task{{s.Uninstall, true}}
-		if doTasks(tasks) {
-			logger.Info().Msg("uninstalled service")
-		}
-		event := logger.Fatal()
-		if isMobile() {
-			event = logger.Warn()
-		}
-		event.Err(uer).Msg("failed to fetch resolver config")
-		return uer
-	}
 	if err != nil {
+		if isMobile() {
+			return err
+		}
 		logger.Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not fetch resolver config")
-		return nil
+		return err
 	}

 	logger.Info().Msg("generating ctrld config from Control-D configuration")
-	cfg = ctrld.Config{}

+	*cfg = ctrld.Config{}
 	// Fetch config, unmarshal to cfg.
 	if resolverConfig.Ctrld.CustomConfig != "" {
 		logger.Info().Msg("using defined custom config of Control-D resolver")
@@ -1085,7 +1189,7 @@ func processCDFlags() error {
 		cfg.Upstream = make(map[string]*ctrld.UpstreamConfig)
 		cfg.Upstream["0"] = &ctrld.UpstreamConfig{
 			Endpoint: resolverConfig.DOH,
-			Type:     ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH,
+			Type:     cdUpstreamProto,
 			Timeout:  5000,
 		}
 		rules := make([]ctrld.Rule, 0, len(resolverConfig.Exclude))
@@ -1213,6 +1317,11 @@ func selfCheckStatus(s service.Service) service.Status {
 		return service.StatusUnknown
 	}

+	// Not a ctrld upstream, return status as-is.
+	if cfg.FirstUpstream().VerifyDomain() == "" {
+		return status
+	}
+
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("ctrld listener is ready")
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("performing self-check")
 	bo := backoff.NewBackoff("self-check", logf, 10*time.Second)
@@ -1338,21 +1447,35 @@ func userHomeDir() (string, error) {
 	return dir, nil
 }

+// tryReadingConfig is like tryReadingConfigWithNotice, with notice set to false.
 func tryReadingConfig(writeDefaultConfig bool) {
+	tryReadingConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, false)
+}
+
+// tryReadingConfigWithNotice tries reading in config files, either specified by user or from default
+// locations. If notice is true, emitting a notice message to user which config file was read.
+func tryReadingConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, notice bool) {
 	// --config is specified.
 	if configPath != "" {
 		v.SetConfigFile(configPath)
-		readConfigFile(false)
+		readConfigFile(false, notice)
 		return
 	}
 	// no config start or base64 config mode.
 	if !writeDefaultConfig {
 		return
 	}
-	readConfig(writeDefaultConfig)
+	readConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, notice)
 }

+// readConfig calls readConfigWithNotice with notice set to false.
 func readConfig(writeDefaultConfig bool) {
+	readConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, false)
+}
+
+// readConfigWithNotice calls readConfigFile with config file set to ctrld.toml
+// or config.toml for compatible with earlier versions of ctrld.
+func readConfigWithNotice(writeDefaultConfig, notice bool) {
 	configs := []struct {
 		name    string
 		written bool
@@ -1369,7 +1492,7 @@ func readConfig(writeDefaultConfig bool) {
 	for _, config := range configs {
 		ctrld.SetConfigNameWithPath(v, config.name, dir)
 		v.SetConfigFile(configPath)
-		if readConfigFile(config.written) {
+		if readConfigFile(config.written, notice) {
 			break
 		}
 	}
@@ -1401,18 +1524,17 @@ func uninstall(p *prog, s service.Service) {
 	}
 }

-func validateConfig(cfg *ctrld.Config) {
-	err := ctrld.ValidateConfig(validator.New(), cfg)
-	if err == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	var ve validator.ValidationErrors
-	if errors.As(err, &ve) {
-		for _, fe := range ve {
-			mainLog.Load().Error().Msgf("invalid config: %s: %s", fe.Namespace(), fieldErrorMsg(fe))
+func validateConfig(cfg *ctrld.Config) error {
+	if err := ctrld.ValidateConfig(validator.New(), cfg); err != nil {
+		var ve validator.ValidationErrors
+		if errors.As(err, &ve) {
+			for _, fe := range ve {
+				mainLog.Load().Error().Msgf("invalid config: %s: %s", fe.Namespace(), fieldErrorMsg(fe))
+			}
 		}
+		return err
 	}
-	os.Exit(1)
+	return nil
 }

 // NOTE: Add more case here once new validation tag is used in ctrld.Config struct.
@@ -1483,9 +1605,19 @@ func mobileListenerPort() int {
 // updateListenerConfig updates the config for listeners if not defined,
 // or defined but invalid to be used, e.g: using loopback address other
 // than 127.0.0.1 with systemd-resolved.
-func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
+func updateListenerConfig(cfg *ctrld.Config) bool {
+	updated, _ := tryUpdateListenerConfig(cfg, nil, true)
+	return updated
+}
+
+// tryUpdateListenerConfig tries updating listener config with a working one.
+// If fatal is true, and there's listen address conflicted, the function do
+// fatal error.
+func tryUpdateListenerConfig(cfg *ctrld.Config, infoLogger *zerolog.Logger, fatal bool) (updated, ok bool) {
+	ok = true
 	lcc := make(map[string]*listenerConfigCheck)
 	cdMode := cdUID != ""
+	nextdnsMode := nextdns != ""
 	for n, listener := range cfg.Listener {
 		lcc[n] = &listenerConfigCheck{}
 		if listener.IP == "" {
@@ -1497,12 +1629,17 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 			lcc[n].Port = true
 		}
 		// In cd mode, we always try to pick an ip:port pair to work.
-		if cdMode {
+		// Same if nextdns resolver is used.
+		if cdMode || nextdnsMode {
 			lcc[n].IP = true
 			lcc[n].Port = true
 		}
 		updated = updated || lcc[n].IP || lcc[n].Port
 	}
+	il := mainLog.Load()
+	if infoLogger != nil {
+		il = infoLogger
+	}
 	if isMobile() {
 		// On Mobile, only use first listener, ignore others.
 		firstLn := cfg.FirstListener()
@@ -1594,7 +1731,11 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 				break
 			}
 			if !check.IP && !check.Port {
-				logMsg(mainLog.Load().Fatal(), n, "failed to listen: %v", err)
+				if fatal {
+					logMsg(mainLog.Load().Fatal(), n, "failed to listen: %v", err)
+				}
+				ok = false
+				break
 			}
 			if tryAllPort53 {
 				tryAllPort53 = false
@@ -1605,7 +1746,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 					listener.Port = 53
 				}
 				if check.IP {
-					logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying: %s", addr, net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)))
+					logMsg(il.Info(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying: %s", addr, net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)))
 				}
 				continue
 			}
@@ -1618,7 +1759,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 					listener.Port = 53
 				}
 				if check.IP {
-					logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying localhost: %s", addr, net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)))
+					logMsg(il.Info(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying localhost: %s", addr, net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)))
 				}
 				continue
 			}
@@ -1630,7 +1771,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 				if check.Port {
 					listener.Port = 5354
 				}
-				logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying current ip with port 5354", addr)
+				logMsg(il.Info(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying current ip with port 5354", addr)
 				continue
 			}
 			if tryPort5354 {
@@ -1641,7 +1782,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 				if check.Port {
 					listener.Port = 5354
 				}
-				logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying 0.0.0.0:5354", addr)
+				logMsg(il.Info(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, trying 0.0.0.0:5354", addr)
 				continue
 			}
 			if check.IP && !isZeroIP { // for "0.0.0.0" or "::", we only need to try new port.
@@ -1655,12 +1796,19 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 				listener.Port = oldPort
 			}
 			if listener.IP == oldIP && listener.Port == oldPort {
-				logMsg(mainLog.Load().Fatal(), n, "could not listener on %s: %v", net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)), err)
+				if fatal {
+					logMsg(mainLog.Load().Fatal(), n, "could not listener on %s: %v", net.JoinHostPort(listener.IP, strconv.Itoa(listener.Port)), err)
+				}
+				ok = false
+				break
 			}
-			logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, pick a random ip+port", addr)
+			logMsg(il.Info(), n, "could not listen on address: %s, pick a random ip+port", addr)
 			attempts++
 		}
 	}
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}

 	// Specific case for systemd-resolved.
 	if useSystemdResolved {
@@ -1670,7 +1818,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 			// ip address, other than "127.0.0.1", so trying to listen on default route interface
 			// address instead.
 			if ip := net.ParseIP(listener.IP); ip != nil && ip.IsLoopback() && ip.String() != "127.0.0.1" {
-				logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "using loopback interface do not work with systemd-resolved")
+				logMsg(il.Info(), n, "using loopback interface do not work with systemd-resolved")
 				found := false
 				if netIface, _ := net.InterfaceByName(defaultIfaceName()); netIface != nil {
 					addrs, _ := netIface.Addrs()
@@ -1680,7 +1828,7 @@ func updateListenerConfig() (updated bool) {
 							if err := tryListen(addr); err == nil {
 								found = true
 								listener.IP = netIP.IP.String()
-								logMsg(mainLog.Load().Warn(), n, "use %s as listener address", listener.IP)
+								logMsg(il.Info(), n, "use %s as listener address", listener.IP)
 								break
 							}
 						}
@@ -1742,12 +1890,12 @@ func removeProvTokenFromArgs(sc *service.Config) {
 			continue
 		}
 		// For "--cd-org XXX", skip it and mark next arg skipped.
-		if x == cdOrgFlagName {
+		if x == "--"+cdOrgFlagName {
 			skip = true
 			continue
 		}
 		// For "--cd-org=XXX", just skip it.
-		if strings.HasPrefix(x, cdOrgFlagName+"=") {
+		if strings.HasPrefix(x, "--"+cdOrgFlagName+"=") {
 			continue
 		}
 		a = append(a, x)
@@ -1795,6 +1943,64 @@ func checkStrFlagEmpty(cmd *cobra.Command, flagName string) {
 		return
 	}
 	if fl.Value.String() == "" {
-		mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf(`flag "--%s"" value must be non-empty`, fl.Name)
+		mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf(`flag "--%s" value must be non-empty`, fl.Name)
 	}
 }
+
+func validateCdUpstreamProtocol() {
+	if cdUID == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	switch cdUpstreamProto {
+	case ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH, ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH3:
+	default:
+		mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msg(`flag "--protocol" must be "doh" or "doh3"`)
+	}
+}
+
+func validateCdAndNextDNSFlags() {
+	if (cdUID != "" || cdOrg != "") && nextdns != "" {
+		mainLog.Load().Fatal().Msgf("--%s/--%s could not be used with --%s", cdUidFlagName, cdOrgFlagName, nextdnsFlagName)
+	}
+}
+
+// removeNextDNSFromArgs removes the --nextdns from command line arguments.
+func removeNextDNSFromArgs(sc *service.Config) {
+	a := sc.Arguments[:0]
+	skip := false
+	for _, x := range sc.Arguments {
+		if skip {
+			skip = false
+			continue
+		}
+		// For "--nextdns XXX", skip it and mark next arg skipped.
+		if x == "--"+nextdnsFlagName {
+			skip = true
+			continue
+		}
+		// For "--nextdns=XXX", just skip it.
+		if strings.HasPrefix(x, "--"+nextdnsFlagName+"=") {
+			continue
+		}
+		a = append(a, x)
+	}
+	sc.Arguments = a
+}
+
+// doGenerateNextDNSConfig generates a working config with nextdns resolver.
+func doGenerateNextDNSConfig(uid string) error {
+	if uid == "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+	mainLog.Load().Notice().Msgf("Generating nextdns config: %s", defaultConfigFile)
+	generateNextDNSConfig(uid)
+	updateListenerConfig(&cfg)
+	return writeConfigFile()
+}
+
+func noticeWritingControlDConfig() error {
+	if cdUID != "" {
+		mainLog.Load().Notice().Msgf("Generating controld config: %s", defaultConfigFile)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/control_server.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/control_server.go
@@ -6,14 +6,18 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
+	"reflect"
 	"sort"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 )

 const (
 	contentTypeJson = "application/json"
 	listClientsPath = "/clients"
 	startedPath     = "/started"
+	reloadPath      = "/reload"
 )

 type controlServer struct {
@@ -75,6 +79,52 @@ func (p *prog) registerControlServerHandler() {
 			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusRequestTimeout)
 		}
 	}))
+	p.cs.register(reloadPath, http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, request *http.Request) {
+		listeners := make(map[string]*ctrld.ListenerConfig)
+		p.mu.Lock()
+		for k, v := range p.cfg.Listener {
+			listeners[k] = &ctrld.ListenerConfig{
+				IP:   v.IP,
+				Port: v.Port,
+			}
+		}
+		oldSvc := p.cfg.Service
+		p.mu.Unlock()
+		if err := p.sendReloadSignal(); err != nil {
+			mainLog.Load().Err(err).Msg("could not send reload signal")
+			http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+		select {
+		case <-p.reloadDoneCh:
+		case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+			http.Error(w, "timeout waiting for ctrld reload", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+
+		p.mu.Lock()
+		defer p.mu.Unlock()
+
+		// Checking for cases that we could not do a reload.
+
+		// 1. Listener config ip or port changes.
+		for k, v := range p.cfg.Listener {
+			l := listeners[k]
+			if l == nil || l.IP != v.IP || l.Port != v.Port {
+				w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
+				return
+			}
+		}
+
+		// 2. Service config changes.
+		if !reflect.DeepEqual(oldSvc, p.cfg.Service) {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusCreated)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise, reload is done.
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
 }

 func jsonResponse(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
--- a/cmd/cli/dns_proxy.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/dns_proxy.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.org/x/sync/errgroup"
 	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
 	"tailscale.com/net/netaddr"
+	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dnscache"
@@ -25,6 +27,7 @@ import (

 const (
 	staleTTL = 60 * time.Second
+	localTTL = 3600 * time.Second
 	// EDNS0_OPTION_MAC is dnsmasq EDNS0 code for adding mac option.
 	// https://thekelleys.org.uk/gitweb/?p=dnsmasq.git;a=blob;f=src/dns-protocol.h;h=76ac66a8c28317e9c121a74ab5fd0e20f6237dc8;hb=HEAD#l81
 	// This is also dns.EDNS0LOCALSTART, but define our own constant here for clarification.
@@ -37,6 +40,29 @@ var osUpstreamConfig = &ctrld.UpstreamConfig{
 	Timeout: 2000,
 }

+var privateUpstreamConfig = &ctrld.UpstreamConfig{
+	Name:    "Private resolver",
+	Type:    ctrld.ResolverTypePrivate,
+	Timeout: 2000,
+}
+
+// proxyRequest contains data for proxying a DNS query to upstream.
+type proxyRequest struct {
+	msg            *dns.Msg
+	ci             *ctrld.ClientInfo
+	failoverRcodes []int
+	ufr            *upstreamForResult
+}
+
+// upstreamForResult represents the result of processing rules for a request.
+type upstreamForResult struct {
+	upstreams      []string
+	matchedPolicy  string
+	matchedNetwork string
+	matchedRule    string
+	matched        bool
+}
+
 func (p *prog) serveDNS(listenerNum string) error {
 	listenerConfig := p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum]
 	// make sure ip is allocated
@@ -44,36 +70,58 @@ func (p *prog) serveDNS(listenerNum string) error {
 		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(allocErr).Str("ip", listenerConfig.IP).Msg("serveUDP: failed to allocate listen ip")
 		return allocErr
 	}
-	var failoverRcodes []int
-	if listenerConfig.Policy != nil {
-		failoverRcodes = listenerConfig.Policy.FailoverRcodeNumbers
-	}
+
 	handler := dns.HandlerFunc(func(w dns.ResponseWriter, m *dns.Msg) {
 		p.sema.acquire()
 		defer p.sema.release()
+		if len(m.Question) == 0 {
+			answer := new(dns.Msg)
+			answer.SetRcode(m, dns.RcodeFormatError)
+			_ = w.WriteMsg(answer)
+			return
+		}
+		reqId := requestID()
+		ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), ctrld.ReqIdCtxKey{}, reqId)
+		if !listenerConfig.AllowWanClients && isWanClient(w.RemoteAddr()) {
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "query refused, listener does not allow WAN clients: %s", w.RemoteAddr().String())
+			answer := new(dns.Msg)
+			answer.SetRcode(m, dns.RcodeRefused)
+			_ = w.WriteMsg(answer)
+			return
+		}
 		go p.detectLoop(m)
 		q := m.Question[0]
 		domain := canonicalName(q.Name)
-		reqId := requestID()
 		remoteIP, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(w.RemoteAddr().String())
 		ci := p.getClientInfo(remoteIP, m)
+		ci.ClientIDPref = p.cfg.Service.ClientIDPref
+		stripClientSubnet(m)
 		remoteAddr := spoofRemoteAddr(w.RemoteAddr(), ci)
 		fmtSrcToDest := fmtRemoteToLocal(listenerNum, remoteAddr.String(), w.LocalAddr().String())
 		t := time.Now()
-		ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), ctrld.ReqIdCtxKey{}, reqId)
 		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "%s received query: %s %s", fmtSrcToDest, dns.TypeToString[q.Qtype], domain)
-		upstreams, matched := p.upstreamFor(ctx, listenerNum, listenerConfig, remoteAddr, domain)
+		res := p.upstreamFor(ctx, listenerNum, listenerConfig, remoteAddr, ci.Mac, domain)
 		var answer *dns.Msg
-		if !matched && listenerConfig.Restricted {
+		if !res.matched && listenerConfig.Restricted {
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "query refused, %s does not match any network policy", remoteAddr.String())
 			answer = new(dns.Msg)
 			answer.SetRcode(m, dns.RcodeRefused)
 		} else {
-			answer = p.proxy(ctx, upstreams, failoverRcodes, m, ci)
+			var failoverRcode []int
+			if listenerConfig.Policy != nil {
+				failoverRcode = listenerConfig.Policy.FailoverRcodeNumbers
+			}
+			answer = p.proxy(ctx, &proxyRequest{
+				msg:            m,
+				ci:             ci,
+				failoverRcodes: failoverRcode,
+				ufr:            res,
+			})
 			rtt := time.Since(t)
 			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "received response of %d bytes in %s", answer.Len(), rtt)
 		}
 		if err := w.WriteMsg(answer); err != nil {
-			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err), "serveUDP: failed to send DNS response to client")
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err), "serveDNS: failed to send DNS response to client")
 		}
 	})

@@ -99,7 +147,7 @@ func (p *prog) serveDNS(listenerNum string) error {
 		// addresses of the machine. So ctrld could receive queries from LAN clients.
 		if needRFC1918Listeners(listenerConfig) {
 			g.Go(func() error {
-				for _, addr := range rfc1918Addresses() {
+				for _, addr := range ctrld.Rfc1918Addresses() {
 					func() {
 						listenAddr := net.JoinHostPort(addr, strconv.Itoa(listenerConfig.Port))
 						s, errCh := runDNSServer(listenAddr, proto, handler)
@@ -146,27 +194,24 @@ func (p *prog) serveDNS(listenerNum string) error {
 // Though domain policy has higher priority than network policy, it is still
 // processed later, because policy logging want to know whether a network rule
 // is disregarded in favor of the domain level rule.
-func (p *prog) upstreamFor(ctx context.Context, defaultUpstreamNum string, lc *ctrld.ListenerConfig, addr net.Addr, domain string) ([]string, bool) {
+func (p *prog) upstreamFor(ctx context.Context, defaultUpstreamNum string, lc *ctrld.ListenerConfig, addr net.Addr, srcMac, domain string) (res *upstreamForResult) {
 	upstreams := []string{upstreamPrefix + defaultUpstreamNum}
 	matchedPolicy := "no policy"
 	matchedNetwork := "no network"
 	matchedRule := "no rule"
 	matched := false
+	res = &upstreamForResult{}

 	defer func() {
-		if !matched && lc.Restricted {
-			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "query refused, %s does not match any network policy", addr.String())
-			return
-		}
-		if matched {
-			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "%s, %s, %s -> %v", matchedPolicy, matchedNetwork, matchedRule, upstreams)
-		} else {
-			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "no explicit policy matched, using default routing -> %v", upstreams)
-		}
+		res.upstreams = upstreams
+		res.matched = matched
+		res.matchedPolicy = matchedPolicy
+		res.matchedNetwork = matchedNetwork
+		res.matchedRule = matchedRule
 	}()

 	if lc.Policy == nil {
-		return upstreams, false
+		return
 	}

 	do := func(policyUpstreams []string) {
@@ -202,6 +247,19 @@ networkRules:
 		}
 	}

+macRules:
+	for _, rule := range lc.Policy.Macs {
+		for source, targets := range rule {
+			if source != "" && strings.EqualFold(source, srcMac) {
+				matchedPolicy = lc.Policy.Name
+				matchedNetwork = source
+				networkTargets = targets
+				matched = true
+				break macRules
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	for _, rule := range lc.Policy.Rules {
 		// There's only one entry per rule, config validation ensures this.
 		for source, targets := range rule {
@@ -213,7 +271,7 @@ networkRules:
 				matchedRule = source
 				do(targets)
 				matched = true
-				return upstreams, matched
+				return
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -222,26 +280,134 @@ networkRules:
 		do(networkTargets)
 	}

-	return upstreams, matched
+	return
 }

-func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []int, msg *dns.Msg, ci *ctrld.ClientInfo) *dns.Msg {
+func (p *prog) proxyPrivatePtrLookup(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
+	cDomainName := msg.Question[0].Name
+	locked := p.ptrLoopGuard.TryLock(cDomainName)
+	defer p.ptrLoopGuard.Unlock(cDomainName)
+	if !locked {
+		return nil
+	}
+	ip := ipFromARPA(cDomainName)
+	if name := p.ciTable.LookupHostname(ip.String(), ""); name != "" {
+		answer := new(dns.Msg)
+		answer.SetReply(msg)
+		answer.Compress = true
+		answer.Answer = []dns.RR{&dns.PTR{
+			Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+				Name:   msg.Question[0].Name,
+				Rrtype: dns.TypePTR,
+				Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+			},
+			Ptr: dns.Fqdn(name),
+		}}
+		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "private PTR lookup, using client info table")
+		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "client info: %v", ctrld.ClientInfo{
+			Mac:      p.ciTable.LookupMac(ip.String()),
+			IP:       ip.String(),
+			Hostname: name,
+		})
+		return answer
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *prog) proxyLanHostnameQuery(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
+	q := msg.Question[0]
+	hostname := strings.TrimSuffix(q.Name, ".")
+	locked := p.lanLoopGuard.TryLock(hostname)
+	defer p.lanLoopGuard.Unlock(hostname)
+	if !locked {
+		return nil
+	}
+	if ip := p.ciTable.LookupIPByHostname(hostname, q.Qtype == dns.TypeAAAA); ip != nil {
+		answer := new(dns.Msg)
+		answer.SetReply(msg)
+		answer.Compress = true
+		switch {
+		case ip.Is4():
+			answer.Answer = []dns.RR{&dns.A{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name:   msg.Question[0].Name,
+					Rrtype: dns.TypeA,
+					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+					Ttl:    uint32(localTTL.Seconds()),
+				},
+				A: ip.AsSlice(),
+			}}
+		case ip.Is6():
+			answer.Answer = []dns.RR{&dns.AAAA{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name:   msg.Question[0].Name,
+					Rrtype: dns.TypeAAAA,
+					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+					Ttl:    uint32(localTTL.Seconds()),
+				},
+				AAAA: ip.AsSlice(),
+			}}
+		}
+		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "lan hostname lookup, using client info table")
+		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "client info: %v", ctrld.ClientInfo{
+			Mac:      p.ciTable.LookupMac(ip.String()),
+			IP:       ip.String(),
+			Hostname: hostname,
+		})
+		return answer
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, req *proxyRequest) *dns.Msg {
 	var staleAnswer *dns.Msg
+	upstreams := req.ufr.upstreams
 	serveStaleCache := p.cache != nil && p.cfg.Service.CacheServeStale
 	upstreamConfigs := p.upstreamConfigsFromUpstreamNumbers(upstreams)
 	if len(upstreamConfigs) == 0 {
 		upstreamConfigs = []*ctrld.UpstreamConfig{osUpstreamConfig}
 		upstreams = []string{upstreamOS}
 	}
+
+	// LAN/PTR lookup flow:
+	//
+	// 1. If there's matching rule, follow it.
+	// 2. Try from client info table.
+	// 3. Try private resolver.
+	// 4. Try remote upstream.
+	isLanOrPtrQuery := false
+	if req.ufr.matched {
+		ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "%s, %s, %s -> %v", req.ufr.matchedPolicy, req.ufr.matchedNetwork, req.ufr.matchedRule, upstreams)
+	} else {
+		switch {
+		case isPrivatePtrLookup(req.msg):
+			isLanOrPtrQuery = true
+			if answer := p.proxyPrivatePtrLookup(ctx, req.msg); answer != nil {
+				return answer
+			}
+			upstreams, upstreamConfigs = p.upstreamsAndUpstreamConfigForLanAndPtr(upstreams, upstreamConfigs)
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "private PTR lookup, using upstreams: %v", upstreams)
+		case isLanHostnameQuery(req.msg):
+			isLanOrPtrQuery = true
+			if answer := p.proxyLanHostnameQuery(ctx, req.msg); answer != nil {
+				return answer
+			}
+			upstreams, upstreamConfigs = p.upstreamsAndUpstreamConfigForLanAndPtr(upstreams, upstreamConfigs)
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "lan hostname lookup, using upstreams: %v", upstreams)
+		default:
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Info(), "no explicit policy matched, using default routing -> %v", upstreams)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Inverse query should not be cached: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1035#section-7.4
-	if p.cache != nil && msg.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypePTR {
+	if p.cache != nil && req.msg.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypePTR {
 		for _, upstream := range upstreams {
-			cachedValue := p.cache.Get(dnscache.NewKey(msg, upstream))
+			cachedValue := p.cache.Get(dnscache.NewKey(req.msg, upstream))
 			if cachedValue == nil {
 				continue
 			}
 			answer := cachedValue.Msg.Copy()
-			answer.SetRcode(msg, answer.Rcode)
+			answer.SetRcode(req.msg, answer.Rcode)
 			now := time.Now()
 			if cachedValue.Expire.After(now) {
 				ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "hit cached response")
@@ -268,9 +434,9 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 		return dnsResolver.Resolve(resolveCtx, msg)
 	}
 	resolve := func(n int, upstreamConfig *ctrld.UpstreamConfig, msg *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
-		if upstreamConfig.UpstreamSendClientInfo() && ci != nil {
+		if upstreamConfig.UpstreamSendClientInfo() && req.ci != nil {
 			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "including client info with the request")
-			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ctrld.ClientInfoCtxKey{}, ci)
+			ctx = context.WithValue(ctx, ctrld.ClientInfoCtxKey{}, req.ci)
 		}
 		answer, err := resolve1(n, upstreamConfig, msg)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -281,6 +447,11 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 					go p.um.checkUpstream(upstreams[n], upstreamConfig)
 				}
 			}
+			// For timeout error (i.e: context deadline exceed), force re-bootstrapping.
+			var e net.Error
+			if errors.As(err, &e) && e.Timeout() {
+				upstreamConfig.ReBootstrap()
+			}
 			return nil
 		}
 		return answer
@@ -297,7 +468,7 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Warn(), "%s is down", upstreams[n])
 			continue
 		}
-		answer := resolve(n, upstreamConfig, msg)
+		answer := resolve(n, upstreamConfig, req.msg)
 		if answer == nil {
 			if serveStaleCache && staleAnswer != nil {
 				ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "serving stale cached response")
@@ -307,7 +478,13 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 			}
 			continue
 		}
-		if answer.Rcode != dns.RcodeSuccess && len(upstreamConfigs) > 1 && containRcode(failoverRcodes, answer.Rcode) {
+		// We are doing LAN/PTR lookup using private resolver, so always process next one.
+		// Except for the last, we want to send response instead of saying all upstream failed.
+		if answer.Rcode != dns.RcodeSuccess && isLanOrPtrQuery && n != len(upstreamConfigs)-1 {
+			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "no response from %s, process to next upstream", upstreams[n])
+			continue
+		}
+		if answer.Rcode != dns.RcodeSuccess && len(upstreamConfigs) > 1 && containRcode(req.failoverRcodes, answer.Rcode) {
 			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "failover rcode matched, process to next upstream")
 			continue
 		}
@@ -315,7 +492,7 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 		// set compression, as it is not set by default when unpacking
 		answer.Compress = true

-		if p.cache != nil {
+		if p.cache != nil && req.msg.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypePTR {
 			ttl := ttlFromMsg(answer)
 			now := time.Now()
 			expired := now.Add(time.Duration(ttl) * time.Second)
@@ -323,17 +500,27 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, upstreams []string, failoverRcodes []i
 				expired = now.Add(time.Duration(cachedTTL) * time.Second)
 			}
 			setCachedAnswerTTL(answer, now, expired)
-			p.cache.Add(dnscache.NewKey(msg, upstreams[n]), dnscache.NewValue(answer, expired))
+			p.cache.Add(dnscache.NewKey(req.msg, upstreams[n]), dnscache.NewValue(answer, expired))
 			ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "add cached response")
 		}
 		return answer
 	}
 	ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Error(), "all %v endpoints failed", upstreams)
 	answer := new(dns.Msg)
-	answer.SetRcode(msg, dns.RcodeServerFailure)
+	answer.SetRcode(req.msg, dns.RcodeServerFailure)
 	return answer
 }

+func (p *prog) upstreamsAndUpstreamConfigForLanAndPtr(upstreams []string, upstreamConfigs []*ctrld.UpstreamConfig) ([]string, []*ctrld.UpstreamConfig) {
+	if len(p.localUpstreams) > 0 {
+		tmp := make([]string, 0, len(p.localUpstreams)+len(upstreams))
+		tmp = append(tmp, p.localUpstreams...)
+		tmp = append(tmp, upstreams...)
+		return tmp, p.upstreamConfigsFromUpstreamNumbers(tmp)
+	}
+	return append([]string{upstreamOS}, upstreams...), append([]*ctrld.UpstreamConfig{privateUpstreamConfig}, upstreamConfigs...)
+}
+
 func (p *prog) upstreamConfigsFromUpstreamNumbers(upstreams []string) []*ctrld.UpstreamConfig {
 	upstreamConfigs := make([]*ctrld.UpstreamConfig, 0, len(upstreams))
 	for _, upstream := range upstreams {
@@ -454,6 +641,23 @@ func ipAndMacFromMsg(msg *dns.Msg) (string, string) {
 	return ip, mac
 }

+// stripClientSubnet removes EDNS0_SUBNET from DNS message if the IP is RFC1918 or loopback address,
+// passing them to upstream is pointless, these cannot be used by anything on the WAN.
+func stripClientSubnet(msg *dns.Msg) {
+	if opt := msg.IsEdns0(); opt != nil {
+		opts := make([]dns.EDNS0, 0, len(opt.Option))
+		for _, s := range opt.Option {
+			if e, ok := s.(*dns.EDNS0_SUBNET); ok && (e.Address.IsPrivate() || e.Address.IsLoopback()) {
+				continue
+			}
+			opts = append(opts, s)
+		}
+		if len(opts) != len(opt.Option) {
+			opt.Option = opts
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func spoofRemoteAddr(addr net.Addr, ci *ctrld.ClientInfo) net.Addr {
 	if ci != nil && ci.IP != "" {
 		switch addr := addr.(type) {
@@ -531,23 +735,44 @@ func (p *prog) getClientInfo(remoteIP string, msg *dns.Msg) *ctrld.ClientInfo {
 	}

 	// If MAC is still empty here, that mean the requests are made from virtual interface,
-	// like VPN/Wireguard clients, so we use whatever MAC address associated with remoteIP
-	// (most likely 127.0.0.1), and ci.IP as hostname, so we can distinguish those clients.
+	// like VPN/Wireguard clients, so we use ci.IP as hostname to distinguish those clients.
 	if ci.Mac == "" {
-		ci.Mac = p.ciTable.LookupMac(remoteIP)
 		if hostname := p.ciTable.LookupHostname(ci.IP, ""); hostname != "" {
 			ci.Hostname = hostname
 		} else {
-			ci.Hostname = ci.IP
-			p.ciTable.StoreVPNClient(ci)
+			// Only use IP as hostname for IPv4 clients.
+			// For Android devices, when it joins the network, it uses ctrld to resolve
+			// its private DNS once and never reaches ctrld again. For each time, it uses
+			// a different IPv6 address, which causes hundreds/thousands different client
+			// IDs created for the same device, which is pointless.
+			//
+			// TODO(cuonglm): investigate whether this can be a false positive for other clients?
+			if !ctrldnet.IsIPv6(ci.IP) {
+				ci.Hostname = ci.IP
+				p.ciTable.StoreVPNClient(ci)
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		ci.Hostname = p.ciTable.LookupHostname(ci.IP, ci.Mac)
 	}
 	ci.Self = queryFromSelf(ci.IP)
+	p.spoofLoopbackIpInClientInfo(ci)
 	return ci
 }

+// spoofLoopbackIpInClientInfo replaces loopback IPs in client info.
+//
+// - Preference IPv4.
+// - Preference RFC1918.
+func (p *prog) spoofLoopbackIpInClientInfo(ci *ctrld.ClientInfo) {
+	if ip := net.ParseIP(ci.IP); ip == nil || !ip.IsLoopback() {
+		return
+	}
+	if ip := p.ciTable.LookupRFC1918IPv4(ci.Mac); ip != "" {
+		ci.IP = ip
+	}
+}
+
 // queryFromSelf reports whether the input IP is from device running ctrld.
 func queryFromSelf(ip string) bool {
 	netIP := netip.MustParseAddr(ip)
@@ -578,17 +803,86 @@ func needRFC1918Listeners(lc *ctrld.ListenerConfig) bool {
 	return lc.IP == "127.0.0.1" && lc.Port == 53
 }

-func rfc1918Addresses() []string {
-	var res []string
-	interfaces.ForeachInterface(func(i interfaces.Interface, prefixes []netip.Prefix) {
-		addrs, _ := i.Addrs()
-		for _, addr := range addrs {
-			ipNet, ok := addr.(*net.IPNet)
-			if !ok || !ipNet.IP.IsPrivate() {
-				continue
-			}
-			res = append(res, ipNet.IP.String())
+// ipFromARPA parses a FQDN arpa domain and return the IP address if valid.
+func ipFromARPA(arpa string) net.IP {
+	if arpa, ok := strings.CutSuffix(arpa, ".in-addr.arpa."); ok {
+		if ptrIP := net.ParseIP(arpa); ptrIP != nil {
+			return net.IP{ptrIP[15], ptrIP[14], ptrIP[13], ptrIP[12]}
 		}
-	})
-	return res
+	}
+	if arpa, ok := strings.CutSuffix(arpa, ".ip6.arpa."); ok {
+		l := net.IPv6len * 2
+		base := 16
+		ip := make(net.IP, net.IPv6len)
+		for i := 0; i < l && arpa != ""; i++ {
+			idx := strings.LastIndexByte(arpa, '.')
+			off := idx + 1
+			if idx == -1 {
+				idx = 0
+				off = 0
+			} else if idx == len(arpa)-1 {
+				return nil
+			}
+			n, err := strconv.ParseUint(arpa[off:], base, 8)
+			if err != nil {
+				return nil
+			}
+			b := byte(n)
+			ii := i / 2
+			if i&1 == 1 {
+				b |= ip[ii] << 4
+			}
+			ip[ii] = b
+			arpa = arpa[:idx]
+		}
+		return ip
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// isPrivatePtrLookup reports whether DNS message is an PTR query for LAN/CGNAT network.
+func isPrivatePtrLookup(m *dns.Msg) bool {
+	if m == nil || len(m.Question) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	q := m.Question[0]
+	if ip := ipFromARPA(q.Name); ip != nil {
+		if addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(ip); ok {
+			return addr.IsPrivate() ||
+				addr.IsLoopback() ||
+				addr.IsLinkLocalUnicast() ||
+				tsaddr.CGNATRange().Contains(addr)
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// isLanHostnameQuery reports whether DNS message is an A/AAAA query with LAN hostname.
+func isLanHostnameQuery(m *dns.Msg) bool {
+	if m == nil || len(m.Question) == 0 {
+		return false
+	}
+	q := m.Question[0]
+	switch q.Qtype {
+	case dns.TypeA, dns.TypeAAAA:
+	default:
+		return false
+	}
+	name := strings.TrimSuffix(q.Name, ".")
+	return !strings.Contains(name, ".") ||
+		strings.HasSuffix(name, ".domain") ||
+		strings.HasSuffix(name, ".lan")
+}
+
+// isWanClient reports whether the input is a WAN address.
+func isWanClient(na net.Addr) bool {
+	var ip netip.Addr
+	if ap, err := netip.ParseAddrPort(na.String()); err == nil {
+		ip = ap.Addr()
+	}
+	return !ip.IsLoopback() &&
+		!ip.IsPrivate() &&
+		!ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() &&
+		!ip.IsLinkLocalMulticast() &&
+		!tsaddr.CGNATRange().Contains(ip)
 }
--- a/cmd/cli/dns_proxy_test.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/dns_proxy_test.go
@@ -67,8 +67,11 @@ func Test_canonicalName(t *testing.T) {

 func Test_prog_upstreamFor(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := testhelper.SampleConfig(t)
-	prog := &prog{cfg: cfg}
-	for _, nc := range prog.cfg.Network {
+	p := &prog{cfg: cfg}
+	p.um = newUpstreamMonitor(p.cfg)
+	p.lanLoopGuard = newLoopGuard()
+	p.ptrLoopGuard = newLoopGuard()
+	for _, nc := range p.cfg.Network {
 		for _, cidr := range nc.Cidrs {
 			_, ipNet, err := net.ParseCIDR(cidr)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -81,6 +84,7 @@ func Test_prog_upstreamFor(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name               string
 		ip                 string
+		mac                string
 		defaultUpstreamNum string
 		lc                 *ctrld.ListenerConfig
 		domain             string
@@ -88,11 +92,14 @@ func Test_prog_upstreamFor(t *testing.T) {
 		matched            bool
 		testLogMsg         string
 	}{
-		{"Policy map matches", "192.168.0.1:0", "0", prog.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.1", "upstream.0"}, true, ""},
-		{"Policy split matches", "192.168.0.1:0", "0", prog.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, true, ""},
-		{"Policy map for other network matches", "192.168.1.2:0", "0", prog.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.0"}, true, ""},
-		{"No policy map for listener", "192.168.1.2:0", "1", prog.cfg.Listener["1"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, false, ""},
-		{"unenforced loging", "192.168.1.2:0", "0", prog.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, true, "My Policy, network.1 (unenforced), *.ru -> [upstream.1]"},
+		{"Policy map matches", "192.168.0.1:0", "", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.1", "upstream.0"}, true, ""},
+		{"Policy split matches", "192.168.0.1:0", "", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, true, ""},
+		{"Policy map for other network matches", "192.168.1.2:0", "", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.0"}, true, ""},
+		{"No policy map for listener", "192.168.1.2:0", "", "1", p.cfg.Listener["1"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, false, ""},
+		{"unenforced loging", "192.168.1.2:0", "", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.ru", []string{"upstream.1"}, true, "My Policy, network.1 (unenforced), *.ru -> [upstream.1]"},
+		{"Policy Macs matches upper", "192.168.0.1:0", "14:45:A0:67:83:0A", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.2"}, true, "14:45:a0:67:83:0a"},
+		{"Policy Macs matches lower", "192.168.0.1:0", "14:54:4a:8e:08:2d", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.2"}, true, "14:54:4a:8e:08:2d"},
+		{"Policy Macs matches case-insensitive", "192.168.0.1:0", "14:54:4A:8E:08:2D", "0", p.cfg.Listener["0"], "abc.xyz", []string{"upstream.2"}, true, "14:54:4a:8e:08:2d"},
 	}

 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -111,9 +118,13 @@ func Test_prog_upstreamFor(t *testing.T) {
 				require.NoError(t, err)
 				require.NotNil(t, addr)
 				ctx := context.WithValue(context.Background(), ctrld.ReqIdCtxKey{}, requestID())
-				upstreams, matched := prog.upstreamFor(ctx, tc.defaultUpstreamNum, tc.lc, addr, tc.domain)
-				assert.Equal(t, tc.matched, matched)
-				assert.Equal(t, tc.upstreams, upstreams)
+				ufr := p.upstreamFor(ctx, tc.defaultUpstreamNum, tc.lc, addr, tc.mac, tc.domain)
+				p.proxy(ctx, &proxyRequest{
+					msg: newDnsMsgWithHostname("foo", dns.TypeA),
+					ufr: ufr,
+				})
+				assert.Equal(t, tc.matched, ufr.matched)
+				assert.Equal(t, tc.upstreams, ufr.upstreams)
 				if tc.testLogMsg != "" {
 					assert.Contains(t, logOutput.String(), tc.testLogMsg)
 				}
@@ -149,8 +160,32 @@ func TestCache(t *testing.T) {
 	answer2.SetRcode(msg, dns.RcodeRefused)
 	prog.cache.Add(dnscache.NewKey(msg, "upstream.0"), dnscache.NewValue(answer2, time.Now().Add(time.Minute)))

-	got1 := prog.proxy(context.Background(), []string{"upstream.1"}, nil, msg, nil)
-	got2 := prog.proxy(context.Background(), []string{"upstream.0"}, nil, msg, nil)
+	req1 := &proxyRequest{
+		msg:            msg,
+		ci:             nil,
+		failoverRcodes: nil,
+		ufr: &upstreamForResult{
+			upstreams:      []string{"upstream.1"},
+			matchedPolicy:  "",
+			matchedNetwork: "",
+			matchedRule:    "",
+			matched:        false,
+		},
+	}
+	req2 := &proxyRequest{
+		msg:            msg,
+		ci:             nil,
+		failoverRcodes: nil,
+		ufr: &upstreamForResult{
+			upstreams:      []string{"upstream.0"},
+			matchedPolicy:  "",
+			matchedNetwork: "",
+			matchedRule:    "",
+			matched:        false,
+		},
+	}
+	got1 := prog.proxy(context.Background(), req1)
+	got2 := prog.proxy(context.Background(), req2)
 	assert.NotSame(t, got1, got2)
 	assert.Equal(t, answer1.Rcode, got1.Rcode)
 	assert.Equal(t, answer2.Rcode, got2.Rcode)
@@ -234,3 +269,165 @@ func Test_remoteAddrFromMsg(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_ipFromARPA(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		IP   string
+		ARPA string
+	}{
+		{"1.2.3.4", "4.3.2.1.in-addr.arpa."},
+		{"245.110.36.114", "114.36.110.245.in-addr.arpa."},
+		{"::ffff:12.34.56.78", "78.56.34.12.in-addr.arpa."},
+		{"::1", "1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.ip6.arpa."},
+		{"1::", "0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.1.0.0.0.ip6.arpa."},
+		{"1234:567::89a:bcde", "e.d.c.b.a.9.8.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.0.7.6.5.0.4.3.2.1.ip6.arpa."},
+		{"1234:567:fefe:bcbc:adad:9e4a:89a:bcde", "e.d.c.b.a.9.8.0.a.4.e.9.d.a.d.a.c.b.c.b.e.f.e.f.7.6.5.0.4.3.2.1.ip6.arpa."},
+		{"", "asd.in-addr.arpa."},
+		{"", "asd.ip6.arpa."},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.IP, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if got := ipFromARPA(tc.ARPA); !got.Equal(net.ParseIP(tc.IP)) {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected ip, want: %s, got: %s", tc.IP, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func newDnsMsgWithClientIP(ip string) *dns.Msg {
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	m.SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA)
+	o := &dns.OPT{Hdr: dns.RR_Header{Name: ".", Rrtype: dns.TypeOPT}}
+	o.Option = append(o.Option, &dns.EDNS0_SUBNET{Address: net.ParseIP(ip)})
+	m.Extra = append(m.Extra, o)
+	return m
+}
+
+func Test_stripClientSubnet(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		msg        *dns.Msg
+		wantSubnet bool
+	}{
+		{"no edns0", new(dns.Msg), false},
+		{"loopback IP v4", newDnsMsgWithClientIP("127.0.0.1"), false},
+		{"loopback IP v6", newDnsMsgWithClientIP("::1"), false},
+		{"private IP v4", newDnsMsgWithClientIP("192.168.1.123"), false},
+		{"private IP v6", newDnsMsgWithClientIP("fd12:3456:789a:1::1"), false},
+		{"public IP", newDnsMsgWithClientIP("1.1.1.1"), true},
+		{"invalid IP", newDnsMsgWithClientIP(""), true},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			stripClientSubnet(tc.msg)
+			hasSubnet := false
+			if opt := tc.msg.IsEdns0(); opt != nil {
+				for _, s := range opt.Option {
+					if _, ok := s.(*dns.EDNS0_SUBNET); ok {
+						hasSubnet = true
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			if tc.wantSubnet != hasSubnet {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected result, want: %v, got: %v", tc.wantSubnet, hasSubnet)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func newDnsMsgWithHostname(hostname string, typ uint16) *dns.Msg {
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	m.SetQuestion(hostname, typ)
+	return m
+}
+
+func Test_isLanHostnameQuery(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name               string
+		msg                *dns.Msg
+		isLanHostnameQuery bool
+	}{
+		{"A", newDnsMsgWithHostname("foo", dns.TypeA), true},
+		{"AAAA", newDnsMsgWithHostname("foo", dns.TypeAAAA), true},
+		{"A not LAN", newDnsMsgWithHostname("example.com", dns.TypeA), false},
+		{"AAAA not LAN", newDnsMsgWithHostname("example.com", dns.TypeAAAA), false},
+		{"Not A or AAAA", newDnsMsgWithHostname("foo", dns.TypeTXT), false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if got := isLanHostnameQuery(tc.msg); tc.isLanHostnameQuery != got {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected result, want: %v, got: %v", tc.isLanHostnameQuery, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func newDnsMsgPtr(ip string, t *testing.T) *dns.Msg {
+	t.Helper()
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	ptr, err := dns.ReverseAddr(ip)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	m.SetQuestion(ptr, dns.TypePTR)
+	return m
+}
+
+func Test_isPrivatePtrLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name               string
+		msg                *dns.Msg
+		isPrivatePtrLookup bool
+	}{
+		// RFC 1918 allocates 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 as
+		{"10.0.0.0/8", newDnsMsgPtr("10.0.0.123", t), true},
+		{"172.16.0.0/12", newDnsMsgPtr("172.16.0.123", t), true},
+		{"192.168.0.0/16", newDnsMsgPtr("192.168.1.123", t), true},
+		{"CGNAT", newDnsMsgPtr("100.66.27.28", t), true},
+		{"Loopback", newDnsMsgPtr("127.0.0.1", t), true},
+		{"Link Local Unicast", newDnsMsgPtr("fe80::69f6:e16e:8bdb:433f", t), true},
+		{"Public IP", newDnsMsgPtr("8.8.8.8", t), false},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if got := isPrivatePtrLookup(tc.msg); tc.isPrivatePtrLookup != got {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected result, want: %v, got: %v", tc.isPrivatePtrLookup, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_isWanClient(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name        string
+		addr        net.Addr
+		isWanClient bool
+	}{
+		// RFC 1918 allocates 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12, and 192.168.0.0/16 as
+		{"10.0.0.0/8", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("10.0.0.123")}, false},
+		{"172.16.0.0/12", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("172.16.0.123")}, false},
+		{"192.168.0.0/16", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("192.168.1.123")}, false},
+		{"CGNAT", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("100.66.27.28")}, false},
+		{"Loopback", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")}, false},
+		{"Link Local Unicast", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("fe80::69f6:e16e:8bdb:433f")}, false},
+		{"Public", &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("8.8.8.8")}, true},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if got := isWanClient(tc.addr); tc.isWanClient != got {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected result, want: %v, got: %v", tc.isWanClient, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/loop.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/loop.go
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package cli
 import (
 	"context"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
@@ -15,6 +16,36 @@ const (
 	loopTestQtype  = dns.TypeTXT
 )

+// newLoopGuard returns new loopGuard.
+func newLoopGuard() *loopGuard {
+	return &loopGuard{inflight: make(map[string]struct{})}
+}
+
+// loopGuard guards against DNS loop, ensuring only one query
+// for a given domain is processed at a time.
+type loopGuard struct {
+	mu       sync.Mutex
+	inflight map[string]struct{}
+}
+
+// TryLock marks the domain as being processed.
+func (lg *loopGuard) TryLock(domain string) bool {
+	lg.mu.Lock()
+	defer lg.mu.Unlock()
+	if _, inflight := lg.inflight[domain]; !inflight {
+		lg.inflight[domain] = struct{}{}
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// Unlock marks the domain as being done.
+func (lg *loopGuard) Unlock(domain string) {
+	lg.mu.Lock()
+	defer lg.mu.Unlock()
+	delete(lg.inflight, domain)
+}
+
 // isLoop reports whether the given upstream config is detected as having DNS loop.
 func (p *prog) isLoop(uc *ctrld.UpstreamConfig) bool {
 	p.loopMu.Lock()
@@ -56,7 +87,15 @@ func (p *prog) checkDnsLoop() {
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("start checking DNS loop")
 	upstream := make(map[string]*ctrld.UpstreamConfig)
 	p.loopMu.Lock()
-	for _, uc := range p.cfg.Upstream {
+	for n, uc := range p.cfg.Upstream {
+		if p.um.isDown("upstream." + n) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Do not send test query to external upstream.
+		if !canBeLocalUpstream(uc.Domain) {
+			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("skipping external: upstream.%s", n)
+			continue
+		}
 		uid := uc.UID()
 		p.loop[uid] = false
 		upstream[uid] = uc
@@ -79,13 +118,15 @@ func (p *prog) checkDnsLoop() {
 }

 // checkDnsLoopTicker performs p.checkDnsLoop every minute.
-func (p *prog) checkDnsLoopTicker() {
+func (p *prog) checkDnsLoopTicker(ctx context.Context) {
 	timer := time.NewTicker(time.Minute)
 	defer timer.Stop()
 	for {
 		select {
 		case <-p.stopCh:
 			return
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
 		case <-timer.C:
 			p.checkDnsLoop()
 		}
--- a/cmd/cli/loop_test.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/loop_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func Test_loopGuard(t *testing.T) {
+	lg := newLoopGuard()
+	key := "foo"
+
+	var i atomic.Int64
+	var started atomic.Int64
+	n := 1000
+	do := func() {
+		locked := lg.TryLock(key)
+		defer lg.Unlock(key)
+		started.Add(1)
+		for started.Load() < 2 {
+			// Wait until at least 2 goroutines started, otherwise, on system with heavy load,
+			// or having only 1 CPU, all goroutines can be scheduled to run consequently.
+		}
+		if locked {
+			i.Add(1)
+		}
+	}
+
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			do()
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	if i.Load() == int64(n) {
+		t.Fatalf("i must not be increased %d times", n)
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/main.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/main.go
@@ -32,6 +32,8 @@ var (
 	cdDev             bool
 	iface             string
 	ifaceStartStop    string
+	nextdns           string
+	cdUpstreamProto   string

 	mainLog       atomic.Pointer[zerolog.Logger]
 	consoleWriter zerolog.ConsoleWriter
@@ -39,8 +41,9 @@ var (
 )

 const (
-	cdUidFlagName = "cd"
-	cdOrgFlagName = "cd-org"
+	cdUidFlagName   = "cd"
+	cdOrgFlagName   = "cd-org"
+	nextdnsFlagName = "nextdns"
 )

 func init() {
@@ -93,6 +96,7 @@ func initConsoleLogging() {

 // initLogging initializes global logging setup.
 func initLogging() {
+	zerolog.TimeFieldFormat = time.RFC3339 + ".000"
 	initLoggingWithBackup(true)
 }

@@ -131,7 +135,7 @@ func initLoggingWithBackup(doBackup bool) {
 	}
 	writers = append(writers, consoleWriter)
 	multi := zerolog.MultiLevelWriter(writers...)
-	l := mainLog.Load().Output(multi).With().Timestamp().Logger()
+	l := mainLog.Load().Output(multi).With().Logger()
 	mainLog.Store(&l)
 	// TODO: find a better way.
 	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Store(&l)
--- a/cmd/cli/netlink_linux.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/netlink_linux.go
@@ -1,11 +1,13 @@
 package cli

 import (
+	"context"
+
 	"github.com/vishvananda/netlink"
 	"golang.org/x/sys/unix"
 )

-func (p *prog) watchLinkState() {
+func (p *prog) watchLinkState(ctx context.Context) {
 	ch := make(chan netlink.LinkUpdate)
 	done := make(chan struct{})
 	defer close(done)
@@ -13,14 +15,19 @@ func (p *prog) watchLinkState() {
 		mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not subscribe link")
 		return
 	}
-	for lu := range ch {
-		if lu.Change == 0xFFFFFFFF {
-			continue
-		}
-		if lu.Change&unix.IFF_UP != 0 {
-			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("link state changed, re-bootstrapping")
-			for _, uc := range p.cfg.Upstream {
-				uc.ReBootstrap()
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case lu := <-ch:
+			if lu.Change == 0xFFFFFFFF {
+				continue
+			}
+			if lu.Change&unix.IFF_UP != 0 {
+				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("link state changed, re-bootstrapping")
+				for _, uc := range p.cfg.Upstream {
+					uc.ReBootstrap()
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}
--- a/cmd/cli/netlink_others.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/netlink_others.go
@@ -2,4 +2,6 @@

 package cli

-func (p *prog) watchLinkState() {}
+import "context"
+
+func (p *prog) watchLinkState(ctx context.Context) {}
--- a/cmd/cli/nextdns.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/nextdns.go
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+)
+
+const nextdnsURL = "https://dns.nextdns.io"
+
+func generateNextDNSConfig(uid string) {
+	if uid == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	mainLog.Load().Info().Msg("generating ctrld config for NextDNS resolver")
+	cfg = ctrld.Config{
+		Listener: map[string]*ctrld.ListenerConfig{
+			"0": {
+				IP:   "0.0.0.0",
+				Port: 53,
+			},
+		},
+		Upstream: map[string]*ctrld.UpstreamConfig{
+			"0": {
+				Type:     ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH3,
+				Endpoint: fmt.Sprintf("%s/%s", nextdnsURL, uid),
+				Timeout:  5000,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/os_linux.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/os_linux.go
@@ -9,10 +9,12 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"syscall"
 	"time"

+	"github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify"
 	"github.com/insomniacslk/dhcp/dhcpv4/nclient4"
 	"github.com/insomniacslk/dhcp/dhcpv6"
 	"github.com/insomniacslk/dhcp/dhcpv6/client6"
@@ -23,7 +25,10 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
 )

-const resolvConfBackupFailedMsg = "open /etc/resolv.pre-ctrld-backup.conf: read-only file system"
+const (
+	resolvConfPath            = "/etc/resolv.conf"
+	resolvConfBackupFailedMsg = "open /etc/resolv.pre-ctrld-backup.conf: read-only file system"
+)

 // allocate loopback ip
 // sudo ip a add 127.0.0.2/24 dev lo
@@ -64,6 +69,11 @@ func setDNS(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) error {
 		Nameservers:   ns,
 		SearchDomains: []dnsname.FQDN{},
 	}
+	defer func() {
+		if r.Mode() == "direct" {
+			go watchResolveConf(osConfig)
+		}
+	}()

 	trySystemdResolve := false
 	for i := 0; i < maxSetDNSAttempts; i++ {
@@ -299,3 +309,59 @@ func sliceIndex[S ~[]E, E comparable](s S, v E) int {
 	}
 	return -1
 }
+
+// watchResolveConf watches any changes to /etc/resolv.conf file,
+// and reverting to the original config set by ctrld.
+func watchResolveConf(oc dns.OSConfig) {
+	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("start watching /etc/resolv.conf file")
+	watcher, err := fsnotify.NewWatcher()
+	if err != nil {
+		mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not create watcher for /etc/resolv.conf")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// We watch /etc instead of /etc/resolv.conf directly,
+	// see: https://github.com/fsnotify/fsnotify#watching-a-file-doesnt-work-well
+	watchDir := filepath.Dir(resolvConfPath)
+	if err := watcher.Add(watchDir); err != nil {
+		mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not add /etc/resolv.conf to watcher list")
+		return
+	}
+
+	r, err := dns.NewOSConfigurator(func(format string, args ...any) {}, "lo") // interface name does not matter.
+	if err != nil {
+		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to create DNS OS configurator")
+		return
+	}
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case event, ok := <-watcher.Events:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			if event.Name != resolvConfPath { // skip if not /etc/resolv.conf changes.
+				continue
+			}
+			if event.Has(fsnotify.Write) || event.Has(fsnotify.Create) {
+				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("/etc/resolv.conf changes detected, reverting to ctrld setting")
+				if err := watcher.Remove(watchDir); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to pause watcher")
+					continue
+				}
+				if err := r.SetDNS(oc); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to revert /etc/resolv.conf changes")
+				}
+				if err := watcher.Add(watchDir); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to continue running watcher")
+					return
+				}
+			}
+		case err, ok := <-watcher.Errors:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			mainLog.Load().Err(err).Msg("could not get event for /etc/resolv.conf")
+		}
+	}
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/prog.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/prog.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package cli

 import (
 	"bytes"
+	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/rand"
@@ -16,7 +17,9 @@ import (
 	"syscall"

 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
+	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
+	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/clientinfo"
@@ -30,6 +33,7 @@ const (
 	ctrldControlUnixSock = "ctrld_control.sock"
 	upstreamPrefix       = "upstream."
 	upstreamOS           = upstreamPrefix + "os"
+	upstreamPrivate      = upstreamPrefix + "private"
 )

 var logf = func(format string, args ...any) {
@@ -45,19 +49,25 @@ var svcConfig = &service.Config{
 var useSystemdResolved = false

 type prog struct {
-	mu      sync.Mutex
-	waitCh  chan struct{}
-	stopCh  chan struct{}
-	logConn net.Conn
-	cs      *controlServer
+	mu           sync.Mutex
+	waitCh       chan struct{}
+	stopCh       chan struct{}
+	reloadCh     chan struct{} // For Windows.
+	reloadDoneCh chan struct{}
+	logConn      net.Conn
+	cs           *controlServer

-	cfg         *ctrld.Config
-	appCallback *AppCallback
-	cache       dnscache.Cacher
-	sema        semaphore
-	ciTable     *clientinfo.Table
-	um          *upstreamMonitor
-	router      router.Router
+	cfg            *ctrld.Config
+	localUpstreams []string
+	ptrNameservers []string
+	appCallback    *AppCallback
+	cache          dnscache.Cacher
+	sema           semaphore
+	ciTable        *clientinfo.Table
+	um             *upstreamMonitor
+	router         router.Router
+	ptrLoopGuard   *loopGuard
+	lanLoopGuard   *loopGuard

 	loopMu sync.Mutex
 	loop   map[string]bool
@@ -69,11 +79,106 @@ type prog struct {
 }

 func (p *prog) Start(s service.Service) error {
-	p.cfg = &cfg
-	go p.run()
+	go p.runWait()
 	return nil
 }

+// runWait runs ctrld components, waiting for signal to reload.
+func (p *prog) runWait() {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	p.cfg = &cfg
+	p.mu.Unlock()
+	reloadSigCh := make(chan os.Signal, 1)
+	notifyReloadSigCh(reloadSigCh)
+
+	reload := false
+	logger := mainLog.Load()
+	for {
+		reloadCh := make(chan struct{})
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			defer close(done)
+			p.run(reload, reloadCh)
+			reload = true
+		}()
+		select {
+		case sig := <-reloadSigCh:
+			logger.Notice().Msgf("got signal: %s, reloading...", sig.String())
+		case <-p.reloadCh:
+			logger.Notice().Msg("reloading...")
+		case <-p.stopCh:
+			close(reloadCh)
+			return
+		}
+
+		waitOldRunDone := func() {
+			close(reloadCh)
+			<-done
+		}
+		newCfg := &ctrld.Config{}
+		v := viper.NewWithOptions(viper.KeyDelimiter("::"))
+		ctrld.InitConfig(v, "ctrld")
+		if configPath != "" {
+			v.SetConfigFile(configPath)
+		}
+		if err := v.ReadInConfig(); err != nil {
+			logger.Err(err).Msg("could not read new config")
+			waitOldRunDone()
+			continue
+		}
+		if err := v.Unmarshal(&newCfg); err != nil {
+			logger.Err(err).Msg("could not unmarshal new config")
+			waitOldRunDone()
+			continue
+		}
+		if cdUID != "" {
+			if err := processCDFlags(newCfg); err != nil {
+				logger.Err(err).Msg("could not fetch ControlD config")
+				waitOldRunDone()
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+
+		waitOldRunDone()
+
+		p.mu.Lock()
+		curListener := p.cfg.Listener
+		p.mu.Unlock()
+
+		for n, lc := range newCfg.Listener {
+			curLc := curListener[n]
+			if curLc == nil {
+				continue
+			}
+			if lc.IP == "" {
+				lc.IP = curLc.IP
+			}
+			if lc.Port == 0 {
+				lc.Port = curLc.Port
+			}
+		}
+		if err := validateConfig(newCfg); err != nil {
+			logger.Err(err).Msg("invalid config")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// This needs to be done here, otherwise, the DNS handler may observe an invalid
+		// upstream config because its initialization function have not been called yet.
+		mainLog.Load().Debug().Msg("setup upstream with new config")
+		p.setupUpstream(newCfg)
+
+		p.mu.Lock()
+		*p.cfg = *newCfg
+		p.mu.Unlock()
+
+		logger.Notice().Msg("reloading config successfully")
+		select {
+		case p.reloadDoneCh <- struct{}{}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (p *prog) preRun() {
 	if !service.Interactive() {
 		p.setDNS()
@@ -87,14 +192,54 @@ func (p *prog) preRun() {
 	}
 }

-func (p *prog) run() {
+func (p *prog) setupUpstream(cfg *ctrld.Config) {
+	localUpstreams := make([]string, 0, len(cfg.Upstream))
+	ptrNameservers := make([]string, 0, len(cfg.Upstream))
+	for n := range cfg.Upstream {
+		uc := cfg.Upstream[n]
+		uc.Init()
+		if uc.BootstrapIP == "" {
+			uc.SetupBootstrapIP()
+			mainLog.Load().Info().Msgf("bootstrap IPs for upstream.%s: %q", n, uc.BootstrapIPs())
+		} else {
+			mainLog.Load().Info().Str("bootstrap_ip", uc.BootstrapIP).Msgf("using bootstrap IP for upstream.%s", n)
+		}
+		uc.SetCertPool(rootCertPool)
+		go uc.Ping()
+
+		if canBeLocalUpstream(uc.Domain) {
+			localUpstreams = append(localUpstreams, upstreamPrefix+n)
+		}
+		if uc.IsDiscoverable() {
+			ptrNameservers = append(ptrNameservers, uc.Endpoint)
+		}
+	}
+	p.localUpstreams = localUpstreams
+	p.ptrNameservers = ptrNameservers
+}
+
+// run runs the ctrld main components.
+//
+// The reload boolean indicates that the function is run when ctrld first start
+// or when ctrld receive reloading signal. Platform specifics setup is only done
+// on started, mean reload is "false".
+//
+// The reloadCh is used to signal ctrld listeners that ctrld is going to be reloaded,
+// so all listeners could be terminated and re-spawned again.
+func (p *prog) run(reload bool, reloadCh chan struct{}) {
 	// Wait the caller to signal that we can do our logic.
 	<-p.waitCh
-	p.preRun()
+	if !reload {
+		p.preRun()
+	}
 	numListeners := len(p.cfg.Listener)
-	p.started = make(chan struct{}, numListeners)
+	if !reload {
+		p.started = make(chan struct{}, numListeners)
+	}
 	p.onStartedDone = make(chan struct{})
 	p.loop = make(map[string]bool)
+	p.lanLoopGuard = newLoopGuard()
+	p.ptrLoopGuard = newLoopGuard()
 	if p.cfg.Service.CacheEnable {
 		cacher, err := dnscache.NewLRUCache(p.cfg.Service.CacheSize)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -103,15 +248,7 @@ func (p *prog) run() {
 			p.cache = cacher
 		}
 	}
-	p.sema = &chanSemaphore{ready: make(chan struct{}, defaultSemaphoreCap)}
-	if mcr := p.cfg.Service.MaxConcurrentRequests; mcr != nil {
-		n := *mcr
-		if n == 0 {
-			p.sema = &noopSemaphore{}
-		} else {
-			p.sema = &chanSemaphore{ready: make(chan struct{}, n)}
-		}
-	}
+
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup
 	wg.Add(len(p.cfg.Listener))

@@ -127,74 +264,102 @@ func (p *prog) run() {
 	}

 	p.um = newUpstreamMonitor(p.cfg)
-	for n := range p.cfg.Upstream {
-		uc := p.cfg.Upstream[n]
-		uc.Init()
-		if uc.BootstrapIP == "" {
-			uc.SetupBootstrapIP()
-			mainLog.Load().Info().Msgf("bootstrap IPs for upstream.%s: %q", n, uc.BootstrapIPs())
-		} else {
-			mainLog.Load().Info().Str("bootstrap_ip", uc.BootstrapIP).Msgf("using bootstrap IP for upstream.%s", n)
+
+	if !reload {
+		p.sema = &chanSemaphore{ready: make(chan struct{}, defaultSemaphoreCap)}
+		if mcr := p.cfg.Service.MaxConcurrentRequests; mcr != nil {
+			n := *mcr
+			if n == 0 {
+				p.sema = &noopSemaphore{}
+			} else {
+				p.sema = &chanSemaphore{ready: make(chan struct{}, n)}
+			}
+		}
+		p.setupUpstream(p.cfg)
+		p.ciTable = clientinfo.NewTable(&cfg, defaultRouteIP(), cdUID, p.ptrNameservers)
+		if leaseFile := p.cfg.Service.DHCPLeaseFile; leaseFile != "" {
+			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("watching custom lease file: %s", leaseFile)
+			format := ctrld.LeaseFileFormat(p.cfg.Service.DHCPLeaseFileFormat)
+			p.ciTable.AddLeaseFile(leaseFile, format)
 		}
-		uc.SetCertPool(rootCertPool)
-		go uc.Ping()
 	}

-	p.ciTable = clientinfo.NewTable(&cfg, defaultRouteIP(), cdUID)
-	if leaseFile := p.cfg.Service.DHCPLeaseFile; leaseFile != "" {
-		mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("watching custom lease file: %s", leaseFile)
-		format := ctrld.LeaseFileFormat(p.cfg.Service.DHCPLeaseFileFormat)
-		p.ciTable.AddLeaseFile(leaseFile, format)
-	}
+	// context for managing spawn goroutines.
+	ctx, cancelFunc := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+	defer cancelFunc()
+
 	// Newer versions of android and iOS denies permission which breaks connectivity.
-	if !isMobile() {
+	if !isMobile() && !reload {
+		wg.Add(1)
 		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
 			p.ciTable.Init()
-			p.ciTable.RefreshLoop(p.stopCh)
+			p.ciTable.RefreshLoop(ctx)
 		}()
-		go p.watchLinkState()
+		go p.watchLinkState(ctx)
 	}

 	for listenerNum := range p.cfg.Listener {
 		p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum].Init()
-		go func(listenerNum string) {
-			defer wg.Done()
-			listenerConfig := p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum]
-			upstreamConfig := p.cfg.Upstream[listenerNum]
-			if upstreamConfig == nil {
-				mainLog.Load().Warn().Msgf("no default upstream for: [listener.%s]", listenerNum)
+		if !reload {
+			go func(listenerNum string) {
+				listenerConfig := p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum]
+				upstreamConfig := p.cfg.Upstream[listenerNum]
+				if upstreamConfig == nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Warn().Msgf("no default upstream for: [listener.%s]", listenerNum)
+				}
+				addr := net.JoinHostPort(listenerConfig.IP, strconv.Itoa(listenerConfig.Port))
+				mainLog.Load().Info().Msgf("starting DNS server on listener.%s: %s", listenerNum, addr)
+				if err := p.serveDNS(listenerNum); err != nil {
+					mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msgf("unable to start dns proxy on listener.%s", listenerNum)
+				}
+			}(listenerNum)
+		}
+		go func() {
+			defer func() {
+				cancelFunc()
+				wg.Done()
+			}()
+			select {
+			case <-p.stopCh:
+			case <-ctx.Done():
+			case <-reloadCh:
 			}
-			addr := net.JoinHostPort(listenerConfig.IP, strconv.Itoa(listenerConfig.Port))
-			mainLog.Load().Info().Msgf("starting DNS server on listener.%s: %s", listenerNum, addr)
-			if err := p.serveDNS(listenerNum); err != nil {
-				mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msgf("unable to start dns proxy on listener.%s", listenerNum)
-			}
-		}(listenerNum)
+		}()
 	}

-	for i := 0; i < numListeners; i++ {
-		<-p.started
+	if !reload {
+		for i := 0; i < numListeners; i++ {
+			<-p.started
+		}
+		for _, f := range p.onStarted {
+			f()
+		}
 	}
-	for _, f := range p.onStarted {
-		f()
-	}
-	// Check for possible DNS loop.
-	p.checkDnsLoop()
+
 	close(p.onStartedDone)

-	// Start check DNS loop ticker.
-	go p.checkDnsLoopTicker()
+	wg.Add(1)
+	go func() {
+		defer wg.Done()
+		// Check for possible DNS loop.
+		p.checkDnsLoop()
+		// Start check DNS loop ticker.
+		p.checkDnsLoopTicker(ctx)
+	}()

-	// Stop writing log to unix socket.
-	consoleWriter.Out = os.Stdout
-	initLoggingWithBackup(false)
-	if p.logConn != nil {
-		_ = p.logConn.Close()
-	}
-	if p.cs != nil {
-		p.registerControlServerHandler()
-		if err := p.cs.start(); err != nil {
-			mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not start control server")
+	if !reload {
+		// Stop writing log to unix socket.
+		consoleWriter.Out = os.Stdout
+		initLoggingWithBackup(false)
+		if p.logConn != nil {
+			_ = p.logConn.Close()
+		}
+		if p.cs != nil {
+			p.registerControlServerHandler()
+			if err := p.cs.start(); err != nil {
+				mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not start control server")
+			}
 		}
 	}
 	wg.Wait()
@@ -276,7 +441,7 @@ func (p *prog) setDNS() {

 	nameservers := []string{ns}
 	if needRFC1918Listeners(lc) {
-		nameservers = append(nameservers, rfc1918Addresses()...)
+		nameservers = append(nameservers, ctrld.Rfc1918Addresses()...)
 	}
 	if err := setDNS(netIface, nameservers); err != nil {
 		logger.Error().Err(err).Msgf("could not set DNS for interface")
@@ -462,3 +627,11 @@ func defaultRouteIP() string {
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Str("ip", ip).Msg("found LAN interface IP")
 	return ip
 }
+
+// canBeLocalUpstream reports whether the IP address can be used as a local upstream.
+func canBeLocalUpstream(addr string) bool {
+	if ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(addr); err == nil {
+		return ip.IsLoopback() || ip.IsPrivate() || ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() || tsaddr.CGNATRange().Contains(ip)
+	}
+	return false
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/prog_linux.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/prog_linux.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ func setDependencies(svc *service.Config) {
 		"Wants=NetworkManager-wait-online.service",
 		"After=NetworkManager-wait-online.service",
 		"Wants=systemd-networkd-wait-online.service",
-		"After=systemd-networkd-wait-online.service",
 		"Wants=nss-lookup.target",
 		"After=nss-lookup.target",
 	}
--- a/cmd/cli/reload_others.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/reload_others.go
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+//go:build !windows
+
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"os/signal"
+	"syscall"
+)
+
+func notifyReloadSigCh(ch chan os.Signal) {
+	signal.Notify(ch, syscall.SIGUSR1)
+}
+
+func (p *prog) sendReloadSignal() error {
+	return syscall.Kill(syscall.Getpid(), syscall.SIGUSR1)
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/reload_windows.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/reload_windows.go
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+)
+
+func notifyReloadSigCh(ch chan os.Signal) {}
+
+func (p *prog) sendReloadSignal() error {
+	select {
+	case p.reloadCh <- struct{}{}:
+		return nil
+	case <-time.After(5 * time.Second):
+	}
+	return errors.New("timeout while sending reload signal")
+}
--- a/cmd/cli/upstream_monitor.go
+++ b/cmd/cli/upstream_monitor.go
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"time"

 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
-	"tailscale.com/logtail/backoff"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 )
@@ -15,8 +14,8 @@ import (
 const (
 	// maxFailureRequest is the maximum failed queries allowed before an upstream is marked as down.
 	maxFailureRequest = 100
-	// checkUpstreamMaxBackoff is the max backoff time when checking upstream status.
-	checkUpstreamMaxBackoff = 2 * time.Minute
+	// checkUpstreamBackoffSleep is the time interval between each upstream checks.
+	checkUpstreamBackoffSleep = 2 * time.Second
 )

 // upstreamMonitor performs monitoring upstreams health.
@@ -76,7 +75,6 @@ func (um *upstreamMonitor) checkUpstream(upstream string, uc *ctrld.UpstreamConf
 	um.checking[upstream] = true
 	um.mu.Unlock()

-	bo := backoff.NewBackoff("checkUpstream", logf, checkUpstreamMaxBackoff)
 	resolver, err := ctrld.NewResolver(uc)
 	if err != nil {
 		mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("could not check upstream")
@@ -84,15 +82,20 @@ func (um *upstreamMonitor) checkUpstream(upstream string, uc *ctrld.UpstreamConf
 	}
 	msg := new(dns.Msg)
 	msg.SetQuestion(".", dns.TypeNS)
-	ctx := context.Background()

-	for {
+	check := func() error {
+		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
+		defer cancel()
+		uc.ReBootstrap()
 		_, err := resolver.Resolve(ctx, msg)
-		if err == nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for {
+		if err := check(); err == nil {
 			mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("upstream %q is online", uc.Endpoint)
 			um.reset(upstream)
 			return
 		}
-		bo.BackOff(ctx, err)
+		time.Sleep(checkUpstreamBackoffSleep)
 	}
 }
--- a/config.go
+++ b/config.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"math/rand"
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
+	"net/netip"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
@@ -26,6 +27,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/spf13/viper"
 	"golang.org/x/sync/singleflight"
 	"tailscale.com/logtail/backoff"
+	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dnsrcode"
 	ctrldnet "github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/net"
@@ -82,6 +84,16 @@ func InitConfig(v *viper.Viper, name string) {
 		"0": {
 			IP:   "",
 			Port: 0,
+			Policy: &ListenerPolicyConfig{
+				Name: "Main Policy",
+				Networks: []Rule{
+					{"network.0": []string{"upstream.0"}},
+				},
+				Rules: []Rule{
+					{"example.com": []string{"upstream.0"}},
+					{"*.ads.com": []string{"upstream.1"}},
+				},
+			},
 		},
 	})
 	v.SetDefault("network", map[string]*NetworkConfig{
@@ -181,6 +193,7 @@ type ServiceConfig struct {
 	DiscoverDHCP          *bool  `mapstructure:"discover_dhcp" toml:"discover_dhcp,omitempty"`
 	DiscoverPtr           *bool  `mapstructure:"discover_ptr" toml:"discover_ptr,omitempty"`
 	DiscoverHosts         *bool  `mapstructure:"discover_hosts" toml:"discover_hosts,omitempty"`
+	ClientIDPref          string `mapstructure:"client_id_preference" toml:"client_id_preference,omitempty" validate:"omitempty,oneof=host mac"`
 	Daemon                bool   `mapstructure:"-" toml:"-"`
 	AllocateIP            bool   `mapstructure:"-" toml:"-"`
 }
@@ -204,6 +217,9 @@ type UpstreamConfig struct {
 	// The caller should not access this field directly.
 	// Use UpstreamSendClientInfo instead.
 	SendClientInfo *bool `mapstructure:"send_client_info" toml:"send_client_info,omitempty"`
+	// The caller should not access this field directly.
+	// Use IsDiscoverable instead.
+	Discoverable *bool `mapstructure:"discoverable" toml:"discoverable"`

 	g                  singleflight.Group
 	rebootstrap        atomic.Bool
@@ -224,10 +240,11 @@ type UpstreamConfig struct {

 // ListenerConfig specifies the networks configuration that ctrld will run on.
 type ListenerConfig struct {
-	IP         string                `mapstructure:"ip" toml:"ip,omitempty" validate:"iporempty"`
-	Port       int                   `mapstructure:"port" toml:"port,omitempty" validate:"gte=0"`
-	Restricted bool                  `mapstructure:"restricted" toml:"restricted,omitempty"`
-	Policy     *ListenerPolicyConfig `mapstructure:"policy" toml:"policy,omitempty"`
+	IP              string                `mapstructure:"ip" toml:"ip,omitempty" validate:"iporempty"`
+	Port            int                   `mapstructure:"port" toml:"port,omitempty" validate:"gte=0"`
+	Restricted      bool                  `mapstructure:"restricted" toml:"restricted,omitempty"`
+	AllowWanClients bool                  `mapstructure:"allow_wan_clients" toml:"allow_wan_clients,omitempty"`
+	Policy          *ListenerPolicyConfig `mapstructure:"policy" toml:"policy,omitempty"`
 }

 // IsDirectDnsListener reports whether ctrld can be a direct listener on port 53.
@@ -253,6 +270,7 @@ type ListenerPolicyConfig struct {
 	Name                 string   `mapstructure:"name" toml:"name,omitempty"`
 	Networks             []Rule   `mapstructure:"networks" toml:"networks,omitempty,inline,multiline" validate:"dive,len=1"`
 	Rules                []Rule   `mapstructure:"rules" toml:"rules,omitempty,inline,multiline" validate:"dive,len=1"`
+	Macs                 []Rule   `mapstructure:"macs" toml:"macs,omitempty,inline,multiline" validate:"dive,len=1"`
 	FailoverRcodes       []string `mapstructure:"failover_rcodes" toml:"failover_rcodes,omitempty" validate:"dive,dnsrcode"`
 	FailoverRcodeNumbers []int    `mapstructure:"-" toml:"-"`
 }
@@ -322,13 +340,28 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) UpstreamSendClientInfo() bool {
 	}
 	switch uc.Type {
 	case ResolverTypeDOH, ResolverTypeDOH3:
-		if uc.isControlD() {
+		if uc.isControlD() || uc.isNextDNS() {
 			return true
 		}
 	}
 	return false
 }

+// IsDiscoverable reports whether the upstream can be used for PTR discovery.
+// The caller must ensure uc.Init() was called before calling this.
+func (uc *UpstreamConfig) IsDiscoverable() bool {
+	if uc.Discoverable != nil {
+		return *uc.Discoverable
+	}
+	switch uc.Type {
+	case ResolverTypeOS, ResolverTypeLegacy, ResolverTypePrivate:
+		if ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(uc.Domain); err == nil {
+			return ip.IsLoopback() || ip.IsPrivate() || ip.IsLinkLocalUnicast() || tsaddr.CGNATRange().Contains(ip)
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
 // BootstrapIPs returns the bootstrap IPs list of upstreams.
 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) BootstrapIPs() []string {
 	return uc.bootstrapIPs
@@ -394,8 +427,9 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) ReBootstrap() {
 		return
 	}
 	_, _, _ = uc.g.Do("ReBootstrap", func() (any, error) {
-		ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msg("re-bootstrapping upstream ip")
-		uc.rebootstrap.Store(true)
+		if uc.rebootstrap.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+			ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msg("re-bootstrapping upstream ip")
+		}
 		return true, nil
 	})
 }
@@ -519,6 +553,16 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) isControlD() bool {
 	return false
 }

+func (uc *UpstreamConfig) isNextDNS() bool {
+	domain := uc.Domain
+	if domain == "" {
+		if u, err := url.Parse(uc.Endpoint); err == nil {
+			domain = u.Hostname()
+		}
+	}
+	return domain == "dns.nextdns.io"
+}
+
 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) dohTransport(dnsType uint16) http.RoundTripper {
 	uc.transportOnce.Do(func() {
 		uc.SetupTransport()
--- a/config_internal_test.go
+++ b/config_internal_test.go
@@ -279,6 +279,61 @@ func TestUpstreamConfig_UpstreamSendClientInfo(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }

+func TestUpstreamConfig_IsDiscoverable(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name         string
+		uc           *UpstreamConfig
+		discoverable bool
+	}{
+		{
+			"loopback",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "127.0.0.1", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy},
+			true,
+		},
+		{
+			"rfc1918",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "192.168.1.1", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy},
+			true,
+		},
+		{
+			"CGNAT",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "100.66.67.68", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy},
+			true,
+		},
+		{
+			"Public IP",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "8.8.8.8", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"override discoverable",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "127.0.0.1", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy, Discoverable: ptrBool(false)},
+			false,
+		},
+		{
+			"override non-public",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "1.1.1.1", Type: ResolverTypeLegacy, Discoverable: ptrBool(true)},
+			true,
+		},
+		{
+			"non-legacy upstream",
+			&UpstreamConfig{Endpoint: "https://192.168.1.1/custom-doh", Type: ResolverTypeDOH},
+			false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			tc.uc.Init()
+			if got := tc.uc.IsDiscoverable(); got != tc.discoverable {
+				t.Errorf("unexpected result, want: %v, got: %v", tc.discoverable, got)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func ptrBool(b bool) *bool {
 	return &b
 }
--- a/config_quic.go
+++ b/config_quic.go
@@ -10,13 +10,10 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
-	"time"

 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go"
 	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
-
-	ctrldnet "github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/net"
 )

 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) setupDOH3Transport() {
@@ -29,9 +26,7 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) setupDOH3Transport() {
 		uc.http3RoundTripper = uc.newDOH3Transport(uc.bootstrapIPs6)
 	case IpStackSplit:
 		uc.http3RoundTripper4 = uc.newDOH3Transport(uc.bootstrapIPs4)
-		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
-		defer cancel()
-		if ctrldnet.IPv6Available(ctx) {
+		if hasIPv6() {
 			uc.http3RoundTripper6 = uc.newDOH3Transport(uc.bootstrapIPs6)
 		} else {
 			uc.http3RoundTripper6 = uc.http3RoundTripper4
@@ -127,11 +122,6 @@ func (d *quicParallelDialer) Dial(ctx context.Context, addrs []string, tlsCfg *t
 		close(ch)
 	}()

-	udpConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", nil)
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-
 	for _, addr := range addrs {
 		go func(addr string) {
 			defer wg.Done()
@@ -140,6 +130,11 @@ func (d *quicParallelDialer) Dial(ctx context.Context, addrs []string, tlsCfg *t
 				ch <- &parallelDialerResult{conn: nil, err: err}
 				return
 			}
+			udpConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", nil)
+			if err != nil {
+				ch <- &parallelDialerResult{conn: nil, err: err}
+				return
+			}
 			conn, err := quic.DialEarly(ctx, udpConn, remoteAddr, tlsCfg, cfg)
 			select {
 			case ch <- &parallelDialerResult{conn: conn, err: err}:
@@ -147,6 +142,9 @@ func (d *quicParallelDialer) Dial(ctx context.Context, addrs []string, tlsCfg *t
 				if conn != nil {
 					conn.CloseWithError(quic.ApplicationErrorCode(http3.ErrCodeNoError), "")
 				}
+				if udpConn != nil {
+					udpConn.Close()
+				}
 			}
 		}(addr)
 	}
--- a/config_test.go
+++ b/config_test.go
@@ -54,7 +54,12 @@ func TestLoadDefaultConfig(t *testing.T) {
 	cfg := defaultConfig(t)
 	validate := validator.New()
 	require.NoError(t, ctrld.ValidateConfig(validate, cfg))
-	assert.Len(t, cfg.Listener, 1)
+	if assert.Len(t, cfg.Listener, 1) {
+		l0 := cfg.Listener["0"]
+		require.NotNil(t, l0.Policy)
+		assert.Len(t, l0.Policy.Networks, 1)
+		assert.Len(t, l0.Policy.Rules, 2)
+	}
 	assert.Len(t, cfg.Upstream, 2)
 }

@@ -96,6 +101,7 @@ func TestConfigValidation(t *testing.T) {
 		{"lease file format required if lease file exist", configWithExistedLeaseFile(t), true},
 		{"invalid lease file format", configWithInvalidLeaseFileFormat(t), true},
 		{"invalid doh/doh3 endpoint", configWithInvalidDoHEndpoint(t), true},
+		{"invalid client id pref", configWithInvalidClientIDPref(t), true},
 	}

 	for _, tc := range tests {
@@ -233,3 +239,9 @@ func configWithInvalidDoHEndpoint(t *testing.T) *ctrld.Config {
 	cfg.Upstream["0"].Type = ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH
 	return cfg
 }
+
+func configWithInvalidClientIDPref(t *testing.T) *ctrld.Config {
+	cfg := defaultConfig(t)
+	cfg.Service.ClientIDPref = "foo"
+	return cfg
+}
--- a/docs/config.md
+++ b/docs/config.md
@@ -215,6 +215,17 @@ DHCP leases file format.
 - Valid values: `dnsmasq`, `isc-dhcp`
 - Default: ""

+### client_id_preference
+Decide how the client ID is generated
+
+If `host` -> client id will only use the hostname i.e.`hash(hostname)`.
+If `mac` -> client id will only use the MAC address `hash(mac)`.
+Else -> client ID will use both Mac and Hostname i.e. `hash(mac + host)
+- Type: string
+- Required: no
+- Valid values: `mac`, `host`
+- Default: ""
+
 ## Upstream
 The `[upstream]` section specifies the DNS upstream servers that `ctrld` will forward DNS requests to.

@@ -319,6 +330,24 @@ If `ip_stack` is empty, or undefined:
 - Default value is `both` for non-Control D resolvers.
 - Default value is `split` for Control D resolvers.

+### send_client_info
+Specifying whether to include client info when sending query to upstream.
+
+- Type: boolean
+- Required: no
+- Default:
+  - `true` for ControlD upstreams.
+  - `false` for other upstreams.
+
+### discoverable
+Specifying whether the upstream can be used for PTR discovery.
+
+- Type: boolean
+- Required: no
+- Default:
+    - `true` for loopback/RFC1918/CGNAT IP address.
+    - `false` for public IP address.
+
 ## Network
 The `[network]` section defines networks from which DNS queries can originate from. These are used in policies. You can define multiple networks, and each one can have multiple cidrs.

@@ -376,7 +405,14 @@ Port number that the listener will listen on for incoming requests. If `port` is
 - Default: 0 or 53 or 5354 (depending on platform)

 ### restricted
-If set to `true` makes the listener `REFUSE` DNS queries from all source IP addresses that are not explicitly defined in the policy using a `network`. 
+If set to `true`, makes the listener `REFUSED` DNS queries from all source IP addresses that are not explicitly defined in the policy using a `network`. 
+
+- Type: bool
+- Required: no
+- Default: false
+
+### allow_wan_clients
+The listener `REFUSED` DNS queries from WAN clients by default. If set to `true`, makes the listener replies to them.

 - Type: bool
 - Required: no
@@ -386,7 +422,15 @@ If set to `true` makes the listener `REFUSE` DNS queries from all source IP addr
 Allows `ctrld` to set policy rules to determine which upstreams the requests will be forwarded to.
 If no `policy` is defined or the requests do not match any policy rules, it will be forwarded to corresponding upstream of the listener. For example, the request to `listener.0` will be forwarded to `upstream.0`.

-The policy `rule` syntax is a simple `toml` inline table with exactly one key/value pair per rule. `key` is either the `network` or a domain. Value is the list of the upstreams. For example:
+The policy `rule` syntax is a simple `toml` inline table with exactly one key/value pair per rule. `key` is either:
+
+ - Network.
+ - Domain.
+ - Mac Address.
+
+Value is the list of the upstreams.
+
+For example:

 ```toml
 [listener.0.policy]
@@ -400,12 +444,18 @@ rules = [
    {"*.local" = ["upstream.1"]},
    {"test.com" = ["upstream.2", "upstream.1"]},
 ]
+
+macs = [
+    {"14:54:4a:8e:08:2d" = ["upstream.3"]},
+]
 ```

 Above policy will:
- Forward requests on `listener.0` from `network.0` to `upstream.1`.
+
 - Forward requests on `listener.0` for `.local` suffixed domains to `upstream.1`.
 - Forward requests on `listener.0` for `test.com` to `upstream.2`. If timeout is reached, retry on `upstream.1`.
+- Forward requests on `listener.0` from client with Mac `14:54:4a:8e:08:2d` to `upstream.3`.
+- Forward requests on `listener.0` from `network.0` to `upstream.1`.
 - All other requests on `listener.0` that do not match above conditions will be forwarded to `upstream.0`.

 An empty upstream would not route the request to any defined upstreams, and use the OS default resolver.
@@ -419,6 +469,18 @@ rules = [
 ]
 ```

+---
+
+Note that the order of matching preference:
+
+```
+rules => macs => networks
+```
+
+And within each policy, the rules are processed from top to bottom.
+
+---
+
 #### name
 `name` is the name for the policy.

@@ -440,6 +502,13 @@ rules = [
 - Required: no
 - Default: []

+### macs:
+`macs` is the list of mac rules within the policy. Mac address value is case-insensitive.
+
+- Type: array of macs
+- Required: no
+- Default: []
+
 ### failover_rcodes
 For non success response, `failover_rcodes` allows the request to be forwarded to next upstream, if the response `RCODE` matches any value defined in `failover_rcodes`.

--- a/doh.go
+++ b/doh.go
@@ -18,11 +18,12 @@ import (
 )

 const (
-	dohMacHeader         = "x-cd-mac"
-	dohIPHeader          = "x-cd-ip"
-	dohHostHeader        = "x-cd-host"
-	dohOsHeader          = "x-cd-os"
-	headerApplicationDNS = "application/dns-message"
+	dohMacHeader          = "x-cd-mac"
+	dohIPHeader           = "x-cd-ip"
+	dohHostHeader         = "x-cd-host"
+	dohOsHeader           = "x-cd-os"
+	dohClientIDPrefHeader = "x-cd-cpref"
+	headerApplicationDNS  = "application/dns-message"
 )

 // EncodeOsNameMap provides mapping from OS name to a shorter string, used for encoding x-cd-os value.
@@ -76,7 +77,6 @@ func newDohResolver(uc *UpstreamConfig) *dohResolver {
 		endpoint:          uc.u,
 		isDoH3:            uc.Type == ResolverTypeDOH3,
 		http3RoundTripper: uc.http3RoundTripper,
-		sendClientInfo:    uc.UpstreamSendClientInfo(),
 		uc:                uc,
 	}
 	return r
@@ -87,9 +87,9 @@ type dohResolver struct {
 	endpoint          *url.URL
 	isDoH3            bool
 	http3RoundTripper http.RoundTripper
-	sendClientInfo    bool
 }

+// Resolve performs DNS query with given DNS message using DOH protocol.
 func (r *dohResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error) {
 	data, err := msg.Pack()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ func (r *dohResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, erro
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("could not create request: %w", err)
 	}
-	addHeader(ctx, req, r.sendClientInfo)
+	addHeader(ctx, req, r.uc)
 	dnsTyp := uint16(0)
 	if len(msg.Question) > 0 {
 		dnsTyp = msg.Question[0].Qtype
@@ -146,26 +146,19 @@ func (r *dohResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, erro
 	return answer, nil
 }

-func addHeader(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request, sendClientInfo bool) {
+func addHeader(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request, uc *UpstreamConfig) {
 	req.Header.Set("Content-Type", headerApplicationDNS)
 	req.Header.Set("Accept", headerApplicationDNS)
-	req.Header.Set(dohOsHeader, dohOsHeaderValue())

 	printed := false
-	if sendClientInfo {
+	if uc.UpstreamSendClientInfo() {
 		if ci, ok := ctx.Value(ClientInfoCtxKey{}).(*ClientInfo); ok && ci != nil {
 			printed = ci.Mac != "" || ci.IP != "" || ci.Hostname != ""
-			if ci.Mac != "" {
-				req.Header.Set(dohMacHeader, ci.Mac)
-			}
-			if ci.IP != "" {
-				req.Header.Set(dohIPHeader, ci.IP)
-			}
-			if ci.Hostname != "" {
-				req.Header.Set(dohHostHeader, ci.Hostname)
-			}
-			if ci.Self {
-				req.Header.Set(dohOsHeader, dohOsHeaderValue())
+			switch {
+			case uc.isControlD():
+				addControlDHeaders(req, ci)
+			case uc.isNextDNS():
+				addNextDNSHeaders(req, ci)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -173,3 +166,41 @@ func addHeader(ctx context.Context, req *http.Request, sendClientInfo bool) {
 		Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Interface("header", req.Header), "sending request header")
 	}
 }
+
+// addControlDHeaders set DoH/Doh3 HTTP request headers for ControlD upstream.
+func addControlDHeaders(req *http.Request, ci *ClientInfo) {
+	req.Header.Set(dohOsHeader, dohOsHeaderValue())
+	if ci.Mac != "" {
+		req.Header.Set(dohMacHeader, ci.Mac)
+	}
+	if ci.IP != "" {
+		req.Header.Set(dohIPHeader, ci.IP)
+	}
+	if ci.Hostname != "" {
+		req.Header.Set(dohHostHeader, ci.Hostname)
+	}
+	if ci.Self {
+		req.Header.Set(dohOsHeader, dohOsHeaderValue())
+	}
+	switch ci.ClientIDPref {
+	case "mac":
+		req.Header.Set(dohClientIDPrefHeader, "1")
+	case "host":
+		req.Header.Set(dohClientIDPrefHeader, "2")
+	}
+}
+
+// addNextDNSHeaders set DoH/Doh3 HTTP request headers for nextdns upstream.
+// https://github.com/nextdns/nextdns/blob/v1.41.0/resolver/doh.go#L100
+func addNextDNSHeaders(req *http.Request, ci *ClientInfo) {
+	if ci.Mac != "" {
+		// https: //github.com/nextdns/nextdns/blob/v1.41.0/run.go#L543
+		req.Header.Set("X-Device-Model", "mac:"+ci.Mac[:8])
+	}
+	if ci.IP != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("X-Device-Ip", ci.IP)
+	}
+	if ci.Hostname != "" {
+		req.Header.Set("X-Device-Name", ci.Hostname)
+	}
+}
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.16.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.3
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
-	golang.org/x/net v0.10.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.17.0
 	golang.org/x/sync v0.2.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.8.1-0.20230609144347-5059a07aa46a
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
 	tailscale.com v1.44.0
 )
@@ -70,11 +70,10 @@ require (
 	github.com/u-root/uio v0.0.0-20230305220412-3e8cd9d6bf63 // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
 	go4.org/mem v0.0.0-20220726221520-4f986261bf13 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.14.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20230425010034-47ecfdc1ba53 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20230531173138-3c911d8e3eda // indirect
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.10.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.9.1 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -55,8 +55,6 @@ github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 h1:RrqgGjYQKalulkV8NGVIfkXQf6YYmOyiJKk8
 github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0/go.mod h1:Y58oyj3AT4RCenI/lSvhwexgC+NSVTIJ3seZv2GcEnc=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
-github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230329055532-c513f836da19 h1:7P/f19Mr0oa3ug8BYt4JuRe/Zq3dF4Mrr4m8+Kw+Hcs=
-github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230329055532-c513f836da19/go.mod h1:G45410zMgmnSjLVKCq4f6GpbYAzoP2plX9rPwgx6C24=
 github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230921071424-e0e1b1e0bbbf h1:40DHYsri+d1bnroFDU2FQAeq68f3kAlOzlQ93kCf26Q=
 github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230921071424-e0e1b1e0bbbf/go.mod h1:G45410zMgmnSjLVKCq4f6GpbYAzoP2plX9rPwgx6C24=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
@@ -302,8 +300,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20200622213623-75b288015ac9/go.mod h1:LzIPMQfyMNhhGPh
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210421170649-83a5a9bb288b/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm1hfPfRQxPLYneinmdGuTeoZ9dtd4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211215153901-e495a2d5b3d3/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0 h1:LF6fAI+IutBocDJ2OT0Q1g8plpYljMZ4+lty+dsqw3g=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.9.0/go.mod h1:yrmDGqONDYtNj3tH8X9dzUun2m2lzPa9ngI6/RUPGR0=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.14.0 h1:wBqGXzWJW6m1XrIKlAH0Hs1JJ7+9KBwnIO8v66Q9cHc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.14.0/go.mod h1:MVFd36DqK4CsrnJYDkBA3VC4m2GkXAM0PvzMCn4JQf4=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -331,8 +329,6 @@ golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPI
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20201208152925-83fdc39ff7b5/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
 golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190312151609-d3739f865fa6/go.mod h1:z+o9i4GpDbdi3rU15maQ/Ox0txvL9dWGYEHz965HBQE=
 golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190719004257-d2bd2a29d028/go.mod h1:E/iHnbuqvinMTCcRqshq8CkpyQDoeVncDDYHnLhea+o=
-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20230531173138-3c911d8e3eda h1:O+EUvnBNPwI4eLthn8W5K+cS8zQZfgTABPLNm6Bna34=
-golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20230531173138-3c911d8e3eda/go.mod h1:aAjjkJNdrh3PMckS4B10TGS2nag27cbKR1y2BpUxsiY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.0.0-20190513183733-4bf6d317e70e/go.mod h1:mXi4GBBbnImb6dmsKGUJ2LatrhH/nqhxcFungHvyanc=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.0/go.mod h1:0QHyrYULN0/3qlju5TqG8bIK38QM8yzMo5ekMj3DlcY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
@@ -378,8 +374,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201224014010-6772e930b67b/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
-golang.org/x/net v0.10.0 h1:X2//UzNDwYmtCLn7To6G58Wr6f5ahEAQgKNzv9Y951M=
-golang.org/x/net v0.10.0/go.mod h1:0qNGK6F8kojg2nk9dLZ2mShWaEBan6FAoqfSigmmuDg=
+golang.org/x/net v0.17.0 h1:pVaXccu2ozPjCXewfr1S7xza/zcXTity9cCdXQYSjIM=
+golang.org/x/net v0.17.0/go.mod h1:NxSsAGuq816PNPmqtQdLE42eU2Fs7NoRIZrHJAlaCOE=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -452,8 +448,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220811171246-fbc7d0a398ab/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBc
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220908164124-27713097b956/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.4.1-0.20230131160137-e7d7f63158de/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.1-0.20230609144347-5059a07aa46a h1:qMsju+PNttu/NMbq8bQ9waDdxgJMu9QNoUDuhnBaYt0=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.8.1-0.20230609144347-5059a07aa46a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0 h1:Af8nKPmuFypiUBjVoU9V20FiaFXOcuZI21p0ycVYYGE=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.13.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -463,8 +459,8 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.4/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0 h1:2sjJmO8cDvYveuX97RDLsxlyUxLl+GHoLxBiRdHllBE=
-golang.org/x/text v0.9.0/go.mod h1:e1OnstbJyHTd6l/uOt8jFFHp6TRDWZR/bV3emEE/zU8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0 h1:ablQoSUd0tRdKxZewP80B+BaqeKJuVhuRxj/dkrun3k=
+golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20191024005414-555d28b269f0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
--- a/internal/clientinfo/client_info.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/client_info.go
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 package clientinfo

 import (
+	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -68,25 +71,27 @@ type Table struct {
 	refreshers        []refresher
 	initOnce          sync.Once

-	dhcp   *dhcp
-	merlin *merlinDiscover
-	arp    *arpDiscover
-	ptr    *ptrDiscover
-	mdns   *mdns
-	hf     *hostsFile
-	vni    *virtualNetworkIface
-	cfg    *ctrld.Config
-	quitCh chan struct{}
-	selfIP string
-	cdUID  string
+	dhcp           *dhcp
+	merlin         *merlinDiscover
+	arp            *arpDiscover
+	ptr            *ptrDiscover
+	mdns           *mdns
+	hf             *hostsFile
+	vni            *virtualNetworkIface
+	svcCfg         ctrld.ServiceConfig
+	quitCh         chan struct{}
+	selfIP         string
+	cdUID          string
+	ptrNameservers []string
 }

-func NewTable(cfg *ctrld.Config, selfIP, cdUID string) *Table {
+func NewTable(cfg *ctrld.Config, selfIP, cdUID string, ns []string) *Table {
 	return &Table{
-		cfg:    cfg,
-		quitCh: make(chan struct{}),
-		selfIP: selfIP,
-		cdUID:  cdUID,
+		svcCfg:         cfg.Service,
+		quitCh:         make(chan struct{}),
+		selfIP:         selfIP,
+		cdUID:          cdUID,
+		ptrNameservers: ns,
 	}
 }

@@ -97,7 +102,7 @@ func (t *Table) AddLeaseFile(name string, format ctrld.LeaseFileFormat) {
 	clientInfoFiles[name] = format
 }

-func (t *Table) RefreshLoop(stopCh chan struct{}) {
+func (t *Table) RefreshLoop(ctx context.Context) {
 	timer := time.NewTicker(time.Minute * 5)
 	defer timer.Stop()
 	for {
@@ -106,7 +111,7 @@ func (t *Table) RefreshLoop(stopCh chan struct{}) {
 			for _, r := range t.refreshers {
 				_ = r.refresh()
 			}
-		case <-stopCh:
+		case <-ctx.Done():
 			close(t.quitCh)
 			return
 		}
@@ -182,6 +187,26 @@ func (t *Table) init() {
 	// PTR lookup.
 	if t.discoverPTR() {
 		t.ptr = &ptrDiscover{resolver: ctrld.NewPrivateResolver()}
+		if len(t.ptrNameservers) > 0 {
+			nss := make([]string, 0, len(t.ptrNameservers))
+			for _, ns := range t.ptrNameservers {
+				host, port := ns, "53"
+				if h, p, err := net.SplitHostPort(ns); err == nil {
+					host, port = h, p
+				}
+				// Only use valid ip:port pair.
+				if _, portErr := strconv.Atoi(port); portErr == nil && port != "0" && net.ParseIP(host) != nil {
+					nss = append(nss, net.JoinHostPort(host, port))
+				} else {
+					ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Msgf("ignoring invalid nameserver for ptr discover: %q", ns)
+				}
+			}
+			if len(nss) > 0 {
+				t.ptr.resolver = ctrld.NewResolverWithNameserver(nss)
+				ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("using nameservers %v for ptr discovery", nss)
+			}
+
+		}
 		ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msg("start ptr discovery")
 		if err := t.ptr.refresh(); err != nil {
 			ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("could not init PTR discover")
@@ -240,6 +265,21 @@ func (t *Table) LookupHostname(ip, mac string) string {
 	return ""
 }

+// LookupRFC1918IPv4 returns the RFC1918 IPv4 address for the given MAC address, if any.
+func (t *Table) LookupRFC1918IPv4(mac string) string {
+	t.initOnce.Do(t.init)
+	for _, r := range t.ipResolvers {
+		ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(r.LookupIP(mac))
+		if err != nil || ip.Is6() {
+			continue
+		}
+		if ip.IsPrivate() {
+			return ip.String()
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 type macEntry struct {
 	mac string
 	src string
@@ -338,39 +378,60 @@ func (t *Table) StoreVPNClient(ci *ctrld.ClientInfo) {
 	t.vni.ip2name.Store(ci.IP, ci.Hostname)
 }

+// ipFinder is the interface for retrieving IP address from hostname.
+type ipFinder interface {
+	lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string
+}
+
+// LookupIPByHostname returns the ip address of given hostname.
+// If v6 is true, return IPv6 instead of default IPv4.
+func (t *Table) LookupIPByHostname(hostname string, v6 bool) *netip.Addr {
+	if t == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, finder := range []ipFinder{t.hf, t.ptr, t.mdns, t.dhcp} {
+		if addr := finder.lookupIPByHostname(hostname, v6); addr != "" {
+			if ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(addr); err == nil {
+				return &ip
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func (t *Table) discoverDHCP() bool {
-	if t.cfg.Service.DiscoverDHCP == nil {
+	if t.svcCfg.DiscoverDHCP == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return *t.cfg.Service.DiscoverDHCP
+	return *t.svcCfg.DiscoverDHCP
 }

 func (t *Table) discoverARP() bool {
-	if t.cfg.Service.DiscoverARP == nil {
+	if t.svcCfg.DiscoverARP == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return *t.cfg.Service.DiscoverARP
+	return *t.svcCfg.DiscoverARP
 }

 func (t *Table) discoverMDNS() bool {
-	if t.cfg.Service.DiscoverMDNS == nil {
+	if t.svcCfg.DiscoverMDNS == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return *t.cfg.Service.DiscoverMDNS
+	return *t.svcCfg.DiscoverMDNS
 }

 func (t *Table) discoverPTR() bool {
-	if t.cfg.Service.DiscoverPtr == nil {
+	if t.svcCfg.DiscoverPtr == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return *t.cfg.Service.DiscoverPtr
+	return *t.svcCfg.DiscoverPtr
 }

 func (t *Table) discoverHosts() bool {
-	if t.cfg.Service.DiscoverHosts == nil {
+	if t.svcCfg.DiscoverHosts == nil {
 		return true
 	}
-	return *t.cfg.Service.DiscoverHosts
+	return *t.svcCfg.DiscoverHosts
 }

 // normalizeIP normalizes the ip parsed from dnsmasq/dhcpd lease file.
--- a/internal/clientinfo/client_info_test.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/client_info_test.go
@@ -25,3 +25,22 @@ func Test_normalizeIP(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestTable_LookupRFC1918IPv4(t *testing.T) {
+	table := &Table{
+		dhcp: &dhcp{},
+		arp:  &arpDiscover{},
+	}
+
+	table.ipResolvers = append(table.ipResolvers, table.dhcp)
+	table.ipResolvers = append(table.ipResolvers, table.arp)
+
+	macAddress := "cc:19:f9:8a:49:e6"
+	rfc1918IPv4 := "10.0.10.245"
+	table.dhcp.ip.Store(macAddress, "127.0.0.1")
+	table.arp.ip.Store(macAddress, rfc1918IPv4)
+
+	if got := table.LookupRFC1918IPv4(macAddress); got != rfc1918IPv4 {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected result, want: %s, got: %s", rfc1918IPv4, got)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/clientinfo/dhcp.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/dhcp.go
@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"

@@ -134,6 +135,39 @@ func (d *dhcp) List() []string {
 	return ips
 }

+func (d *dhcp) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
+	if d == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var (
+		rfc1918Addrs []netip.Addr
+		others       []netip.Addr
+	)
+	d.ip2name.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		if value != name {
+			return true
+		}
+		if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(key.(string)); err == nil && addr.Is6() == v6 {
+			if addr.IsPrivate() {
+				rfc1918Addrs = append(rfc1918Addrs, addr)
+			} else {
+				others = append(others, addr)
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	result := [][]netip.Addr{rfc1918Addrs, others}
+	for _, addrs := range result {
+		if len(addrs) > 0 {
+			sort.Slice(addrs, func(i, j int) bool {
+				return addrs[i].Less(addrs[j])
+			})
+			return addrs[0].String()
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // AddLeaseFile adds given lease file for reading/watching clients info.
 func (d *dhcp) addLeaseFile(name string, format ctrld.LeaseFileFormat) error {
 	if d.watcher == nil {
--- a/internal/clientinfo/dhcp_test.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/dhcp_test.go
@@ -86,3 +86,15 @@ lease 192.168.1.2 {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_dhcp_lookupIPByHostname(t *testing.T) {
+	d := &dhcp{}
+	want := "192.168.1.123"
+	d.ip2name.Store(want, "foo")
+	d.ip2name.Store("127.0.0.1", "foo")
+	d.ip2name.Store("169.254.123.123", "foo")
+
+	if got := d.lookupIPByHostname("foo", false); got != want {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected result, want: %s, got: %s", want, got)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/clientinfo/hostsfile.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/hostsfile.go
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package clientinfo

 import (
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"sync"

@@ -109,6 +110,24 @@ func (hf *hostsFile) String() string {
 	return "hosts"
 }

+func (hf *hostsFile) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
+	if hf == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	hf.mu.Lock()
+	defer hf.mu.Unlock()
+	for addr, names := range hf.m {
+		if ip, err := netip.ParseAddr(addr); err == nil && !ip.IsLoopback() {
+			for _, n := range names {
+				if n == name && ip.Is6() == v6 {
+					return ip.String()
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
 // isLocalhostName reports whether the given hostname represents localhost.
 func isLocalhostName(hostname string) bool {
 	switch hostname {
--- a/internal/clientinfo/mdns.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/mdns.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"sync"
 	"syscall"
@@ -59,6 +60,27 @@ func (m *mdns) List() []string {
 	return ips
 }

+func (m *mdns) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
+	if m == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var ip string
+	m.name.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		if value == name {
+			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(key.(string)); err == nil && addr.Is6() == v6 {
+				ip = addr.String()
+				//lint:ignore S1008 This is used for readable.
+				if addr.IsLoopback() { // Continue searching if this is loopback address.
+					return true
+				}
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return ip
+}
+
 func (m *mdns) init(quitCh chan struct{}) error {
 	ifaces, err := multicastInterfaces()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -123,6 +145,10 @@ func (m *mdns) readLoop(conn *net.UDPConn) {
 			if err, ok := err.(*net.OpError); ok && (err.Timeout() || err.Temporary()) {
 				continue
 			}
+			// Do not complain about use of closed network connection.
+			if errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) {
+				return
+			}
 			ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msg("mdns readLoop error")
 			return
 		}
--- a/internal/clientinfo/ptr_lookup.go
+++ b/internal/clientinfo/ptr_lookup.go
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package clientinfo

 import (
 	"context"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
@@ -72,15 +73,16 @@ func (p *ptrDiscover) lookupHostname(ip string) string {
 	msg := new(dns.Msg)
 	addr, err := dns.ReverseAddr(ip)
 	if err != nil {
-		ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Str("discovery", "ptr").Err(err).Msg("invalid ip address")
+		ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Str("discovery", "ptr").Err(err).Msg("invalid ip address")
 		return ""
 	}
 	msg.SetQuestion(addr, dns.TypePTR)
 	ans, err := p.resolver.Resolve(ctx, msg)
 	if err != nil {
-		ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Str("discovery", "ptr").Err(err).Msg("could not perform PTR lookup")
-		p.serverDown.Store(true)
-		go p.checkServer()
+		if p.serverDown.CompareAndSwap(false, true) {
+			ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Str("discovery", "ptr").Err(err).Msg("could not perform PTR lookup")
+			go p.checkServer()
+		}
 		return ""
 	}
 	for _, rr := range ans.Answer {
@@ -93,6 +95,27 @@ func (p *ptrDiscover) lookupHostname(ip string) string {
 	return ""
 }

+func (p *ptrDiscover) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
+	if p == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	var ip string
+	p.hostname.Range(func(key, value any) bool {
+		if value == name {
+			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(key.(string)); err == nil && addr.Is6() == v6 {
+				ip = addr.String()
+				//lint:ignore S1008 This is used for readable.
+				if addr.IsLoopback() { // Continue searching if this is loopback address.
+					return true
+				}
+				return false
+			}
+		}
+		return true
+	})
+	return ip
+}
+
 // checkServer monitors if the resolver can reach its nameserver. When the nameserver
 // is reachable, set p.serverDown to false, so p.lookupHostname can continue working.
 func (p *ptrDiscover) checkServer() {
--- a/internal/controld/config.go
+++ b/internal/controld/config.go
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 	"net/http"
 	"os"
+	"runtime"
 	"strings"
 	"time"

@@ -119,7 +120,7 @@ func postUtilityAPI(version string, cdDev bool, body io.Reader) (*ResolverConfig
 		return d.DialContext(ctx, network, addrs)
 	}

-	if router.Name() == ddwrt.Name {
+	if router.Name() == ddwrt.Name || runtime.GOOS == "android" {
 		transport.TLSClientConfig = &tls.Config{RootCAs: certs.CACertPool()}
 	}
 	client := http.Client{
--- a/internal/router/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.go
+++ b/internal/router/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.go
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 package dnsmasq

 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"html/template"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"

@@ -19,6 +22,9 @@ server={{ .IP }}#{{ .Port }}
 add-mac
 add-subnet=32,128
 {{- end}}
+{{- if .CacheDisabled}}
+cache-size=0
+{{- end}}
 `

 const MerlinPostConfPath = "/jffs/scripts/dnsmasq.postconf"
@@ -47,6 +53,8 @@ if [ -n "$pid" ] && [ -f "/proc/${pid}/cmdline" ]; then
  {{- end}}
  pc_delete "dnssec" "$config_file"                 # disable DNSSEC
  pc_delete "trust-anchor=" "$config_file"          # disable DNSSEC
+  pc_delete "cache-size=" "$config_file"
+  pc_append "cache-size=0" "$config_file"           # disable cache
 	
  # For John fork
  pc_delete "resolv-file" "$config_file"            # no WAN DNS settings
@@ -65,6 +73,10 @@ type Upstream struct {
 }

 func ConfTmpl(tmplText string, cfg *ctrld.Config) (string, error) {
+	return ConfTmplWitchCacheDisabled(tmplText, cfg, true)
+}
+
+func ConfTmplWitchCacheDisabled(tmplText string, cfg *ctrld.Config, cacheDisabled bool) (string, error) {
 	listener := cfg.FirstListener()
 	if listener == nil {
 		return "", errors.New("missing listener")
@@ -74,24 +86,26 @@ func ConfTmpl(tmplText string, cfg *ctrld.Config) (string, error) {
 		ip = "127.0.0.1"
 	}
 	upstreams := []Upstream{{IP: ip, Port: listener.Port}}
-	return confTmpl(tmplText, upstreams, cfg.HasUpstreamSendClientInfo())
+	return confTmpl(tmplText, upstreams, cfg.HasUpstreamSendClientInfo(), cacheDisabled)
 }

 func FirewallaConfTmpl(tmplText string, cfg *ctrld.Config) (string, error) {
 	if lc := cfg.FirstListener(); lc != nil && (lc.IP == "0.0.0.0" || lc.IP == "") {
-		return confTmpl(tmplText, firewallaUpstreams(lc.Port), cfg.HasUpstreamSendClientInfo())
+		return confTmpl(tmplText, firewallaUpstreams(lc.Port), cfg.HasUpstreamSendClientInfo(), true)
 	}
 	return ConfTmpl(tmplText, cfg)
 }

-func confTmpl(tmplText string, upstreams []Upstream, sendClientInfo bool) (string, error) {
+func confTmpl(tmplText string, upstreams []Upstream, sendClientInfo, cacheDisabled bool) (string, error) {
 	tmpl := template.Must(template.New("").Parse(tmplText))
 	var to = &struct {
 		SendClientInfo bool
 		Upstreams      []Upstream
+		CacheDisabled  bool
 	}{
 		SendClientInfo: sendClientInfo,
 		Upstreams:      upstreams,
+		CacheDisabled:  cacheDisabled,
 	}
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	if err := tmpl.Execute(&sb, to); err != nil {
@@ -117,9 +131,28 @@ func firewallaUpstreams(port int) []Upstream {
 	return upstreams
 }

+// firewallaDnsmasqConfFiles returns dnsmasq config files of all firewalla interfaces.
+func firewallaDnsmasqConfFiles() ([]string, error) {
+	return filepath.Glob("/home/pi/firerouter/etc/dnsmasq.dns.*.conf")
+}
+
+// firewallUpdateConf updates all firewall config files using given function.
+func firewallUpdateConf(update func(conf string) error) error {
+	confFiles, err := firewallaDnsmasqConfFiles()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	for _, conf := range confFiles {
+		if err := update(conf); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("%s: %w", conf, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // FirewallaSelfInterfaces returns list of interfaces that will be configured with default dnsmasq setup on Firewalla.
 func FirewallaSelfInterfaces() []*net.Interface {
-	matches, err := filepath.Glob("/home/pi/firerouter/etc/dnsmasq.dns.*.conf")
+	matches, err := firewallaDnsmasqConfFiles()
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -133,3 +166,32 @@ func FirewallaSelfInterfaces() []*net.Interface {
 	}
 	return ifaces
 }
+
+// FirewallaDisableCache comments out "cache-size" line in all firewalla dnsmasq config files.
+func FirewallaDisableCache() error {
+	return firewallUpdateConf(DisableCache)
+}
+
+// FirewallaEnableCache un-comments out "cache-size" line in all firewalla dnsmasq config files.
+func FirewallaEnableCache() error {
+	return firewallUpdateConf(EnableCache)
+}
+
+// DisableCache comments out "cache-size" line in dnsmasq config file.
+func DisableCache(conf string) error {
+	return replaceFileContent(conf, "\ncache-size=", "\n#cache-size=")
+}
+
+// EnableCache un-comments "cache-size" line in dnsmasq config file.
+func EnableCache(conf string) error {
+	return replaceFileContent(conf, "\n#cache-size=", "\ncache-size=")
+}
+
+func replaceFileContent(filename, old, new string) error {
+	content, err := os.ReadFile(filename)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	content = bytes.ReplaceAll(content, []byte(old), []byte(new))
+	return os.WriteFile(filename, content, 0644)
+}
--- a/internal/router/edgeos/edgeos.go
+++ b/internal/router/edgeos/edgeos.go
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
+	"github.com/kardianos/service"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
-	"github.com/kardianos/service"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
 )

 const (
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (e *EdgeOS) setupUSG() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("setupUSG: backup current config: %w", err)
 	}

-	// Removing all configured upstreams.
+	// Removing all configured upstreams and cache config.
 	var sb strings.Builder
 	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(bytes.NewReader(buf))
 	for scanner.Scan() {
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ func (e *EdgeOS) setupUSG() error {
 		sb.WriteString(line)
 	}

-	data, err := dnsmasq.ConfTmpl(dnsmasq.ConfigContentTmpl, e.cfg)
+	data, err := dnsmasq.ConfTmplWitchCacheDisabled(dnsmasq.ConfigContentTmpl, e.cfg, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func (e *EdgeOS) setupUSG() error {
 }

 func (e *EdgeOS) setupUDM() error {
-	data, err := dnsmasq.ConfTmpl(dnsmasq.ConfigContentTmpl, e.cfg)
+	data, err := dnsmasq.ConfTmplWitchCacheDisabled(dnsmasq.ConfigContentTmpl, e.cfg, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
--- a/internal/router/firewalla/firewalla.go
+++ b/internal/router/firewalla/firewalla.go
@@ -65,6 +65,11 @@ func (f *Firewalla) Setup() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("writing ctrld config: %w", err)
 	}

+	// Disable dnsmasq cache.
+	if err := dnsmasq.FirewallaDisableCache(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("restartDNSMasq: %w", err)
@@ -82,6 +87,11 @@ func (f *Firewalla) Cleanup() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("removing ctrld config: %w", err)
 	}

+	// Enable dnsmasq cache.
+	if err := dnsmasq.FirewallaEnableCache(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("restartDNSMasq: %w", err)
--- a/internal/router/merlin/merlin.go
+++ b/internal/router/merlin/merlin.go
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 	"unicode"

 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
@@ -44,8 +45,24 @@ func (m *Merlin) Uninstall(_ *service.Config) error {
 }

 func (m *Merlin) PreRun() error {
+	// Wait NTP ready.
 	_ = m.Cleanup()
-	return ntp.WaitNvram()
+	if err := ntp.WaitNvram(); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	// Wait until directories mounted.
+	for _, dir := range []string{"/tmp", "/proc"} {
+		waitDirExists(dir)
+	}
+	// Wait dnsmasq started.
+	for {
+		out, _ := exec.Command("pidof", "dnsmasq").CombinedOutput()
+		if len(bytes.TrimSpace(out)) > 0 {
+			break
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+	return nil
 }

 func (m *Merlin) Setup() error {
@@ -56,9 +73,6 @@ func (m *Merlin) Setup() error {
 	if val, _ := nvram.Run("get", nvram.CtrldSetupKey); val == "1" {
 		return nil
 	}
-	if _, err := nvram.Run("set", nvram.CtrldSetupKey+"=1"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	buf, err := os.ReadFile(dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath)
 	// Already setup.
 	if bytes.Contains(buf, []byte(dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfMarker)) {
@@ -140,3 +154,12 @@ func merlinParsePostConf(buf []byte) []byte {
 	}
 	return buf
 }
+
+func waitDirExists(dir string) {
+	for {
+		if _, err := os.Stat(dir); !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+			return
+		}
+		time.Sleep(time.Second)
+	}
+}
--- a/internal/router/openwrt/openwrt.go
+++ b/internal/router/openwrt/openwrt.go
@@ -8,11 +8,10 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"strings"

-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
-
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
 )

 const (
@@ -20,10 +19,9 @@ const (
 	openwrtDNSMasqConfigPath = "/tmp/dnsmasq.d/ctrld.conf"
 )

-var errUCIEntryNotFound = errors.New("uci: Entry not found")
-
 type Openwrt struct {
-	cfg *ctrld.Config
+	cfg              *ctrld.Config
+	dnsmasqCacheSize string
 }

 // New returns a router.Router for configuring/setup/run ctrld on Openwrt routers.
@@ -52,6 +50,19 @@ func (o *Openwrt) Setup() error {
 	if o.cfg.FirstListener().IsDirectDnsListener() {
 		return nil
 	}
+
+	// Save current dnsmasq config cache size if present.
+	if cs, err := uci("get", "dhcp.@dnsmasq[0].cachesize"); err == nil {
+		o.dnsmasqCacheSize = cs
+		if _, err := uci("delete", "dhcp.@dnsmasq[0].cachesize"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Commit.
+		if _, err := uci("commit", "dhcp"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	data, err := dnsmasq.ConfTmpl(dnsmasq.ConfigContentTmpl, o.cfg)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -59,10 +70,6 @@ func (o *Openwrt) Setup() error {
 	if err := os.WriteFile(openwrtDNSMasqConfigPath, []byte(data), 0600); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Commit.
-	if _, err := uci("commit"); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -78,6 +85,18 @@ func (o *Openwrt) Cleanup() error {
 	if err := os.Remove(openwrtDNSMasqConfigPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+
+	// Restore original value if present.
+	if o.dnsmasqCacheSize != "" {
+		if _, err := uci("set", fmt.Sprintf("dhcp.@dnsmasq[0].cachesize=%s", o.dnsmasqCacheSize)); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		// Commit.
+		if _, err := uci("commit", "dhcp"); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -92,6 +111,8 @@ func restartDNSMasq() error {
 	return nil
 }

+var errUCIEntryNotFound = errors.New("uci: Entry not found")
+
 func uci(args ...string) (string, error) {
 	cmd := exec.Command("uci", args...)
 	var stdout, stderr bytes.Buffer
--- a/internal/router/ubios/ubios.go
+++ b/internal/router/ubios/ubios.go
@@ -5,16 +5,17 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"strconv"

-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
+	"github.com/kardianos/service"

 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/edgeos"
-	"github.com/kardianos/service"
 )

 const (
-	Name                   = "ubios"
-	ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/zzzctrld.conf"
+	Name                      = "ubios"
+	ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath    = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/zzzctrld.conf"
+	ubiosDNSMasqDnsConfigPath = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/dns.conf"
 )

 type Ubios struct {
@@ -57,6 +58,10 @@ func (u *Ubios) Setup() error {
 	if err := os.WriteFile(ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath, []byte(data), 0600); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Disable dnsmasq cache.
+	if err := dnsmasq.DisableCache(ubiosDNSMasqDnsConfigPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return err
@@ -72,6 +77,10 @@ func (u *Ubios) Cleanup() error {
 	if err := os.Remove(ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	// Enable dnsmasq cache.
+	if err := dnsmasq.EnableCache(ubiosDNSMasqDnsConfigPath); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
 		return err
--- a/net.go
+++ b/net.go
@@ -2,13 +2,10 @@ package ctrld

 import (
 	"context"
-	"errors"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"

-	"tailscale.com/logtail/backoff"
-
 	ctrldnet "github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/net"
 )

@@ -17,30 +14,36 @@ var (
 	ipv6Available atomic.Bool
 )

+const ipv6ProbingInterval = 10 * time.Second
+
 func hasIPv6() bool {
 	hasIPv6Once.Do(func() {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
 		defer cancel()
 		val := ctrldnet.IPv6Available(ctx)
 		ipv6Available.Store(val)
-		go probingIPv6(val)
+		go probingIPv6(context.TODO(), val)
 	})
 	return ipv6Available.Load()
 }

 // TODO(cuonglm): doing poll check natively for supported platforms.
-func probingIPv6(old bool) {
-	b := backoff.NewBackoff("probingIPv6", func(format string, args ...any) {}, 30*time.Second)
-	bCtx := context.Background()
+func probingIPv6(ctx context.Context, old bool) {
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(ipv6ProbingInterval)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
 	for {
-		func() {
-			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
-			defer cancel()
-			cur := ctrldnet.IPv6Available(ctx)
-			if ipv6Available.CompareAndSwap(old, cur) {
-				old = cur
-			}
-		}()
-		b.BackOff(bCtx, errors.New("no change"))
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			func() {
+				ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 2*time.Second)
+				defer cancel()
+				cur := ctrldnet.IPv6Available(ctx)
+				if ipv6Available.CompareAndSwap(old, cur) {
+					old = cur
+				}
+			}()
+		}
 	}
 }
--- a/resolver.go
+++ b/resolver.go
@@ -5,10 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
 	"time"

 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"tailscale.com/net/interfaces"
 )

 const (
@@ -24,6 +26,8 @@ const (
 	ResolverTypeOS = "os"
 	// ResolverTypeLegacy specifies legacy resolver.
 	ResolverTypeLegacy = "legacy"
+	// ResolverTypePrivate is like ResolverTypeOS, but use for local resolver only.
+	ResolverTypePrivate = "private"
 )

 var bootstrapDNS = "76.76.2.0"
@@ -61,6 +65,8 @@ func NewResolver(uc *UpstreamConfig) (Resolver, error) {
 		return or, nil
 	case ResolverTypeLegacy:
 		return &legacyResolver{uc: uc}, nil
+	case ResolverTypePrivate:
+		return NewPrivateResolver(), nil
 	}
 	return nil, fmt.Errorf("%w: %s", errUnknownResolver, typ)
 }
@@ -74,8 +80,9 @@ type osResolverResult struct {
 	err    error
 }

-// Resolve performs DNS resolvers using OS default nameservers. Nameserver is chosen from
-// available nameservers with a roundrobin algorithm.
+// Resolve resolves DNS queries using pre-configured nameservers.
+// Query is sent to all nameservers concurrently, and the first
+// success response will be returned.
 func (o *osResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error) {
 	numServers := len(o.nameservers)
 	if numServers == 0 {
@@ -240,12 +247,16 @@ func NewBootstrapResolver(servers ...string) Resolver {
 }

 // NewPrivateResolver returns an OS resolver, which includes only private DNS servers,
-// excluding nameservers from /etc/resolv.conf file.
+// excluding:
+//
+// - Nameservers from /etc/resolv.conf file.
+// - Nameservers which is local RFC1918 addresses.
 //
 // This is useful for doing PTR lookup in LAN network.
 func NewPrivateResolver() Resolver {
 	nss := nameservers()
 	resolveConfNss := nameserversFromResolvconf()
+	localRfc1918Addrs := Rfc1918Addresses()
 	n := 0
 	for _, ns := range nss {
 		host, _, _ := net.SplitHostPort(ns)
@@ -258,6 +269,10 @@ func NewPrivateResolver() Resolver {
 		if sliceContains(resolveConfNss, host) {
 			continue
 		}
+		// Ignoring local RFC 1918 addresses.
+		if sliceContains(localRfc1918Addrs, host) {
+			continue
+		}
 		ip := net.ParseIP(host)
 		if ip != nil && ip.IsPrivate() && !ip.IsLoopback() {
 			nss[n] = ns
@@ -265,11 +280,35 @@ func NewPrivateResolver() Resolver {
 		}
 	}
 	nss = nss[:n]
-	if len(nss) == 0 {
+	return NewResolverWithNameserver(nss)
+}
+
+// NewResolverWithNameserver returns an OS resolver which uses the given nameservers
+// for resolving DNS queries. If nameservers is empty, a dummy resolver will be returned.
+//
+// Each nameserver must be form "host:port". It's the caller responsibility to ensure all
+// nameservers are well formatted by using net.JoinHostPort function.
+func NewResolverWithNameserver(nameservers []string) Resolver {
+	if len(nameservers) == 0 {
 		return &dummyResolver{}
 	}
-	resolver := &osResolver{nameservers: nss}
-	return resolver
+	return &osResolver{nameservers: nameservers}
+}
+
+// Rfc1918Addresses returns the list of local interfaces private IP addresses
+func Rfc1918Addresses() []string {
+	var res []string
+	interfaces.ForeachInterface(func(i interfaces.Interface, prefixes []netip.Prefix) {
+		addrs, _ := i.Addrs()
+		for _, addr := range addrs {
+			ipNet, ok := addr.(*net.IPNet)
+			if !ok || !ipNet.IP.IsPrivate() {
+				continue
+			}
+			res = append(res, ipNet.IP.String())
+		}
+	})
+	return res
 }

 func newDialer(dnsAddress string) *net.Dialer {
--- a/testhelper/config.go
+++ b/testhelper/config.go
@@ -82,4 +82,8 @@ rules = [
    {"*.ru"         = ["upstream.1"]},
    {"*.local.host" = ["upstream.2", "upstream.0"]},
 ]
+macs = [
+    {"14:45:A0:67:83:0A" = ["upstream.2"]},
+    {"14:54:4a:8e:08:2d" = ["upstream.2"]},
+]
 `