remove unused code.

Release branch v1.4.7

.github/workflows/ci.yml

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ jobs:
       fail-fast: false
       matrix:
         os: ["windows-latest", "ubuntu-latest", "macOS-latest"]
-        go: ["1.23.x"]
+        go: ["1.24.x"]
     runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
     steps:
       - uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -21,6 +21,6 @@ jobs:
       - run: "go test -race ./..."
       - uses: dominikh/staticcheck-action@v1.3.1
         with:
-          version: "2024.1.1"
+          version: "2025.1"
           install-go: false
           cache-key: ${{ matrix.go }}

README.md

@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ docker build -t controldns/ctrld . -f docker/Dockerfile
 
 
 # Usage
-The cli is self documenting, so free free to run `--help` on any sub-command to get specific usages. 
+The cli is self documenting, so feel free to run `--help` on any sub-command to get specific usages. 
 
 ## Arguments
 ```

cmd/cli/cli.go

@@ -178,7 +178,15 @@ func RunMobile(appConfig *AppConfig, appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struc
 	noConfigStart = false
 	homedir = appConfig.HomeDir
 	verbose = appConfig.Verbose
-	cdUID = appConfig.CdUID
+	if appConfig.ProvisionID != "" {
+		cdOrg = appConfig.ProvisionID
+	}
+	if appConfig.CustomHostname != "" {
+		customHostname = appConfig.CustomHostname
+	}
+	if appConfig.CdUID != "" {
+		cdUID = appConfig.CdUID
+	}
 	cdUpstreamProto = appConfig.UpstreamProto
 	logPath = appConfig.LogPath
 	run(appCallback, stopCh)
@@ -227,7 +235,9 @@ func run(appCallback *AppCallback, stopCh chan struct{}) {
 			consoleWriter.Out = io.MultiWriter(os.Stdout, lc)
 			p.logConn = lc
 		} else {
-			mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msgf("unable to create log ipc connection")
+			if !errors.Is(err, os.ErrNotExist) {
+				mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msg("unable to create log ipc connection")
+			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		mainLog.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msgf("unable to resolve socket address: %s", sockPath)
@@ -1214,13 +1224,18 @@ func tryUpdateListenerConfig(cfg *ctrld.Config, infoLogger *zerolog.Logger, noti
 	// For Windows server with local Dns server running, we can only try on random local IP.
 	hasLocalDnsServer := hasLocalDnsServerRunning()
 	notRouter := router.Name() == ""
+	isDesktop := ctrld.IsDesktopPlatform()
 	for n, listener := range cfg.Listener {
 		lcc[n] = &listenerConfigCheck{}
 		if listener.IP == "" {
 			listener.IP = "0.0.0.0"
-			if hasLocalDnsServer {
-				// Windows Server lies to us that we could listen on 0.0.0.0:53
-				// even there's a process already done that, stick to local IP only.
+			// Windows Server lies to us that we could listen on 0.0.0.0:53
+			// even there's a process already done that, stick to local IP only.
+			//
+			// For desktop clients, also stick the listener to the local IP only.
+			// Listening on 0.0.0.0 would expose it to the entire local network, potentially
+			// creating security vulnerabilities (such as DNS amplification or abusing).
+			if hasLocalDnsServer || isDesktop {
 				listener.IP = "127.0.0.1"
 			}
 			lcc[n].IP = true

cmd/cli/commands.go

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"runtime"
+	"slices"
 	"sort"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
@@ -188,6 +189,7 @@ func initRunCmd() *cobra.Command {
 	runCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&iface, "iface", "", "", `Update DNS setting for iface, "auto" means the default interface gateway`)
 	_ = runCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("iface")
 	runCmd.Flags().StringVarP(&cdUpstreamProto, "proto", "", ctrld.ResolverTypeDOH, `Control D upstream type, either "doh" or "doh3"`)
+	runCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&rfc1918, "rfc1918", "", false, "Listen on RFC1918 addresses when 127.0.0.1 is the only listener")
 
 	runCmd.FParseErrWhitelist = cobra.FParseErrWhitelist{UnknownFlags: true}
 	rootCmd.AddCommand(runCmd)
@@ -206,6 +208,7 @@ func initStartCmd() *cobra.Command {
 
 NOTE: running "ctrld start" without any arguments will start already installed ctrld service.`,
 		Args: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			args = filterEmptyStrings(args)
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				return fmt.Errorf("'ctrld start' doesn't accept positional arguments\n" +
 					"Use flags instead (e.g. --cd, --iface) or see 'ctrld start --help' for all options")
@@ -219,6 +222,7 @@ NOTE: running "ctrld start" without any arguments will start already installed c
 			sc := &service.Config{}
 			*sc = *svcConfig
 			osArgs := os.Args[2:]
+			osArgs = filterEmptyStrings(osArgs)
 			if os.Args[1] == "service" {
 				osArgs = os.Args[3:]
 			}
@@ -528,6 +532,7 @@ NOTE: running "ctrld start" without any arguments will start already installed c
 	startCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&skipSelfChecks, "skip_self_checks", "", false, `Skip self checks after installing ctrld service`)
 	startCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&startOnly, "start_only", "", false, "Do not install new service")
 	_ = startCmd.Flags().MarkHidden("start_only")
+	startCmd.Flags().BoolVarP(&rfc1918, "rfc1918", "", false, "Listen on RFC1918 addresses when 127.0.0.1 is the only listener")
 
 	routerCmd := &cobra.Command{
 		Use: "setup",
@@ -566,6 +571,7 @@ NOTE: running "ctrld start" without any arguments will start already installed c
 
 NOTE: running "ctrld start" without any arguments will start already installed ctrld service.`,
 		Args: func(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
+			args = filterEmptyStrings(args)
 			if len(args) > 0 {
 				return fmt.Errorf("'ctrld start' doesn't accept positional arguments\n" +
 					"Use flags instead (e.g. --cd, --iface) or see 'ctrld start --help' for all options")
@@ -1381,3 +1387,11 @@ func initServicesCmd(commands ...*cobra.Command) *cobra.Command {
 
 	return serviceCmd
 }
+
+// filterEmptyStrings removes empty strings from a slice of strings.
+// It returns a new slice containing only non-empty strings.
+func filterEmptyStrings(slice []string) []string {
+	return slices.DeleteFunc(slice, func(s string) bool {
+		return s == ""
+	})
+}

cmd/cli/dns_proxy.go

@@ -84,13 +84,7 @@ type upstreamForResult struct {
 	srcAddr        string
 }
 
-func (p *prog) serveDNS(mainCtx context.Context, listenerNum string) error {
-	// Start network monitoring
-	if err := p.monitorNetworkChanges(mainCtx); err != nil {
-		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("Failed to start network monitoring")
-		// Don't return here as we still want DNS service to run
-	}
-
+func (p *prog) serveDNS(listenerNum string) error {
 	listenerConfig := p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum]
 	// make sure ip is allocated
 	if allocErr := p.allocateIP(listenerConfig.IP); allocErr != nil {
@@ -213,8 +207,8 @@ func (p *prog) serveDNS(mainCtx context.Context, listenerNum string) error {
 				return nil
 			})
 		}
-		// When we spawn a listener on 127.0.0.1, also spawn listeners on the RFC1918
-		// addresses of the machine. So ctrld could receive queries from LAN clients.
+		// When we spawn a listener on 127.0.0.1, also spawn listeners on the RFC1918 addresses of the machine
+		// if explicitly set via setting rfc1918 flag, so ctrld could receive queries from LAN clients.
 		if needRFC1918Listeners(listenerConfig) {
 			g.Go(func() error {
 				for _, addr := range ctrld.Rfc1918Addresses() {
@@ -500,7 +494,7 @@ func (p *prog) proxy(ctx context.Context, req *proxyRequest) *proxyResponse {
 				continue
 			}
 			answer := cachedValue.Msg.Copy()
-			answer.SetRcode(req.msg, answer.Rcode)
+			ctrld.SetCacheReply(answer, req.msg, answer.Rcode)
 			now := time.Now()
 			if cachedValue.Expire.After(now) {
 				ctrld.Log(ctx, mainLog.Load().Debug(), "hit cached response")
@@ -1042,8 +1036,10 @@ func (p *prog) queryFromSelf(ip string) bool {
 	return false
 }
 
+// needRFC1918Listeners reports whether ctrld need to spawn listener for RFC 1918 addresses.
+// This is helpful for non-desktop platforms to receive queries from LAN clients.
 func needRFC1918Listeners(lc *ctrld.ListenerConfig) bool {
-	return lc.IP == "127.0.0.1" && lc.Port == 53
+	return rfc1918 && lc.IP == "127.0.0.1" && lc.Port == 53
 }
 
 // ipFromARPA parses a FQDN arpa domain and return the IP address if valid.
@@ -1185,7 +1181,7 @@ func FlushDNSCache() error {
 }
 
 // monitorNetworkChanges starts monitoring for network interface changes
-func (p *prog) monitorNetworkChanges(ctx context.Context) error {
+func (p *prog) monitorNetworkChanges() error {
 	mon, err := netmon.New(func(format string, args ...any) {
 		// Always fetch the latest logger (and inject the prefix)
 		mainLog.Load().Printf("netmon: "+format, args...)
@@ -1404,9 +1400,6 @@ func (p *prog) checkUpstreamOnce(upstream string, uc *ctrld.UpstreamConfig) erro
 		return err
 	}
 
-	msg := new(dns.Msg)
-	msg.SetQuestion(".", dns.TypeNS)
-
 	timeout := 1000 * time.Millisecond
 	if uc.Timeout > 0 {
 		timeout = time.Millisecond * time.Duration(uc.Timeout)
@@ -1420,6 +1413,7 @@ func (p *prog) checkUpstreamOnce(upstream string, uc *ctrld.UpstreamConfig) erro
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("Rebootstrapping resolver for upstream: %s", upstream)
 
 	start := time.Now()
+	msg := uc.VerifyMsg()
 	_, err = resolver.Resolve(ctx, msg)
 	duration := time.Since(start)
 

cmd/cli/library.go

@@ -18,11 +18,13 @@ type AppCallback struct {
 
 // AppConfig allows overwriting ctrld cli flags from mobile platforms.
 type AppConfig struct {
-	CdUID         string
-	HomeDir       string
-	UpstreamProto string
-	Verbose       int
-	LogPath       string
+	CdUID          string
+	ProvisionID    string
+	CustomHostname string
+	HomeDir        string
+	UpstreamProto  string
+	Verbose        int
+	LogPath        string
 }
 
 const (

cmd/cli/main.go

@@ -39,6 +39,7 @@ var (
 	skipSelfChecks    bool
 	cleanup           bool
 	startOnly         bool
+	rfc1918           bool
 
 	mainLog       atomic.Pointer[zerolog.Logger]
 	consoleWriter zerolog.ConsoleWriter

cmd/cli/os_darwin.go

@@ -47,6 +47,9 @@ func setDnsIgnoreUnusableInterface(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) e
 // networksetup -setdnsservers Wi-Fi 8.8.8.8 1.1.1.1
 // TODO(cuonglm): use system API
 func setDNS(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) error {
+	// Note that networksetup won't modify search domains settings,
+	// This assignment is just a placeholder to silent linter.
+	_ = searchDomains
 	cmd := "networksetup"
 	args := []string{"-setdnsservers", iface.Name}
 	args = append(args, nameservers...)
@@ -88,7 +91,7 @@ func restoreDNS(iface *net.Interface) (err error) {
 }
 
 func currentDNS(_ *net.Interface) []string {
-	return resolvconffile.NameServers("")
+	return resolvconffile.NameServers()
 }
 
 // currentStaticDNS returns the current static DNS settings of given interface.

cmd/cli/os_freebsd.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 
 	"tailscale.com/control/controlknobs"
 	"tailscale.com/health"
+	"tailscale.com/util/dnsname"
 
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dns"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
@@ -50,7 +51,17 @@ func setDNS(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) error {
 		ns = append(ns, netip.MustParseAddr(nameserver))
 	}
 
-	if err := r.SetDNS(dns.OSConfig{Nameservers: ns}); err != nil {
+	osConfig := dns.OSConfig{
+		Nameservers:   ns,
+		SearchDomains: []dnsname.FQDN{},
+	}
+	if sds, err := searchDomains(); err == nil {
+		osConfig.SearchDomains = sds
+	} else {
+		mainLog.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msg("failed to get search domains list")
+	}
+
+	if err := r.SetDNS(osConfig); err != nil {
 		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to set DNS")
 		return err
 	}
@@ -83,7 +94,7 @@ func restoreDNS(iface *net.Interface) (err error) {
 }
 
 func currentDNS(_ *net.Interface) []string {
-	return resolvconffile.NameServers("")
+	return resolvconffile.NameServers()
 }
 
 // currentStaticDNS returns the current static DNS settings of given interface.

cmd/cli/os_linux.go

@@ -71,6 +71,11 @@ func setDNS(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) error {
 		Nameservers:   ns,
 		SearchDomains: []dnsname.FQDN{},
 	}
+	if sds, err := searchDomains(); err == nil {
+		osConfig.SearchDomains = sds
+	} else {
+		mainLog.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msg("failed to get search domains list")
+	}
 	trySystemdResolve := false
 	if err := r.SetDNS(osConfig); err != nil {
 		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "Rejected send message") &&
@@ -196,7 +201,8 @@ func restoreDNS(iface *net.Interface) (err error) {
 }
 
 func currentDNS(iface *net.Interface) []string {
-	for _, fn := range []getDNS{getDNSByResolvectl, getDNSBySystemdResolved, getDNSByNmcli, resolvconffile.NameServers} {
+	resolvconfFunc := func(_ string) []string { return resolvconffile.NameServers() }
+	for _, fn := range []getDNS{getDNSByResolvectl, getDNSBySystemdResolved, getDNSByNmcli, resolvconfFunc} {
 		if ns := fn(iface.Name); len(ns) > 0 {
 			return ns
 		}

cmd/cli/os_windows.go

@@ -100,6 +100,10 @@ func setDNS(iface *net.Interface, nameservers []string) error {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Note that Windows won't modify the current search domains if passing nil to luid.SetDNS function.
+	// searchDomains is still implemented for Windows just in case Windows API changes in future versions.
+	_ = searchDomains
+
 	if len(serversV4) == 0 && len(serversV6) == 0 {
 		return errors.New("invalid DNS nameservers")
 	}

cmd/cli/prog.go

@@ -35,6 +35,7 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/controld"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dnscache"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -70,10 +71,17 @@ func ControlSocketName() string {
 	}
 }
 
+// logf is a function variable used for logging formatted debug messages with optional arguments.
+// This is used only when creating a new DNS OS configurator.
 var logf = func(format string, args ...any) {
 	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf(format, args...)
 }
 
+// noopLogf is like logf but discards formatted log messages and arguments without any processing.
+//
+//lint:ignore U1000 use in newLoopbackOSConfigurator
+var noopLogf = func(format string, args ...any) {}
+
 var svcConfig = &service.Config{
 	Name:        ctrldServiceName,
 	DisplayName: "Control-D Helper Service",
@@ -321,7 +329,7 @@ func (p *prog) apiConfigReload() {
 
 		// Performing self-upgrade check for production version.
 		if isStable {
-			selfUpgradeCheck(resolverConfig.Ctrld.VersionTarget, curVer, &logger)
+			_ = selfUpgradeCheck(resolverConfig.Ctrld.VersionTarget, curVer, &logger)
 		}
 
 		if resolverConfig.DeactivationPin != nil {
@@ -522,6 +530,15 @@ func (p *prog) run(reload bool, reloadCh chan struct{}) {
 		go p.watchLinkState(ctx)
 	}
 
+	if !reload {
+		go func() {
+			// Start network monitoring
+			if err := p.monitorNetworkChanges(); err != nil {
+				mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("Failed to start network monitoring")
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+
 	for listenerNum := range p.cfg.Listener {
 		p.cfg.Listener[listenerNum].Init()
 		if !reload {
@@ -533,7 +550,7 @@ func (p *prog) run(reload bool, reloadCh chan struct{}) {
 				}
 				addr := net.JoinHostPort(listenerConfig.IP, strconv.Itoa(listenerConfig.Port))
 				mainLog.Load().Info().Msgf("starting DNS server on listener.%s: %s", listenerNum, addr)
-				if err := p.serveDNS(ctx, listenerNum); err != nil {
+				if err := p.serveDNS(listenerNum); err != nil {
 					mainLog.Load().Fatal().Err(err).Msgf("unable to start dns proxy on listener.%s", listenerNum)
 				}
 				mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("end of serveDNS listener.%s: %s", listenerNum, addr)
@@ -600,6 +617,12 @@ func (p *prog) setupClientInfoDiscover(selfIP string) {
 		format := ctrld.LeaseFileFormat(p.cfg.Service.DHCPLeaseFileFormat)
 		p.ciTable.AddLeaseFile(leaseFile, format)
 	}
+	if leaseFiles := dnsmasq.AdditionalLeaseFiles(); len(leaseFiles) > 0 {
+		mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("watching additional lease files: %v", leaseFiles)
+		for _, leaseFile := range leaseFiles {
+			p.ciTable.AddLeaseFile(leaseFile, ctrld.Dnsmasq)
+		}
+	}
 }
 
 // runClientInfoDiscover runs the client info discover.
@@ -1460,14 +1483,15 @@ func selfUninstallCheck(uninstallErr error, p *prog, logger zerolog.Logger) {
 	}
 }
 
-// selfUpgradeCheck checks if the version target vt is greater
-// than the current one cv, perform self-upgrade then.
+// shouldUpgrade checks if the version target vt is greater than the current one cv.
+// Major version upgrades are not allowed to prevent breaking changes.
 //
 // The callers must ensure curVer and logger are non-nil.
-func selfUpgradeCheck(vt string, cv *semver.Version, logger *zerolog.Logger) {
+// Returns true if upgrade is allowed, false otherwise.
+func shouldUpgrade(vt string, cv *semver.Version, logger *zerolog.Logger) bool {
 	if vt == "" {
 		logger.Debug().Msg("no version target set, skipped checking self-upgrade")
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 	vts := vt
 	if !strings.HasPrefix(vts, "v") {
@@ -1476,28 +1500,58 @@ func selfUpgradeCheck(vt string, cv *semver.Version, logger *zerolog.Logger) {
 	targetVer, err := semver.NewVersion(vts)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Warn().Err(err).Msgf("invalid target version, skipped self-upgrade: %s", vt)
-		return
+		return false
 	}
+
+	// Prevent major version upgrades to avoid breaking changes
+	if targetVer.Major() != cv.Major() {
+		logger.Warn().
+			Str("target", vt).
+			Str("current", cv.String()).
+			Msgf("major version upgrade not allowed (target: %d, current: %d), skipped self-upgrade", targetVer.Major(), cv.Major())
+		return false
+	}
+
 	if !targetVer.GreaterThan(cv) {
 		logger.Debug().
 			Str("target", vt).
 			Str("current", cv.String()).
 			Msgf("target version is not greater than current one, skipped self-upgrade")
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 
+	return true
+}
+
+// performUpgrade executes the self-upgrade command.
+// Returns true if upgrade was initiated successfully, false otherwise.
+func performUpgrade(vt string) bool {
 	exe, err := os.Executable()
 	if err != nil {
 		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to get executable path, skipped self-upgrade")
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 	cmd := exec.Command(exe, "upgrade", "prod", "-vv")
 	cmd.SysProcAttr = sysProcAttrForDetachedChildProcess()
 	if err := cmd.Start(); err != nil {
 		mainLog.Load().Error().Err(err).Msg("failed to start self-upgrade")
-		return
+		return false
 	}
-	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("self-upgrade triggered, version target: %s", vts)
+	mainLog.Load().Debug().Msgf("self-upgrade triggered, version target: %s", vt)
+	return true
+}
+
+// selfUpgradeCheck checks if the version target vt is greater
+// than the current one cv, perform self-upgrade then.
+// Major version upgrades are not allowed to prevent breaking changes.
+//
+// The callers must ensure curVer and logger are non-nil.
+// Returns true if upgrade is allowed and should proceed, false otherwise.
+func selfUpgradeCheck(vt string, cv *semver.Version, logger *zerolog.Logger) bool {
+	if shouldUpgrade(vt, cv, logger) {
+		return performUpgrade(vt)
+	}
+	return false
 }
 
 // leakOnUpstreamFailure reports whether ctrld should initiate a recovery flow

cmd/cli/prog_linux.go

@@ -9,15 +9,12 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
-	"tailscale.com/control/controlknobs"
-	"tailscale.com/health"
 
-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dns"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router"
 )
 
 func init() {
-	if r, err := dns.NewOSConfigurator(func(format string, args ...any) {}, &health.Tracker{}, &controlknobs.Knobs{}, "lo"); err == nil {
+	if r, err := newLoopbackOSConfigurator(); err == nil {
 		useSystemdResolved = r.Mode() == "systemd-resolved"
 	}
 	// Disable quic-go's ECN support by default, see https://github.com/quic-go/quic-go/issues/3911

cmd/cli/prog_test.go

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 package cli
 
 import (
+	"runtime"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3"
+	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 )
 
 func Test_prog_dnsWatchdogEnabled(t *testing.T) {
@@ -55,3 +59,215 @@ func Test_prog_dnsWatchdogInterval(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_shouldUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
+	// Helper function to create a version
+	makeVersion := func(v string) *semver.Version {
+		ver, err := semver.NewVersion(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create version %s: %v", v, err)
+		}
+		return ver
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		versionTarget  string
+		currentVersion *semver.Version
+		shouldUpgrade  bool
+		description    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "empty version target",
+			versionTarget:  "",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should skip upgrade when version target is empty",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "invalid version target",
+			versionTarget:  "invalid-version",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should skip upgrade when version target is invalid",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "same version",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should skip upgrade when target version equals current version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "older version",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.1.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should skip upgrade when target version is older than current version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "patch upgrade allowed",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.1",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should allow patch version upgrade within same major version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "minor upgrade allowed",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.1.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should allow minor version upgrade within same major version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "major upgrade blocked",
+			versionTarget:  "v2.0.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should block major version upgrade",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "major downgrade blocked",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v2.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should block major version downgrade",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "version without v prefix",
+			versionTarget:  "1.0.1",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should handle version target without v prefix",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "complex version upgrade allowed",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.5.3",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.4.2"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should allow complex version upgrade within same major version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "complex major upgrade blocked",
+			versionTarget:  "v3.1.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v2.5.3"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should block complex major version upgrade",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "pre-release version upgrade allowed",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.1-beta.1",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should allow pre-release version upgrade within same major version",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "pre-release major upgrade blocked",
+			versionTarget:  "v2.0.0-alpha.1",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should block pre-release major version upgrade",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Create test logger
+			testLogger := zerolog.New(zerolog.NewTestWriter(t)).With().Logger()
+
+			// Call the function and capture the result
+			result := shouldUpgrade(tc.versionTarget, tc.currentVersion, &testLogger)
+
+			// Assert the expected result
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.shouldUpgrade, result, tc.description)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_selfUpgradeCheck(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("skipped due to Windows file locking issue on Github Action runners")
+	}
+
+	// Helper function to create a version
+	makeVersion := func(v string) *semver.Version {
+		ver, err := semver.NewVersion(v)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("failed to create version %s: %v", v, err)
+		}
+		return ver
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		versionTarget  string
+		currentVersion *semver.Version
+		shouldUpgrade  bool
+		description    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "upgrade allowed",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.1",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  true,
+			description:    "should allow upgrade and attempt to perform it",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "upgrade blocked",
+			versionTarget:  "v2.0.0",
+			currentVersion: makeVersion("v1.0.0"),
+			shouldUpgrade:  false,
+			description:    "should block upgrade and not attempt to perform it",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Create test logger
+			testLogger := zerolog.New(zerolog.NewTestWriter(t)).With().Logger()
+
+			// Call the function and capture the result
+			result := selfUpgradeCheck(tc.versionTarget, tc.currentVersion, &testLogger)
+
+			// Assert the expected result
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.shouldUpgrade, result, tc.description)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_performUpgrade(t *testing.T) {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		t.Skip("skipped due to Windows file locking issue on Github Action runners")
+	}
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name           string
+		versionTarget  string
+		expectedResult bool
+		description    string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:           "valid version target",
+			versionTarget:  "v1.0.1",
+			expectedResult: true,
+			description:    "should attempt to perform upgrade with valid version target",
+		},
+		{
+			name:           "empty version target",
+			versionTarget:  "",
+			expectedResult: true,
+			description:    "should attempt to perform upgrade even with empty version target",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Call the function and capture the result
+			result := performUpgrade(tc.versionTarget)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectedResult, result, tc.description)
+		})
+	}
+}

cmd/cli/resolvconf_not_darwin_unix.go

@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dns"
 )
 
-// setResolvConf sets the content of resolv.conf file using the given nameservers list.
+// setResolvConf sets the content of the resolv.conf file using the given nameservers list.
 func setResolvConf(iface *net.Interface, ns []netip.Addr) error {
-	r, err := dns.NewOSConfigurator(func(format string, args ...any) {}, &health.Tracker{}, &controlknobs.Knobs{}, "lo") // interface name does not matter.
+	r, err := newLoopbackOSConfigurator()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -24,12 +24,17 @@ func setResolvConf(iface *net.Interface, ns []netip.Addr) error {
 		Nameservers:   ns,
 		SearchDomains: []dnsname.FQDN{},
 	}
+	if sds, err := searchDomains(); err == nil {
+		oc.SearchDomains = sds
+	} else {
+		mainLog.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msg("failed to get search domains list when reverting resolv.conf file")
+	}
 	return r.SetDNS(oc)
 }
 
 // shouldWatchResolvconf reports whether ctrld should watch changes to resolv.conf file with given OS configurator.
 func shouldWatchResolvconf() bool {
-	r, err := dns.NewOSConfigurator(func(format string, args ...any) {}, &health.Tracker{}, &controlknobs.Knobs{}, "lo") // interface name does not matter.
+	r, err := newLoopbackOSConfigurator()
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
@@ -40,3 +45,8 @@ func shouldWatchResolvconf() bool {
 		return false
 	}
 }
+
+// newLoopbackOSConfigurator creates an OSConfigurator for DNS management using the "lo" interface.
+func newLoopbackOSConfigurator() (dns.OSConfigurator, error) {
+	return dns.NewOSConfigurator(noopLogf, &health.Tracker{}, &controlknobs.Knobs{}, "lo")
+}

cmd/cli/search_domains_unix.go

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+//go:build unix
+
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"tailscale.com/util/dnsname"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
+)
+
+// searchDomains returns the current search domains config.
+func searchDomains() ([]dnsname.FQDN, error) {
+	return resolvconffile.SearchDomains()
+}

cmd/cli/search_domains_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+package cli
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"syscall"
+
+	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows/tunnel/winipcfg"
+	"tailscale.com/util/dnsname"
+)
+
+// searchDomains returns the current search domains config.
+func searchDomains() ([]dnsname.FQDN, error) {
+	flags := winipcfg.GAAFlagIncludeGateways |
+		winipcfg.GAAFlagIncludePrefix
+
+	aas, err := winipcfg.GetAdaptersAddresses(syscall.AF_UNSPEC, flags)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("winipcfg.GetAdaptersAddresses: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var sds []dnsname.FQDN
+	for _, aa := range aas {
+		if aa.OperStatus != winipcfg.IfOperStatusUp {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Skip if software loopback or other non-physical types
+		// This is to avoid the "Loopback Pseudo-Interface 1" issue we see on windows
+		if aa.IfType == winipcfg.IfTypeSoftwareLoopback {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		for a := aa.FirstDNSSuffix; a != nil; a = a.Next {
+			d, err := dnsname.ToFQDN(a.String())
+			if err != nil {
+				mainLog.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msgf("failed to parse domain: %s", a.String())
+				continue
+			}
+			sds = append(sds, d)
+		}
+	}
+	return sds, nil
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/main.go

@@ -28,15 +28,17 @@ type AppCallback interface {
 // Start configures utility with config.toml from provided directory.
 // This function will block until Stop is called
 // Check port availability prior to calling it.
-func (c *Controller) Start(CdUID string, HomeDir string, UpstreamProto string, logLevel int, logPath string) {
+func (c *Controller) Start(CdUID string, ProvisionID string, CustomHostname string, HomeDir string, UpstreamProto string, logLevel int, logPath string) {
 	if c.stopCh == nil {
 		c.stopCh = make(chan struct{})
 		c.Config = cli.AppConfig{
-			CdUID:         CdUID,
-			HomeDir:       HomeDir,
-			UpstreamProto: UpstreamProto,
-			Verbose:       logLevel,
-			LogPath:       logPath,
+			CdUID:          CdUID,
+			ProvisionID:    ProvisionID,
+			CustomHostname: CustomHostname,
+			HomeDir:        HomeDir,
+			UpstreamProto:  UpstreamProto,
+			Verbose:        logLevel,
+			LogPath:        logPath,
 		}
 		appCallback := mapCallback(c.AppCallback)
 		cli.RunMobile(&c.Config, &appCallback, c.stopCh)

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+# Netstack - Full Packet Capture for Mobile VPN
+
+Complete TCP/UDP/DNS packet capture implementation using gVisor netstack for Android and iOS.
+
+## Overview
+
+Provides full packet capture for mobile VPN applications:
+- **DNS filtering** through ControlD proxy
+- **TCP forwarding** for all TCP traffic
+- **UDP forwarding** with session tracking
+- **Socket protection** to prevent routing loops
+- **QUIC blocking** for better content filtering
+
+## Architecture
+
+```
+Mobile Apps → VPN TUN Interface → PacketHandler → gVisor Netstack
+    ↓
+├─→ DNS Filter (Port 53)
+│   └─→ ControlD DNS Proxy
+├─→ TCP Forwarder
+│   └─→ net.Dial("tcp") + protect(fd)
+└─→ UDP Forwarder
+    └─→ net.Dial("udp") + protect(fd)
+    ↓
+Real Network (Protected Sockets)
+```
+
+## Components
+
+### DNS Filter (`dns_filter.go`)
+Detects DNS packets on port 53 and routes to ControlD proxy.
+
+### DNS Bridge (`dns_bridge.go`)
+Tracks DNS queries by transaction ID with 5-second timeout.
+
+### TCP Forwarder (`tcp_forwarder.go`)
+Forwards TCP connections using gVisor's `tcp.NewForwarder()`.
+
+### UDP Forwarder (`udp_forwarder.go`)
+Forwards UDP packets with session tracking and 60-second idle timeout.
+
+### Packet Handler (`packet_handler.go`)
+Interface for TUN I/O and socket protection.
+
+### Netstack Controller (`netstack.go`)
+Manages gVisor stack and coordinates all components.
+
+## Socket Protection
+
+Critical for preventing routing loops:
+
+```go
+// Protection happens BEFORE connect()
+dialer.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+    return c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+        protectSocket(int(fd))
+    })
+}
+```
+
+**All protected sockets:**
+- TCP/UDP forwarder sockets (user traffic)
+- ControlD API sockets (api.controld.com)
+- DoH upstream sockets (freedns.controld.com)
+
+## Platform Configuration
+
+### Android
+
+```kotlin
+Builder()
+    .addAddress("10.0.0.2", 24)
+    .addRoute("0.0.0.0", 0)
+    .addDnsServer("10.0.0.1")
+    .setMtu(1500)
+
+override fun protectSocket(fd: Long) {
+    protect(fd.toInt())  // VpnService.protect()
+}
+
+// DNS Proxy: 0.0.0.0:5354
+```
+
+### iOS
+
+```swift
+NEIPv4Settings(addresses: ["10.0.0.2"], ...)
+NEDNSSettings(servers: ["10.0.0.1"])
+includedRoutes = [NEIPv4Route.default()]
+
+func protectSocket(_ fd: Int) throws {
+    // No action needed - iOS Network Extension sockets
+    // automatically bypass VPN tunnel
+}
+
+// DNS Proxy: 127.0.0.1:53
+```
+
+**Note:** iOS Network Extensions run in separate process - sockets automatically bypass VPN.
+
+## Protocol Support
+
+| Protocol | Support |
+|----------|---------|
+| DNS (UDP/TCP port 53) | ✅ Full |
+| TCP (all ports) | ✅ Full |
+| UDP (except 53, 80, 443) | ✅ Full |
+| QUIC (UDP/443, UDP/80) | 🚫 Blocked |
+| ICMP | ⚠️ Partial |
+| IPv4 | ✅ Full |
+| IPv6 | ✅ Full |
+
+## QUIC Blocking
+
+Drops UDP packets on ports 443 and 80 to force TCP fallback:
+
+**Why:**
+- Better DNS filtering (QUIC bypasses DNS)
+- Visible SNI for content filtering
+- Consistent ControlD policy enforcement
+
+**Result:**
+- Apps automatically fallback to TCP/TLS
+- No user-visible errors
+- Slightly slower initial connection, then normal
+
+## Usage (Android)
+
+```kotlin
+// Create callback
+val callback = object : PacketAppCallback {
+    override fun readPacket(): ByteArray { ... }
+    override fun writePacket(packet: ByteArray) { ... }
+    override fun protectSocket(fd: Long) {
+        protect(fd.toInt())
+    }
+    override fun closePacketIO() { ... }
+    override fun exit(s: String) { ... }
+    override fun hostname(): String = "android-device"
+    override fun lanIp(): String = "10.0.0.2"
+    override fun macAddress(): String = "00:00:00:00:00:00"
+}
+
+// Create controller
+val controller = Ctrld_library.newPacketCaptureController(callback)
+
+// Start
+controller.startWithPacketCapture(
+    callback,
+    cdUID,
+    "", "",
+    filesDir.absolutePath,
+    "doh",
+    2,
+    "$filesDir/ctrld.log"
+)
+
+// Stop
+controller.stop(false, 0)
+```
+
+## Usage (iOS)
+
+```swift
+// DNS-only mode
+let proxy = LocalProxy()
+proxy.start(
+    cUID: cdUID,
+    deviceName: UIDevice.current.name,
+    upstreamProto: "doh",
+    logLevel: 3,
+    provisionID: ""
+)
+
+// Firewall mode (full capture)
+let proxy = LocalProxy()
+proxy.startFirewall(
+    cUID: cdUID,
+    deviceName: UIDevice.current.name,
+    upstreamProto: "doh",
+    logLevel: 3,
+    provisionID: "",
+    packetFlow: packetFlow
+)
+```
+
+## Requirements
+
+- **Android**: API 24+ (Android 7.0+)
+- **iOS**: iOS 12.0+
+- **Go**: 1.23+
+- **gVisor**: v0.0.0-20240722211153-64c016c92987
+
+## Files
+
+- `packet_handler.go` - TUN I/O interface
+- `netstack.go` - gVisor controller
+- `dns_filter.go` - DNS packet detection
+- `dns_bridge.go` - Transaction tracking
+- `tcp_forwarder.go` - TCP forwarding
+- `udp_forwarder.go` - UDP forwarding
+
+## License
+
+Same as parent ctrld project.

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/dns_bridge.go

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// DNSBridge provides a bridge between the netstack DNS filter and the existing ctrld DNS proxy.
+// It allows DNS queries captured from packets to be processed by the same logic as traditional DNS queries.
+type DNSBridge struct {
+	// Channel for sending DNS queries
+	queryCh chan *DNSQuery
+
+	// Channel for receiving DNS responses
+	responseCh chan *DNSResponse
+
+	// Map to track pending queries by transaction ID
+	pendingQueries map[uint16]*PendingQuery
+	mu             sync.RWMutex
+
+	// Timeout for DNS queries
+	queryTimeout time.Duration
+
+	// Running state
+	running bool
+	stopCh  chan struct{}
+	wg      sync.WaitGroup
+}
+
+// DNSQuery represents a DNS query to be processed
+type DNSQuery struct {
+	ID      uint16      // Transaction ID for matching response
+	Query   []byte      // Raw DNS query bytes
+	RespCh  chan []byte // Response channel
+	SrcIP   string      // Source IP for logging
+	SrcPort uint16      // Source port
+}
+
+// DNSResponse represents a DNS response
+type DNSResponse struct {
+	ID       uint16
+	Response []byte
+}
+
+// PendingQuery tracks a query waiting for response
+type PendingQuery struct {
+	Query     *DNSQuery
+	Timestamp time.Time
+}
+
+// NewDNSBridge creates a new DNS bridge
+func NewDNSBridge() *DNSBridge {
+	return &DNSBridge{
+		queryCh:        make(chan *DNSQuery, 100),
+		responseCh:     make(chan *DNSResponse, 100),
+		pendingQueries: make(map[uint16]*PendingQuery),
+		queryTimeout:   5 * time.Second,
+		stopCh:         make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// Start starts the DNS bridge
+func (b *DNSBridge) Start() {
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	if b.running {
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	b.running = true
+	b.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Start response handler
+	b.wg.Add(1)
+	go b.handleResponses()
+
+	// Start timeout checker
+	b.wg.Add(1)
+	go b.checkTimeouts()
+}
+
+// Stop stops the DNS bridge
+func (b *DNSBridge) Stop() {
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	if !b.running {
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return
+	}
+	b.running = false
+	b.mu.Unlock()
+
+	close(b.stopCh)
+	b.wg.Wait()
+
+	// Clean up pending queries
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	for _, pending := range b.pendingQueries {
+		close(pending.Query.RespCh)
+	}
+	b.pendingQueries = make(map[uint16]*PendingQuery)
+	b.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+// ProcessQuery processes a DNS query and waits for response
+func (b *DNSBridge) ProcessQuery(query []byte, srcIP string, srcPort uint16) ([]byte, error) {
+	if len(query) < 12 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid DNS query: too short")
+	}
+
+	// Parse DNS message to get transaction ID
+	msg := new(dns.Msg)
+	if err := msg.Unpack(query); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse DNS query: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create response channel
+	respCh := make(chan []byte, 1)
+
+	// Create query
+	dnsQuery := &DNSQuery{
+		ID:      msg.Id,
+		Query:   query,
+		RespCh:  respCh,
+		SrcIP:   srcIP,
+		SrcPort: srcPort,
+	}
+
+	// Store as pending
+	b.mu.Lock()
+	b.pendingQueries[msg.Id] = &PendingQuery{
+		Query:     dnsQuery,
+		Timestamp: time.Now(),
+	}
+	b.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Send query
+	select {
+	case b.queryCh <- dnsQuery:
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		delete(b.pendingQueries, msg.Id)
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("query channel full")
+	}
+
+	// Wait for response with timeout
+	select {
+	case response := <-respCh:
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		delete(b.pendingQueries, msg.Id)
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return response, nil
+
+	case <-time.After(b.queryTimeout):
+		b.mu.Lock()
+		delete(b.pendingQueries, msg.Id)
+		b.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("DNS query timeout")
+	}
+}
+
+// GetQueryChannel returns the channel for receiving DNS queries
+func (b *DNSBridge) GetQueryChannel() <-chan *DNSQuery {
+	return b.queryCh
+}
+
+// SendResponse sends a DNS response back to the waiting query
+func (b *DNSBridge) SendResponse(id uint16, response []byte) error {
+	b.mu.RLock()
+	pending, exists := b.pendingQueries[id]
+	b.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if !exists {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no pending query for ID %d", id)
+	}
+
+	select {
+	case pending.Query.RespCh <- response:
+		return nil
+	case <-time.After(time.Second):
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to send response: channel blocked")
+	}
+}
+
+// handleResponses handles incoming responses
+func (b *DNSBridge) handleResponses() {
+	defer b.wg.Done()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-b.stopCh:
+			return
+
+		case resp := <-b.responseCh:
+			if err := b.SendResponse(resp.ID, resp.Response); err != nil {
+				// Log error but continue
+			}
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// checkTimeouts periodically checks for and removes timed out queries
+func (b *DNSBridge) checkTimeouts() {
+	defer b.wg.Done()
+
+	ticker := time.NewTicker(time.Second)
+	defer ticker.Stop()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-b.stopCh:
+			return
+
+		case <-ticker.C:
+			now := time.Now()
+			b.mu.Lock()
+			for id, pending := range b.pendingQueries {
+				if now.Sub(pending.Timestamp) > b.queryTimeout {
+					close(pending.Query.RespCh)
+					delete(b.pendingQueries, id)
+				}
+			}
+			b.mu.Unlock()
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/dns_filter.go

@@ -0,0 +1,324 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"encoding/binary"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
+)
+
+// DNSFilter intercepts and processes DNS packets.
+type DNSFilter struct {
+	dnsHandler func([]byte) ([]byte, error)
+}
+
+// NewDNSFilter creates a new DNS filter with the given handler.
+func NewDNSFilter(handler func([]byte) ([]byte, error)) *DNSFilter {
+	return &DNSFilter{
+		dnsHandler: handler,
+	}
+}
+
+// ProcessPacket checks if a packet is a DNS query and processes it.
+// Returns:
+// - isDNS: true if this is a DNS packet
+// - response: DNS response packet (if handled), nil otherwise
+// - error: any error that occurred
+func (df *DNSFilter) ProcessPacket(packet []byte) (isDNS bool, response []byte, err error) {
+	if len(packet) < header.IPv4MinimumSize {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse IP version
+	ipVersion := packet[0] >> 4
+
+	switch ipVersion {
+	case 4:
+		return df.processIPv4(packet)
+	case 6:
+		return df.processIPv6(packet)
+	default:
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+}
+
+// processIPv4 processes an IPv4 packet and checks if it's DNS.
+func (df *DNSFilter) processIPv4(packet []byte) (bool, []byte, error) {
+	if len(packet) < header.IPv4MinimumSize {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse IPv4 header
+	ipHdr := header.IPv4(packet)
+	if !ipHdr.IsValid(len(packet)) {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if it's UDP
+	if ipHdr.TransportProtocol() != header.UDPProtocolNumber {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Get IP header length
+	ihl := int(ipHdr.HeaderLength())
+	if len(packet) < ihl+header.UDPMinimumSize {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse UDP header
+	udpHdr := header.UDP(packet[ihl:])
+	srcPort := udpHdr.SourcePort()
+	dstPort := udpHdr.DestinationPort()
+
+	// Check if destination port is 53 (DNS)
+	if dstPort != 53 {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	srcIP := ipHdr.SourceAddress()
+	dstIP := ipHdr.DestinationAddress()
+
+	// Extract DNS payload
+	udpPayloadOffset := ihl + header.UDPMinimumSize
+	if len(packet) <= udpPayloadOffset {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid UDP packet length")
+	}
+
+	dnsQuery := packet[udpPayloadOffset:]
+	if len(dnsQuery) == 0 {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("empty DNS query")
+	}
+
+	// Process DNS query
+	if df.dnsHandler == nil {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("no DNS handler configured")
+	}
+
+	dnsResponse, err := df.dnsHandler(dnsQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("DNS handler error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Build response packet
+	responsePacket := df.buildIPv4UDPPacket(
+		dstIP.As4(), // Swap src/dst
+		srcIP.As4(),
+		dstPort, // Swap ports
+		srcPort,
+		dnsResponse,
+	)
+
+	return true, responsePacket, nil
+}
+
+// processIPv6 processes an IPv6 packet and checks if it's DNS.
+func (df *DNSFilter) processIPv6(packet []byte) (bool, []byte, error) {
+	if len(packet) < header.IPv6MinimumSize {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse IPv6 header
+	ipHdr := header.IPv6(packet)
+	if !ipHdr.IsValid(len(packet)) {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Check if it's UDP
+	if ipHdr.TransportProtocol() != header.UDPProtocolNumber {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// IPv6 header is fixed size
+	if len(packet) < header.IPv6MinimumSize+header.UDPMinimumSize {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Parse UDP header
+	udpHdr := header.UDP(packet[header.IPv6MinimumSize:])
+	srcPort := udpHdr.SourcePort()
+	dstPort := udpHdr.DestinationPort()
+
+	// Check if destination port is 53 (DNS)
+	if dstPort != 53 {
+		return false, nil, nil
+	}
+
+	// Extract DNS payload
+	udpPayloadOffset := header.IPv6MinimumSize + header.UDPMinimumSize
+	if len(packet) <= udpPayloadOffset {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid UDP packet length")
+	}
+
+	dnsQuery := packet[udpPayloadOffset:]
+	if len(dnsQuery) == 0 {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("empty DNS query")
+	}
+
+	// Process DNS query
+	if df.dnsHandler == nil {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("no DNS handler configured")
+	}
+
+	dnsResponse, err := df.dnsHandler(dnsQuery)
+	if err != nil {
+		return true, nil, fmt.Errorf("DNS handler error: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Build response packet
+	srcIP := ipHdr.SourceAddress()
+	dstIP := ipHdr.DestinationAddress()
+
+	responsePacket := df.buildIPv6UDPPacket(
+		dstIP.As16(), // Swap src/dst
+		srcIP.As16(),
+		dstPort, // Swap ports
+		srcPort,
+		dnsResponse,
+	)
+
+	return true, responsePacket, nil
+}
+
+// buildIPv4UDPPacket builds a complete IPv4/UDP packet with the given payload.
+func (df *DNSFilter) buildIPv4UDPPacket(srcIP, dstIP [4]byte, srcPort, dstPort uint16, payload []byte) []byte {
+	// Calculate lengths
+	udpLen := header.UDPMinimumSize + len(payload)
+	ipLen := header.IPv4MinimumSize + udpLen
+	packet := make([]byte, ipLen)
+
+	// Build IPv4 header
+	ipHdr := header.IPv4(packet)
+	ipHdr.Encode(&header.IPv4Fields{
+		TotalLength: uint16(ipLen),
+		TTL:         64,
+		Protocol:    uint8(header.UDPProtocolNumber),
+		SrcAddr:     tcpip.AddrFrom4(srcIP),
+		DstAddr:     tcpip.AddrFrom4(dstIP),
+	})
+	ipHdr.SetChecksum(^ipHdr.CalculateChecksum())
+
+	// Build UDP header
+	udpHdr := header.UDP(packet[header.IPv4MinimumSize:])
+	udpHdr.Encode(&header.UDPFields{
+		SrcPort: srcPort,
+		DstPort: dstPort,
+		Length:  uint16(udpLen),
+	})
+
+	// Copy payload
+	copy(packet[header.IPv4MinimumSize+header.UDPMinimumSize:], payload)
+
+	// Calculate UDP checksum
+	xsum := header.PseudoHeaderChecksum(
+		header.UDPProtocolNumber,
+		tcpip.AddrFrom4(srcIP),
+		tcpip.AddrFrom4(dstIP),
+		uint16(udpLen),
+	)
+	xsum = checksum(payload, xsum)
+	udpHdr.SetChecksum(^udpHdr.CalculateChecksum(xsum))
+
+	return packet
+}
+
+// buildIPv6UDPPacket builds a complete IPv6/UDP packet with the given payload.
+func (df *DNSFilter) buildIPv6UDPPacket(srcIP, dstIP [16]byte, srcPort, dstPort uint16, payload []byte) []byte {
+	// Calculate lengths
+	udpLen := header.UDPMinimumSize + len(payload)
+	ipLen := header.IPv6MinimumSize + udpLen
+	packet := make([]byte, ipLen)
+
+	// Build IPv6 header
+	ipHdr := header.IPv6(packet)
+	ipHdr.Encode(&header.IPv6Fields{
+		PayloadLength:     uint16(udpLen),
+		TransportProtocol: header.UDPProtocolNumber,
+		HopLimit:          64,
+		SrcAddr:           tcpip.AddrFrom16(srcIP),
+		DstAddr:           tcpip.AddrFrom16(dstIP),
+	})
+
+	// Build UDP header
+	udpHdr := header.UDP(packet[header.IPv6MinimumSize:])
+	udpHdr.Encode(&header.UDPFields{
+		SrcPort: srcPort,
+		DstPort: dstPort,
+		Length:  uint16(udpLen),
+	})
+
+	// Copy payload
+	copy(packet[header.IPv6MinimumSize+header.UDPMinimumSize:], payload)
+
+	// Calculate UDP checksum
+	xsum := header.PseudoHeaderChecksum(
+		header.UDPProtocolNumber,
+		tcpip.AddrFrom16(srcIP),
+		tcpip.AddrFrom16(dstIP),
+		uint16(udpLen),
+	)
+	xsum = checksum(payload, xsum)
+	udpHdr.SetChecksum(^udpHdr.CalculateChecksum(xsum))
+
+	return packet
+}
+
+// checksum calculates the checksum for the given data.
+func checksum(buf []byte, initial uint16) uint16 {
+	v := uint32(initial)
+	l := len(buf)
+	if l&1 != 0 {
+		l--
+		v += uint32(buf[l]) << 8
+	}
+	for i := 0; i < l; i += 2 {
+		v += (uint32(buf[i]) << 8) + uint32(buf[i+1])
+	}
+	return reduceChecksum(v)
+}
+
+// reduceChecksum reduces a 32-bit checksum to 16 bits.
+func reduceChecksum(v uint32) uint16 {
+	v = (v >> 16) + (v & 0xffff)
+	v = (v >> 16) + (v & 0xffff)
+	return uint16(v)
+}
+
+// IPv4Address is a helper to create an IPv4 address from a byte array.
+func IPv4Address(b [4]byte) net.IP {
+	return net.IPv4(b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3])
+}
+
+// IPv6Address is a helper to create an IPv6 address from a byte array.
+func IPv6Address(b [16]byte) net.IP {
+	return net.IP(b[:])
+}
+
+// parseIPv4 extracts source and destination IPs from an IPv4 packet.
+func parseIPv4(packet []byte) (srcIP, dstIP [4]byte, ok bool) {
+	if len(packet) < header.IPv4MinimumSize {
+		return
+	}
+	ipHdr := header.IPv4(packet)
+	if !ipHdr.IsValid(len(packet)) {
+		return
+	}
+	srcAddr := ipHdr.SourceAddress().As4()
+	dstAddr := ipHdr.DestinationAddress().As4()
+	copy(srcIP[:], srcAddr[:])
+	copy(dstIP[:], dstAddr[:])
+	ok = true
+	return
+}
+
+// parseUDP extracts UDP header information.
+func parseUDP(udpHeader []byte) (srcPort, dstPort uint16, ok bool) {
+	if len(udpHeader) < header.UDPMinimumSize {
+		return
+	}
+	srcPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(udpHeader[0:2])
+	dstPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint16(udpHeader[2:4])
+	ok = true
+	return
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/netstack.go

@@ -0,0 +1,374 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/buffer"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/header"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/link/channel"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/ipv4"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/network/ipv6"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/udp"
+)
+
+const (
+	// Default MTU for the TUN interface
+	defaultMTU = 1500
+
+	// NICID is the ID of the network interface
+	NICID = 1
+
+	// Channel capacity for packet buffers
+	channelCapacity = 256
+)
+
+// NetstackController manages the gVisor netstack integration for mobile packet capture.
+type NetstackController struct {
+	stack         *stack.Stack
+	linkEP        *channel.Endpoint
+	packetHandler PacketHandler
+	dnsFilter     *DNSFilter
+	tcpForwarder  *TCPForwarder
+	udpForwarder  *UDPForwarder
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
+	wg     sync.WaitGroup
+
+	started bool
+	mu      sync.Mutex
+}
+
+// Config holds configuration for NetstackController.
+type Config struct {
+	// MTU is the maximum transmission unit
+	MTU uint32
+
+	// TUNIPv4 is the IPv4 address assigned to the TUN interface
+	TUNIPv4 netip.Addr
+
+	// TUNIPv6 is the IPv6 address assigned to the TUN interface (optional)
+	TUNIPv6 netip.Addr
+
+	// DNSHandler is the function to process DNS queries
+	DNSHandler func([]byte) ([]byte, error)
+
+	// UpstreamInterface is the real network interface for routing non-DNS traffic
+	UpstreamInterface *net.Interface
+}
+
+// NewNetstackController creates a new netstack controller.
+func NewNetstackController(handler PacketHandler, cfg *Config) (*NetstackController, error) {
+	if handler == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("packet handler cannot be nil")
+	}
+
+	if cfg == nil {
+		cfg = &Config{
+			MTU:     defaultMTU,
+			TUNIPv4: netip.MustParseAddr("10.0.0.1"),
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg.MTU == 0 {
+		cfg.MTU = defaultMTU
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
+
+	// Create gVisor stack
+	s := stack.New(stack.Options{
+		NetworkProtocols: []stack.NetworkProtocolFactory{
+			ipv4.NewProtocol,
+			ipv6.NewProtocol,
+		},
+		TransportProtocols: []stack.TransportProtocolFactory{
+			tcp.NewProtocol,
+			udp.NewProtocol,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Create link endpoint
+	linkEP := channel.New(channelCapacity, cfg.MTU, "")
+
+	// Create DNS filter
+	dnsFilter := NewDNSFilter(cfg.DNSHandler)
+
+	// Create TCP forwarder
+	tcpForwarder := NewTCPForwarder(s, handler.ProtectSocket, ctx)
+
+	// Create UDP forwarder
+	udpForwarder := NewUDPForwarder(s, handler.ProtectSocket, ctx)
+
+	// Create NIC
+	if err := s.CreateNIC(NICID, linkEP); err != nil {
+		cancel()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create NIC: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Enable spoofing to allow packets with any source IP
+	if err := s.SetSpoofing(NICID, true); err != nil {
+		cancel()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to enable spoofing: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Enable promiscuous mode to accept all packets
+	if err := s.SetPromiscuousMode(NICID, true); err != nil {
+		cancel()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to enable promiscuous mode: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Add IPv4 address
+	protocolAddr := tcpip.ProtocolAddress{
+		Protocol: ipv4.ProtocolNumber,
+		AddressWithPrefix: tcpip.AddressWithPrefix{
+			Address:   tcpip.AddrFromSlice(cfg.TUNIPv4.AsSlice()),
+			PrefixLen: 24,
+		},
+	}
+	if err := s.AddProtocolAddress(NICID, protocolAddr, stack.AddressProperties{}); err != nil {
+		cancel()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv4 address: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Add IPv6 address if provided
+	if cfg.TUNIPv6.IsValid() {
+		protocolAddr6 := tcpip.ProtocolAddress{
+			Protocol: ipv6.ProtocolNumber,
+			AddressWithPrefix: tcpip.AddressWithPrefix{
+				Address:   tcpip.AddrFromSlice(cfg.TUNIPv6.AsSlice()),
+				PrefixLen: 64,
+			},
+		}
+		if err := s.AddProtocolAddress(NICID, protocolAddr6, stack.AddressProperties{}); err != nil {
+			cancel()
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to add IPv6 address: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Add default routes
+	s.SetRouteTable([]tcpip.Route{
+		{
+			Destination: header.IPv4EmptySubnet,
+			NIC:         NICID,
+		},
+		{
+			Destination: header.IPv6EmptySubnet,
+			NIC:         NICID,
+		},
+	})
+
+	// Register forwarders with the stack
+	s.SetTransportProtocolHandler(tcp.ProtocolNumber, tcpForwarder.forwarder.HandlePacket)
+	s.SetTransportProtocolHandler(udp.ProtocolNumber, udpForwarder.forwarder.HandlePacket)
+
+	nc := &NetstackController{
+		stack:         s,
+		linkEP:        linkEP,
+		packetHandler: handler,
+		dnsFilter:     dnsFilter,
+		tcpForwarder:  tcpForwarder,
+		udpForwarder:  udpForwarder,
+		ctx:           ctx,
+		cancel:        cancel,
+		started:       false,
+	}
+
+	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Msg("[Netstack] Controller created with TCP/UDP forwarders")
+
+	return nc, nil
+}
+
+// Start starts the netstack controller and begins processing packets.
+func (nc *NetstackController) Start() error {
+	nc.mu.Lock()
+	defer nc.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if nc.started {
+		return fmt.Errorf("netstack controller already started")
+	}
+
+	nc.started = true
+
+	// Start packet reader goroutine (TUN -> netstack)
+	nc.wg.Add(1)
+	go nc.readPackets()
+
+	// Start packet writer goroutine (netstack -> TUN)
+	nc.wg.Add(1)
+	go nc.writePackets()
+
+	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Msg("[Netstack] Packet processing started (read/write goroutines)")
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Stop stops the netstack controller and waits for all goroutines to finish.
+func (nc *NetstackController) Stop() error {
+	nc.mu.Lock()
+	if !nc.started {
+		nc.mu.Unlock()
+		return nil
+	}
+	nc.mu.Unlock()
+
+	nc.cancel()
+	nc.wg.Wait()
+
+	// Close UDP forwarder
+	if nc.udpForwarder != nil {
+		nc.udpForwarder.Close()
+	}
+
+	if err := nc.packetHandler.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to close packet handler: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	nc.mu.Lock()
+	nc.started = false
+	nc.mu.Unlock()
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// readPackets reads packets from the TUN interface and injects them into the netstack.
+func (nc *NetstackController) readPackets() {
+	defer nc.wg.Done()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-nc.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Read packet from TUN
+		packet, err := nc.packetHandler.ReadPacket()
+		if err != nil {
+			if nc.ctx.Err() != nil {
+				return
+			}
+			time.Sleep(10 * time.Millisecond)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if len(packet) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Check if this is a DNS packet
+		isDNS, response, err := nc.dnsFilter.ProcessPacket(packet)
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if isDNS && response != nil {
+			// DNS packet was handled, send response back to TUN
+			nc.packetHandler.WritePacket(response)
+			ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("[Netstack] DNS response sent (%d bytes)", len(response))
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if isDNS {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Not a DNS packet - check if it's an OUTBOUND packet (source = 10.0.0.x)
+		// We should ONLY inject outbound packets, not return packets
+		if len(packet) >= 20 {
+			// Check if source is in our VPN subnet (10.0.0.x)
+			isOutbound := packet[12] == 10 && packet[13] == 0 && packet[14] == 0
+
+			if !isOutbound {
+				// This is a return packet (server -> mobile)
+				// Drop it - return packets come through forwarder's upstream connection
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// Block QUIC protocol (UDP on port 443)
+			// QUIC runs over UDP and bypasses DNS, so we block it to force HTTP/2 or HTTP/3 over TCP
+			protocol := packet[9]
+			if protocol == 17 { // UDP
+				// Get IP header length
+				ihl := int(packet[0]&0x0f) * 4
+				if len(packet) >= ihl+4 {
+					// Parse UDP destination port (bytes 2-3 of UDP header)
+					dstPort := uint16(packet[ihl+2])<<8 | uint16(packet[ihl+3])
+					if dstPort == 443 || dstPort == 80 {
+						// Block QUIC (UDP/443) and HTTP/3 (UDP/80)
+						// Apps will fallback to TCP automatically
+						dstIP := net.IPv4(packet[16], packet[17], packet[18], packet[19])
+						ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("[Netstack] Blocked QUIC packet to %s:%d", dstIP, dstPort)
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// Create packet buffer
+		pkt := stack.NewPacketBuffer(stack.PacketBufferOptions{
+			Payload: buffer.MakeWithData(packet),
+		})
+
+		// Determine protocol number
+		var proto tcpip.NetworkProtocolNumber
+		if len(packet) > 0 {
+			version := packet[0] >> 4
+			switch version {
+			case 4:
+				proto = header.IPv4ProtocolNumber
+			case 6:
+				proto = header.IPv6ProtocolNumber
+			default:
+				pkt.DecRef()
+				continue
+			}
+		} else {
+			pkt.DecRef()
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Inject into netstack - TCP/UDP forwarders will handle it
+		nc.linkEP.InjectInbound(proto, pkt)
+	}
+}
+
+// writePackets reads packets from netstack and writes them to the TUN interface.
+func (nc *NetstackController) writePackets() {
+	defer nc.wg.Done()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-nc.ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Read packet from netstack
+		pkt := nc.linkEP.ReadContext(nc.ctx)
+		if pkt == nil {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		// Convert packet to bytes
+		vv := pkt.ToView()
+		packet := vv.AsSlice()
+
+		// Write to TUN
+		if err := nc.packetHandler.WritePacket(packet); err != nil {
+			// Log error
+			continue
+		}
+
+		pkt.DecRef()
+	}
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/packet_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+)
+
+// PacketHandler defines the interface for reading and writing raw IP packets
+// from/to the mobile TUN interface.
+type PacketHandler interface {
+	// ReadPacket reads a raw IP packet from the TUN interface.
+	// This should be a blocking call.
+	ReadPacket() ([]byte, error)
+
+	// WritePacket writes a raw IP packet back to the TUN interface.
+	WritePacket(packet []byte) error
+
+	// Close closes the packet handler and releases resources.
+	Close() error
+
+	// ProtectSocket protects a socket file descriptor from being routed through the VPN.
+	// This is required on Android/iOS to prevent routing loops.
+	// Returns nil if successful, error otherwise.
+	ProtectSocket(fd int) error
+}
+
+// MobilePacketHandler implements PacketHandler using callbacks from mobile platforms.
+// This bridges Go Mobile interface with the netstack implementation.
+type MobilePacketHandler struct {
+	readFunc    func() ([]byte, error)
+	writeFunc   func([]byte) error
+	closeFunc   func() error
+	protectFunc func(int) error
+
+	mu     sync.Mutex
+	closed bool
+}
+
+// NewMobilePacketHandler creates a new packet handler with mobile callbacks.
+func NewMobilePacketHandler(
+	readFunc func() ([]byte, error),
+	writeFunc func([]byte) error,
+	closeFunc func() error,
+	protectFunc func(int) error,
+) *MobilePacketHandler {
+	return &MobilePacketHandler{
+		readFunc:    readFunc,
+		writeFunc:   writeFunc,
+		closeFunc:   closeFunc,
+		protectFunc: protectFunc,
+		closed:      false,
+	}
+}
+
+// ReadPacket reads a packet from mobile TUN interface.
+func (m *MobilePacketHandler) ReadPacket() ([]byte, error) {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	closed := m.closed
+	m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if closed {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("packet handler is closed")
+	}
+
+	if m.readFunc == nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("read function not set")
+	}
+
+	return m.readFunc()
+}
+
+// WritePacket writes a packet back to mobile TUN interface.
+func (m *MobilePacketHandler) WritePacket(packet []byte) error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	closed := m.closed
+	m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if closed {
+		return fmt.Errorf("packet handler is closed")
+	}
+
+	if m.writeFunc == nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("write function not set")
+	}
+
+	return m.writeFunc(packet)
+}
+
+// Close closes the packet handler.
+func (m *MobilePacketHandler) Close() error {
+	m.mu.Lock()
+	defer m.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if m.closed {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	m.closed = true
+
+	if m.closeFunc != nil {
+		return m.closeFunc()
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ProtectSocket protects a socket file descriptor from VPN routing.
+func (m *MobilePacketHandler) ProtectSocket(fd int) error {
+	if m.protectFunc == nil {
+		// No protect function provided - this is okay for non-VPN scenarios
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return m.protectFunc(fd)
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/tcp_forwarder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"io"
+	"net"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/adapters/gonet"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/tcp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"
+)
+
+// TCPForwarder handles TCP connections from the TUN interface
+type TCPForwarder struct {
+	protectSocket func(fd int) error
+	ctx           context.Context
+	forwarder     *tcp.Forwarder
+}
+
+// NewTCPForwarder creates a new TCP forwarder
+func NewTCPForwarder(s *stack.Stack, protectSocket func(fd int) error, ctx context.Context) *TCPForwarder {
+	f := &TCPForwarder{
+		protectSocket: protectSocket,
+		ctx:           ctx,
+	}
+
+	// Create gVisor TCP forwarder with handler callback
+	// rcvWnd=0 (default), maxInFlight=1024
+	f.forwarder = tcp.NewForwarder(s, 0, 1024, f.handleRequest)
+
+	return f
+}
+
+// GetForwarder returns the underlying gVisor forwarder
+func (f *TCPForwarder) GetForwarder() *tcp.Forwarder {
+	return f.forwarder
+}
+
+// handleRequest handles an incoming TCP connection request
+func (f *TCPForwarder) handleRequest(req *tcp.ForwarderRequest) {
+	// Get the endpoint ID
+	id := req.ID()
+
+	// Create waiter queue
+	var wq waiter.Queue
+
+	// Create endpoint from request
+	ep, err := req.CreateEndpoint(&wq)
+	if err != nil {
+		req.Complete(true) // Send RST
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Accept the connection
+	req.Complete(false)
+
+	// Cast to TCP endpoint
+	tcpEP, ok := ep.(*tcp.Endpoint)
+	if !ok {
+		ep.Close()
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Handle in goroutine
+	go f.handleConnection(tcpEP, &wq, id)
+}
+
+func (f *TCPForwarder) handleConnection(ep *tcp.Endpoint, wq *waiter.Queue, id stack.TransportEndpointID) {
+	// Convert endpoint to Go net.Conn
+	tunConn := gonet.NewTCPConn(wq, ep)
+	defer tunConn.Close()
+
+	// In gVisor's TransportEndpointID for an inbound connection:
+	// - LocalAddress/LocalPort = the destination (where packet is going TO)
+	// - RemoteAddress/RemotePort = the source (where packet is coming FROM)
+	// We want to dial the DESTINATION (LocalAddress/LocalPort)
+	dstAddr := net.TCPAddr{
+		IP:   net.IP(id.LocalAddress.AsSlice()),
+		Port: int(id.LocalPort),
+	}
+
+	// Create outbound connection with socket protection DURING dial
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{
+		Timeout: 30 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	// CRITICAL: Protect socket BEFORE connect() is called
+	if f.protectSocket != nil {
+		dialer.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+			return c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+				f.protectSocket(int(fd))
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	upstreamConn, err := dialer.DialContext(f.ctx, "tcp", dstAddr.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	defer upstreamConn.Close()
+
+	// Log successful TCP connection
+	srcAddr := net.IP(id.RemoteAddress.AsSlice())
+	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("[TCP] %s:%d -> %s:%d", srcAddr, id.RemotePort, dstAddr.IP, dstAddr.Port)
+
+	// Bidirectional copy
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+	go func() {
+		io.Copy(upstreamConn, tunConn)
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+	go func() {
+		io.Copy(tunConn, upstreamConn)
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	// Wait for one direction to finish
+	<-done
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/netstack/udp_forwarder.go

@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+package netstack
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"sync"
+	"syscall"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/adapters/gonet"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/stack"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip/transport/udp"
+	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/waiter"
+)
+
+// UDPForwarder handles UDP packets from the TUN interface
+type UDPForwarder struct {
+	protectSocket func(fd int) error
+	ctx           context.Context
+	forwarder     *udp.Forwarder
+
+	// Track UDP "connections" (address pairs)
+	connections map[string]*udpConn
+	mu          sync.Mutex
+}
+
+type udpConn struct {
+	tunEP        *gonet.UDPConn
+	upstreamConn *net.UDPConn
+	cancel       context.CancelFunc
+}
+
+// NewUDPForwarder creates a new UDP forwarder
+func NewUDPForwarder(s *stack.Stack, protectSocket func(fd int) error, ctx context.Context) *UDPForwarder {
+	f := &UDPForwarder{
+		protectSocket: protectSocket,
+		ctx:           ctx,
+		connections:   make(map[string]*udpConn),
+	}
+
+	// Create gVisor UDP forwarder with handler callback
+	f.forwarder = udp.NewForwarder(s, f.handlePacket)
+
+	return f
+}
+
+// GetForwarder returns the underlying gVisor forwarder
+func (f *UDPForwarder) GetForwarder() *udp.Forwarder {
+	return f.forwarder
+}
+
+// handlePacket handles an incoming UDP packet
+func (f *UDPForwarder) handlePacket(req *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
+	// Get the endpoint ID
+	id := req.ID()
+
+	// Create connection key (source -> destination)
+	connKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d->%s:%d",
+		net.IP(id.RemoteAddress.AsSlice()),
+		id.RemotePort,
+		net.IP(id.LocalAddress.AsSlice()),
+		id.LocalPort,
+	)
+
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	conn, exists := f.connections[connKey]
+	if !exists {
+		// Create new connection
+		conn = f.createConnection(req, connKey)
+		if conn == nil {
+			f.mu.Unlock()
+			return
+		}
+		f.connections[connKey] = conn
+
+		// Log new UDP session
+		srcAddr := net.IP(id.RemoteAddress.AsSlice())
+		dstAddr := net.IP(id.LocalAddress.AsSlice())
+		ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("[UDP] New session: %s:%d -> %s:%d (total: %d)",
+			srcAddr, id.RemotePort, dstAddr, id.LocalPort, len(f.connections))
+	}
+	f.mu.Unlock()
+}
+
+func (f *UDPForwarder) createConnection(req *udp.ForwarderRequest, connKey string) *udpConn {
+	id := req.ID()
+
+	// Create waiter queue
+	var wq waiter.Queue
+
+	// Create endpoint from request
+	ep, err := req.CreateEndpoint(&wq)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Convert to Go UDP conn
+	tunConn := gonet.NewUDPConn(&wq, ep)
+
+	// Extract destination address
+	// LocalAddress/LocalPort = destination (where packet is going TO)
+	// RemoteAddress/RemotePort = source (where packet is coming FROM)
+	dstAddr := &net.UDPAddr{
+		IP:   net.IP(id.LocalAddress.AsSlice()),
+		Port: int(id.LocalPort),
+	}
+
+	// Create dialer with socket protection DURING dial
+	dialer := &net.Dialer{}
+
+	// CRITICAL: Protect socket BEFORE connect() is called
+	if f.protectSocket != nil {
+		dialer.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+			return c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+				f.protectSocket(int(fd))
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Create outbound UDP connection
+	dialConn, dialErr := dialer.Dial("udp", dstAddr.String())
+	if dialErr != nil {
+		tunConn.Close()
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	upstreamConn, ok := dialConn.(*net.UDPConn)
+	if !ok {
+		dialConn.Close()
+		tunConn.Close()
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Create connection context
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(f.ctx)
+
+	udpConnection := &udpConn{
+		tunEP:        tunConn,
+		upstreamConn: upstreamConn,
+		cancel:       cancel,
+	}
+
+	// Start forwarding goroutines
+	go f.forwardTunToUpstream(udpConnection, ctx)
+	go f.forwardUpstreamToTun(udpConnection, ctx, connKey)
+
+	return udpConnection
+}
+
+func (f *UDPForwarder) forwardTunToUpstream(conn *udpConn, ctx context.Context) {
+	buffer := make([]byte, 65535)
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Read from TUN
+		n, err := conn.tunEP.Read(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Write to upstream
+		_, err = conn.upstreamConn.Write(buffer[:n])
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (f *UDPForwarder) forwardUpstreamToTun(conn *udpConn, ctx context.Context, connKey string) {
+	defer func() {
+		conn.tunEP.Close()
+		conn.upstreamConn.Close()
+
+		f.mu.Lock()
+		delete(f.connections, connKey)
+		f.mu.Unlock()
+	}()
+
+	buffer := make([]byte, 65535)
+
+	// Set read timeout
+	conn.upstreamConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(30 * time.Second))
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+			return
+		default:
+		}
+
+		// Read from upstream
+		n, err := conn.upstreamConn.Read(buffer)
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Reset read deadline
+		conn.upstreamConn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(30 * time.Second))
+
+		// Write to TUN
+		_, err = conn.tunEP.Write(buffer[:n])
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Close closes all UDP connections
+func (f *UDPForwarder) Close() {
+	f.mu.Lock()
+	defer f.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, conn := range f.connections {
+		conn.cancel()
+		conn.tunEP.Close()
+		conn.upstreamConn.Close()
+	}
+	f.connections = make(map[string]*udpConn)
+}

cmd/ctrld_library/packet_capture.go

@@ -0,0 +1,272 @@
+package ctrld_library
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"net/netip"
+	"runtime"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/cmd/cli"
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/cmd/ctrld_library/netstack"
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// PacketAppCallback extends AppCallback with packet read/write capabilities.
+// Mobile platforms implementing full packet capture should use this interface.
+type PacketAppCallback interface {
+	AppCallback
+
+	// ReadPacket reads a raw IP packet from the TUN interface.
+	// This should be a blocking call that returns when a packet is available.
+	ReadPacket() ([]byte, error)
+
+	// WritePacket writes a raw IP packet back to the TUN interface.
+	WritePacket(packet []byte) error
+
+	// ClosePacketIO closes packet I/O resources.
+	ClosePacketIO() error
+
+	// ProtectSocket protects a socket file descriptor from being routed through the VPN.
+	// On Android, this calls VpnService.protect() to prevent routing loops.
+	// On iOS, this marks the socket to bypass the VPN.
+	// Returns nil on success, error on failure.
+	ProtectSocket(fd int) error
+}
+
+// PacketCaptureController holds state for packet capture mode
+type PacketCaptureController struct {
+	baseController *Controller
+
+	// Packet capture mode fields
+	netstackCtrl *netstack.NetstackController
+	dnsBridge    *netstack.DNSBridge
+	packetStopCh chan struct{}
+}
+
+// NewPacketCaptureController creates a new packet capture controller
+func NewPacketCaptureController(appCallback PacketAppCallback) *PacketCaptureController {
+	return &PacketCaptureController{
+		baseController: &Controller{AppCallback: appCallback},
+		packetStopCh:   make(chan struct{}),
+	}
+}
+
+// StartWithPacketCapture starts ctrld in full packet capture mode for mobile.
+// This method enables full IP packet processing with DNS filtering and upstream routing.
+// It requires a PacketAppCallback that provides packet read/write capabilities.
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) StartWithPacketCapture(
+	packetCallback PacketAppCallback,
+	CdUID string,
+	ProvisionID string,
+	CustomHostname string,
+	HomeDir string,
+	UpstreamProto string,
+	logLevel int,
+	logPath string,
+) error {
+	if pc.baseController.stopCh != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("controller already running")
+	}
+
+	// Set up configuration
+	pc.baseController.Config = cli.AppConfig{
+		CdUID:          CdUID,
+		ProvisionID:    ProvisionID,
+		CustomHostname: CustomHostname,
+		HomeDir:        HomeDir,
+		UpstreamProto:  UpstreamProto,
+		Verbose:        logLevel,
+		LogPath:        logPath,
+	}
+	pc.baseController.AppCallback = packetCallback
+
+	// Set global socket protector for HTTP client sockets (API calls, etc)
+	// This prevents routing loops when ctrld makes HTTP requests to api.controld.com
+	ctrld.SetSocketProtector(packetCallback.ProtectSocket)
+
+	// Create DNS bridge for communication between netstack and DNS proxy
+	pc.dnsBridge = netstack.NewDNSBridge()
+	pc.dnsBridge.Start()
+
+	// Create packet handler that wraps the mobile callbacks
+	packetHandler := netstack.NewMobilePacketHandler(
+		packetCallback.ReadPacket,
+		packetCallback.WritePacket,
+		packetCallback.ClosePacketIO,
+		packetCallback.ProtectSocket,
+	)
+
+	// Create DNS handler that uses the bridge
+	dnsHandler := func(query []byte) ([]byte, error) {
+		// Extract source IP from query context if available
+		// For now, use a placeholder
+		return pc.dnsBridge.ProcessQuery(query, "10.0.0.2", 0)
+	}
+
+	// Auto-detect platform and use appropriate TUN IP
+	// Android: TUN=10.0.0.1, Device=10.0.0.2
+	// iOS: TUN=10.0.0.2, Device=10.0.0.1
+	tunIP := "10.0.0.1" // Default for Android
+	// Check if running on iOS (no reliable way, so we'll make it configurable)
+	// For now, use Android config. iOS should update their VPN settings to match.
+
+	tunIPv4, err := netip.ParseAddr(tunIP)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to parse TUN IPv4: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	netstackCfg := &netstack.Config{
+		MTU:               1500,
+		TUNIPv4:           tunIPv4,
+		DNSHandler:        dnsHandler,
+		UpstreamInterface: nil, // Will use default interface
+	}
+
+	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Msgf("[PacketCapture] Netstack TUN IP: %s", tunIP)
+
+	// Create netstack controller
+	netstackCtrl, err := netstack.NewNetstackController(packetHandler, netstackCfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		pc.dnsBridge.Stop()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create netstack controller: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	pc.netstackCtrl = netstackCtrl
+
+	// Start netstack processing
+	if err := pc.netstackCtrl.Start(); err != nil {
+		pc.dnsBridge.Stop()
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to start netstack: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Start regular ctrld DNS processing in background
+	// This allows us to use existing DNS filtering logic
+	pc.baseController.stopCh = make(chan struct{})
+
+	// Start DNS query processor that receives queries from the bridge
+	// and sends them to the ctrld DNS proxy
+	go pc.processDNSQueries()
+
+	// Start the main ctrld mobile runner
+	go func() {
+		appCallback := mapCallback(pc.baseController.AppCallback)
+		cli.RunMobile(&pc.baseController.Config, &appCallback, pc.baseController.stopCh)
+	}()
+
+	// Log platform detection for DNS proxy port
+	dnsPort := "5354"
+	if runtime.GOOS == "ios" || runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		dnsPort = "53"
+	}
+	ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Info().Msgf("[PacketCapture] Platform: %s, DNS proxy port: %s", runtime.GOOS, dnsPort)
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// processDNSQueries processes DNS queries from the bridge using the ctrld DNS proxy
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) processDNSQueries() {
+	queryCh := pc.dnsBridge.GetQueryChannel()
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-pc.packetStopCh:
+			return
+		case <-pc.baseController.stopCh:
+			return
+		case query := <-queryCh:
+			go pc.handleDNSQuery(query)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleDNSQuery handles a single DNS query
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) handleDNSQuery(query *netstack.DNSQuery) {
+	// Parse DNS message
+	msg := new(dns.Msg)
+	if err := msg.Unpack(query.Query); err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Determine DNS proxy port based on platform
+	// Android: 0.0.0.0:5354
+	// iOS: 127.0.0.1:53
+	dnsProxyAddr := "127.0.0.1:5354" // Default for Android
+	if runtime.GOOS == "ios" || runtime.GOOS == "darwin" {
+		// iOS uses port 53
+		dnsProxyAddr = "127.0.0.1:53"
+	}
+
+	// Send query to actual DNS proxy
+	client := &dns.Client{
+		Net:     "udp",
+		Timeout: 3 * time.Second,
+	}
+
+	response, _, err := client.Exchange(msg, dnsProxyAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		// Create SERVFAIL response
+		response = new(dns.Msg)
+		response.SetReply(msg)
+		response.Rcode = dns.RcodeServerFailure
+	}
+
+	// Pack response
+	responseBytes, err := response.Pack()
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Send response back through bridge
+	pc.dnsBridge.SendResponse(query.ID, responseBytes)
+}
+
+// Stop stops the packet capture controller
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) Stop(restart bool, pin int64) int {
+	var errorCode = 0
+
+	// Clear global socket protector
+	ctrld.SetSocketProtector(nil)
+
+	// Stop DNS bridge
+	if pc.dnsBridge != nil {
+		pc.dnsBridge.Stop()
+		pc.dnsBridge = nil
+	}
+
+	// Stop netstack
+	if pc.netstackCtrl != nil {
+		if err := pc.netstackCtrl.Stop(); err != nil {
+			// Log error but continue shutdown
+			fmt.Printf("Error stopping netstack: %v\n", err)
+		}
+		pc.netstackCtrl = nil
+	}
+
+	// Close packet stop channel
+	if pc.packetStopCh != nil {
+		close(pc.packetStopCh)
+		pc.packetStopCh = make(chan struct{})
+	}
+
+	// Stop base controller
+	if !restart {
+		errorCode = cli.CheckDeactivationPin(pin, pc.baseController.stopCh)
+	}
+	if errorCode == 0 && pc.baseController.stopCh != nil {
+		close(pc.baseController.stopCh)
+		pc.baseController.stopCh = nil
+	}
+
+	return errorCode
+}
+
+// IsRunning returns true if the controller is running
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) IsRunning() bool {
+	return pc.baseController.stopCh != nil
+}
+
+// IsPacketMode returns true (always in packet mode for this controller)
+func (pc *PacketCaptureController) IsPacketMode() bool {
+	return true
+}

config.go

@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ameshkov/dnsstamps"
@@ -358,6 +359,15 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) Init() {
 	}
 }
 
+// VerifyMsg creates and returns a new DNS message could be used for testing upstream health.
+func (uc *UpstreamConfig) VerifyMsg() *dns.Msg {
+	msg := new(dns.Msg)
+	msg.RecursionDesired = true
+	msg.SetQuestion(".", dns.TypeNS)
+	msg.SetEdns0(4096, false) // ensure handling of large DNS response
+	return msg
+}
+
 // VerifyDomain returns the domain name that could be resolved by the upstream endpoint.
 // It returns empty for non-ControlD upstream endpoint.
 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) VerifyDomain() string {
@@ -427,11 +437,19 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) UID() string {
 
 // SetupBootstrapIP manually find all available IPs of the upstream.
 // The first usable IP will be used as bootstrap IP of the upstream.
+// The upstream domain will be looked up using following orders:
+//
+// - Current system DNS settings.
+// - Direct IPs table for ControlD upstreams.
+// - ControlD Bootstrap DNS 76.76.2.22
+//
+// The setup process will block until there's usable IPs found.
 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) SetupBootstrapIP() {
 	b := backoff.NewBackoff("setupBootstrapIP", func(format string, args ...any) {}, 10*time.Second)
 	isControlD := uc.IsControlD()
+	nss := initDefaultOsResolver()
 	for {
-		uc.bootstrapIPs = lookupIP(uc.Domain, uc.Timeout)
+		uc.bootstrapIPs = lookupIP(uc.Domain, uc.Timeout, nss)
 		// For ControlD upstream, the bootstrap IPs could not be RFC 1918 addresses,
 		// filtering them out here to prevent weird behavior.
 		if isControlD {
@@ -446,9 +464,14 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) SetupBootstrapIP() {
 			uc.bootstrapIPs = uc.bootstrapIPs[:n]
 			if len(uc.bootstrapIPs) == 0 {
 				uc.bootstrapIPs = bootstrapIPsFromControlDDomain(uc.Domain)
-				ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Msgf("no bootstrap IPs found for %q, fallback to direct IPs", uc.Domain)
+				ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Msgf("no record found for %q, lookup from direct IP table", uc.Domain)
 			}
 		}
+		if len(uc.bootstrapIPs) == 0 {
+			ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Msgf("no record found for %q, using bootstrap server: %s", uc.Domain, PremiumDNSBoostrapIP)
+			uc.bootstrapIPs = lookupIP(uc.Domain, uc.Timeout, []string{net.JoinHostPort(PremiumDNSBoostrapIP, "53")})
+
+		}
 		if len(uc.bootstrapIPs) > 0 {
 			break
 		}
@@ -533,7 +556,24 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) newDOHTransport(addrs []string) *http.Transport {
 	transport.DialContext = func(ctx context.Context, network, addr string) (net.Conn, error) {
 		_, port, _ := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 		if uc.BootstrapIP != "" {
-			dialer := net.Dialer{Timeout: dialerTimeout, KeepAlive: dialerTimeout}
+			// Create custom dialer with socket protection - matches working example pattern
+			dialer := &net.Dialer{
+				Timeout:   dialerTimeout,
+				KeepAlive: dialerTimeout,
+			}
+			// Access underlying socket fd before connecting to it
+			dialer.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+				return c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+					Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "Received DoH socket fd %d for %s", fd, address)
+					i := int(fd)
+					// Protect socket from VPN routing
+					if err := ProtectSocket(i); err != nil {
+						Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Warn(), "Failed to protect DoH socket fd=%d: %v", i, err)
+					} else {
+						Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "Protected DoH socket fd=%d", i)
+					}
+				})
+			}
 			addr := net.JoinHostPort(uc.BootstrapIP, port)
 			Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "sending doh request to: %s", addr)
 			return dialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
@@ -549,6 +589,21 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) newDOHTransport(addrs []string) *http.Transport {
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
+
+		// Protect DoH socket from VPN routing
+		if tcpConn, ok := conn.(*net.TCPConn); ok {
+			if rawConn, err := tcpConn.SyscallConn(); err == nil {
+				rawConn.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+					i := int(fd)
+					if err := ProtectSocket(i); err != nil {
+						Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Warn(), "Failed to protect DoH socket fd=%d: %v", i, err)
+					} else {
+						Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "Protected DoH socket fd=%d", i)
+					}
+				})
+			}
+		}
+
 		Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "sending doh request to: %s", conn.RemoteAddr())
 		return conn, nil
 	}
@@ -951,14 +1006,14 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) String() string {
 
 // bootstrapIPsFromControlDDomain returns bootstrap IPs for ControlD domain.
 func bootstrapIPsFromControlDDomain(domain string) []string {
-	switch domain {
-	case PremiumDnsDomain:
+	switch {
+	case dns.IsSubDomain(PremiumDnsDomain, domain):
 		return []string{PremiumDNSBoostrapIP, PremiumDNSBoostrapIPv6}
-	case FreeDnsDomain:
+	case dns.IsSubDomain(FreeDnsDomain, domain):
 		return []string{FreeDNSBoostrapIP, FreeDNSBoostrapIPv6}
-	case premiumDnsDomainDev:
+	case dns.IsSubDomain(premiumDnsDomainDev, domain):
 		return []string{premiumDNSBoostrapIP, premiumDNSBoostrapIPv6}
-	case freeDnsDomainDev:
+	case dns.IsSubDomain(freeDnsDomainDev, domain):
 		return []string{freeDNSBoostrapIP, freeDNSBoostrapIPv6}
 	}
 	return nil

config_internal_test.go

@@ -8,19 +8,43 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestUpstreamConfig_SetupBootstrapIP(t *testing.T) {
-	uc := &UpstreamConfig{
-		Name:     "test",
-		Type:     ResolverTypeDOH,
-		Endpoint: "https://freedns.controld.com/p2",
-		Timeout:  5000,
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		uc   *UpstreamConfig
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "doh/doh3",
+			uc: &UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "doh",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOH,
+				Endpoint: "https://freedns.controld.com/p2",
+				Timeout:  5000,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "doq/dot",
+			uc: &UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "dot",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOT,
+				Endpoint: "p2.freedns.controld.com",
+				Timeout:  5000,
+			},
+		},
 	}
-	uc.Init()
-	uc.SetupBootstrapIP()
-	if len(uc.bootstrapIPs) == 0 {
-		t.Log(defaultNameservers())
-		t.Fatal("could not bootstrap ip without bootstrap DNS")
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			// Enable parallel tests once https://github.com/microsoft/wmi/issues/165 fixed.
+			// t.Parallel()
+			tc.uc.Init()
+			tc.uc.SetupBootstrapIP()
+			if len(tc.uc.bootstrapIPs) == 0 {
+				t.Log(defaultNameservers())
+				t.Fatalf("could not bootstrap ip: %s", tc.uc.String())
+			}
+		})
 	}
-	t.Log(uc)
+
 }
 
 func TestUpstreamConfig_Init(t *testing.T) {

config_quic.go

@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) setupDOH3Transport() {
 func (uc *UpstreamConfig) newDOH3Transport(addrs []string) http.RoundTripper {
 	rt := &http3.Transport{}
 	rt.TLSClientConfig = &tls.Config{RootCAs: uc.certPool}
-	rt.Dial = func(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, cfg *quic.Config) (quic.EarlyConnection, error) {
+	rt.Dial = func(ctx context.Context, addr string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, cfg *quic.Config) (*quic.Conn, error) {
 		_, port, _ := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 		// if we have a bootstrap ip set, use it to avoid DNS lookup
 		if uc.BootstrapIP != "" {
@@ -96,14 +96,14 @@ func (uc *UpstreamConfig) doh3Transport(dnsType uint16) http.RoundTripper {
 //   - quic dialer is different with net.Dialer
 //   - simplification for quic free version
 type parallelDialerResult struct {
-	conn quic.EarlyConnection
+	conn *quic.Conn
 	err  error
 }
 
 type quicParallelDialer struct{}
 
 // Dial performs parallel dialing to the given address list.
-func (d *quicParallelDialer) Dial(ctx context.Context, addrs []string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, cfg *quic.Config) (quic.EarlyConnection, error) {
+func (d *quicParallelDialer) Dial(ctx context.Context, addrs []string, tlsCfg *tls.Config, cfg *quic.Config) (*quic.Conn, error) {
 	if len(addrs) == 0 {
 		return nil, errors.New("empty addresses")
 	}

desktop_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package ctrld
+
+// IsDesktopPlatform indicates if ctrld is running on a desktop platform,
+// currently defined as macOS or Windows workstation.
+func IsDesktopPlatform() bool {
+	return true
+}

desktop_others.go

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+//go:build !windows && !darwin
+
+package ctrld
+
+// IsDesktopPlatform indicates if ctrld is running on a desktop platform,
+// currently defined as macOS or Windows workstation.
+func IsDesktopPlatform() bool {
+	return false
+}

desktop_windows.go

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+package ctrld
+
+// IsDesktopPlatform indicates if ctrld is running on a desktop platform,
+// currently defined as macOS or Windows workstation.
+func IsDesktopPlatform() bool {
+	return isWindowsWorkStation()
+}

dns.go

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+package ctrld
+
+import (
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+)
+
+// SetCacheReply extracts and stores the necessary data from the message for a cached answer.
+func SetCacheReply(answer, msg *dns.Msg, code int) {
+	answer.SetRcode(msg, code)
+	cCookie := getEdns0Cookie(msg.IsEdns0())
+	sCookie := getEdns0Cookie(answer.IsEdns0())
+	if cCookie != nil && sCookie != nil {
+		// Client cookie is fixed size 8 bytes, Server cookie is variable size 8 -> 32 bytes.
+		// See https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7873#section-4
+		sCookie.Cookie = cCookie.Cookie[:16] + sCookie.Cookie[16:]
+	}
+}
+
+// getEdns0Cookie returns Edns0 cookie from *dns.OPT if present.
+func getEdns0Cookie(opt *dns.OPT) *dns.EDNS0_COOKIE {
+	if opt == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for _, o := range opt.Option {
+		if e, ok := o.(*dns.EDNS0_COOKIE); ok {
+			return e
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}

docs/known-issues.md

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# Known Issues
+
+This document outlines known issues with ctrld and their current status, workarounds, and recommendations.
+
+## macOS (Darwin) Issues
+
+### Self-Upgrade Issue on Darwin 15.5
+
+**Issue**: ctrld self-upgrading functionality may not work on macOS Darwin 15.5.
+
+**Status**: Under investigation
+
+**Description**: Users on macOS Darwin 15.5 may experience issues when ctrld attempts to perform automatic self-upgrades. The upgrade process would be triggered, but ctrld won't be upgraded.
+
+**Workarounds**:
+1. **Recommended**: Upgrade your macOS system to Darwin 15.6 or later, which has been tested and verified to work correctly with ctrld self-upgrade functionality.
+2. **Alternative**: Run `ctrld upgrade prod` directly to manually upgrade ctrld to the latest version on Darwin 15.5.
+
+**Affected Versions**: ctrld v1.4.2 and later on macOS Darwin 15.5
+
+**Last Updated**: 05/09/2025
+
+---
+
+## Contributing to Known Issues
+
+If you encounter an issue not listed here, please:
+
+1. Check the [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/issues) to see if it's already reported
+2. If not reported, create a new issue with:
+   - Detailed description of the problem
+   - Steps to reproduce
+   - Expected vs actual behavior
+   - System information (OS, version, architecture)
+   - ctrld version
+
+## Issue Status Legend
+
+- **Under investigation**: Issue is confirmed and being analyzed
+- **Workaround available**: Temporary solution exists while permanent fix is developed
+- **Fixed**: Issue has been resolved in a specific version
+- **Won't fix**: Issue is acknowledged but will not be addressed due to technical limitations or design decisions

doh.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package ctrld
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
 	"encoding/base64"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
@@ -120,6 +121,7 @@ func (r *dohResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, erro
 		resp, err = c.Do(req.Clone(retryCtx))
 	}
 	if err != nil {
+		err = wrapUrlError(err)
 		if r.isDoH3 {
 			if closer, ok := c.Transport.(io.Closer); ok {
 				closer.Close()
@@ -208,3 +210,52 @@ func newNextDNSHeaders(ci *ClientInfo) http.Header {
 	}
 	return header
 }
+
+// wrapCertificateVerificationError wraps a certificate verification error with additional context about the certificate issuer.
+// It extracts information like the issuer, organization, and subject from the certificate for a more descriptive error output.
+// If no certificate-related information is available, it simply returns the original error unmodified.
+func wrapCertificateVerificationError(err error) error {
+	var tlsErr *tls.CertificateVerificationError
+	if errors.As(err, &tlsErr) {
+		if len(tlsErr.UnverifiedCertificates) > 0 {
+			cert := tlsErr.UnverifiedCertificates[0]
+			// Extract a more user-friendly issuer name
+			var issuer string
+			var organization string
+			if len(cert.Issuer.Organization) > 0 {
+				organization = cert.Issuer.Organization[0]
+				issuer = organization
+			} else if cert.Issuer.CommonName != "" {
+				issuer = cert.Issuer.CommonName
+			} else {
+				issuer = cert.Issuer.String()
+			}
+
+			// Get the organization from the subject field as well
+			if len(cert.Subject.Organization) > 0 {
+				organization = cert.Subject.Organization[0]
+			}
+
+			// Extract the subject information
+			subjectCN := cert.Subject.CommonName
+			if subjectCN == "" && len(cert.Subject.Organization) > 0 {
+				subjectCN = cert.Subject.Organization[0]
+			}
+			return fmt.Errorf("%w: %s, %s, %s", tlsErr, subjectCN, organization, issuer)
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// wrapUrlError inspects and wraps a URL error, focusing on certificate verification errors for detailed context.
+func wrapUrlError(err error) error {
+	var urlErr *url.Error
+	if errors.As(err, &urlErr) {
+		var tlsErr *tls.CertificateVerificationError
+		if errors.As(urlErr.Err, &tlsErr) {
+			urlErr.Err = wrapCertificateVerificationError(tlsErr)
+			return urlErr
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}

doh_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,22 @@
 package ctrld
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"net/url"
 	"runtime"
+	"strings"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go/http3"
 )
 
 func Test_dohOsHeaderValue(t *testing.T) {
@@ -21,3 +35,232 @@ func Test_dohOsHeaderValue(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("missing decoding value for: %q", runtime.GOOS)
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_wrapUrlError(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name    string
+		err     error
+		wantErr string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:    "No wrapping for non-URL errors",
+			err:     errors.New("plain error"),
+			wantErr: "plain error",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "URL error without TLS error",
+			err: &url.Error{
+				Op:  "Get",
+				URL: "https://example.com",
+				Err: errors.New("underlying error"),
+			},
+			wantErr: "Get \"https://example.com\": underlying error",
+		},
+		{
+			name: "TLS error with missing unverified certificate data",
+			err: &url.Error{
+				Op:  "Get",
+				URL: "https://example.com",
+				Err: &tls.CertificateVerificationError{
+					UnverifiedCertificates: nil,
+					Err:                    &x509.UnknownAuthorityError{},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: `Get "https://example.com": tls: failed to verify certificate: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority`,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "TLS error with valid certificate data",
+			err: &url.Error{
+				Op:  "Get",
+				URL: "https://example.com",
+				Err: &tls.CertificateVerificationError{
+					UnverifiedCertificates: []*x509.Certificate{
+						{
+							Subject: pkix.Name{
+								CommonName:   "BadSubjectCN",
+								Organization: []string{"BadSubjectOrg"},
+							},
+							Issuer: pkix.Name{
+								CommonName:   "BadIssuerCN",
+								Organization: []string{"BadIssuerOrg"},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Err: &x509.UnknownAuthorityError{},
+				},
+			},
+			wantErr: `Get "https://example.com": tls: failed to verify certificate: x509: certificate signed by unknown authority: BadSubjectCN, BadSubjectOrg, BadIssuerOrg`,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			gotErr := wrapUrlError(tt.err)
+			if gotErr.Error() != tt.wantErr {
+				t.Errorf("wrapCertificateVerificationError() error = %v, want %v", gotErr, tt.wantErr)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_ClientCertificateVerificationError(t *testing.T) {
+	handler := http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/dns-message")
+	})
+	tlsServer, cert := testTLSServer(t, handler)
+	tlsServerUrl, err := url.Parse(tlsServer.URL)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	quicServer := newTestQUICServer(t)
+	http3Server := newTestHTTP3Server(t, handler)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name string
+		uc   *UpstreamConfig
+	}{
+		{
+			"doh",
+			&UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "doh",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOH,
+				Endpoint: tlsServer.URL,
+				Timeout:  1000,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"doh3",
+			&UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "doh3",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOH3,
+				Endpoint: http3Server.addr,
+				Timeout:  5000,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"doq",
+			&UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "doq",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOQ,
+				Endpoint: quicServer.addr,
+				Timeout:  5000,
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			"dot",
+			&UpstreamConfig{
+				Name:     "dot",
+				Type:     ResolverTypeDOT,
+				Endpoint: net.JoinHostPort(tlsServerUrl.Hostname(), tlsServerUrl.Port()),
+				Timeout:  1000,
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			tc.uc.Init()
+			tc.uc.SetupBootstrapIP()
+			r, err := NewResolver(tc.uc)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Fatal(err)
+			}
+			msg := new(dns.Msg)
+			msg.SetQuestion("verify.controld.com.", dns.TypeA)
+			msg.RecursionDesired = true
+			_, err = r.Resolve(context.Background(), msg)
+			// Verify the error contains the expected certificate information
+			if err == nil {
+				t.Fatal("expected certificate verification error, got nil")
+			}
+
+			// You can check the error contains information about the test certificate
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), cert.Issuer.CommonName) {
+				t.Fatalf("error should contain issuer information %q, got: %v", cert.Issuer.CommonName, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// testTLSServer creates an HTTPS test server with a self-signed certificate
+// returns the server and its certificate for verification testing
+// testTLSServer creates an HTTPS test server with a self-signed certificate
+func testTLSServer(t *testing.T, handler http.Handler) (*httptest.Server, *x509.Certificate) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	testCert := generateTestCertificate(t)
+
+	// Create a test server
+	server := httptest.NewUnstartedServer(handler)
+	server.TLS = &tls.Config{
+		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{testCert.tlsCert},
+	}
+	server.StartTLS()
+
+	// Add cleanup
+	t.Cleanup(server.Close)
+
+	return server, testCert.cert
+}
+
+// testHTTP3Server represents a structure for an HTTP/3 test server with its server instance, TLS certificate, and address.
+type testHTTP3Server struct {
+	server *http3.Server
+	cert   *x509.Certificate
+	addr   string
+}
+
+// newTestHTTP3Server creates and starts a test HTTP/3 server with a given handler and returns the server instance.
+func newTestHTTP3Server(t *testing.T, handler http.Handler) *testHTTP3Server {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	testCert := generateTestCertificate(t)
+
+	// First create a listener to get the actual port
+	udpAddr := &net.UDPAddr{IP: net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1"), Port: 0}
+	udpConn, err := net.ListenUDP("udp", udpAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create UDP listener: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Get the actual address
+	actualAddr := udpConn.LocalAddr().String()
+
+	// Create TLS config
+	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{
+		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{testCert.tlsCert},
+		NextProtos:   []string{"h3"}, // HTTP/3 protocol identifier
+	}
+
+	// Create HTTP/3 server
+	server := &http3.Server{
+		Handler:   handler,
+		TLSConfig: tlsConfig,
+	}
+
+	// Start the server with the existing UDP connection
+	go func() {
+		if err := server.Serve(udpConn); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, http.ErrServerClosed) {
+			t.Logf("HTTP/3 server error: %v", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	h3Server := &testHTTP3Server{
+		server: server,
+		cert:   testCert.cert,
+		addr:   actualAddr,
+	}
+
+	// Add cleanup
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		server.Close()
+		udpConn.Close()
+	})
+
+	// Wait a bit for the server to be ready
+	time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond)
+
+	return h3Server
+}

doq.go

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ func resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg, endpoint string, tlsConfig *tls.
 			continue
 		}
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, err
+			return nil, wrapCertificateVerificationError(err)
 		}
 		return answer, nil
 	}

doq_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+// test_helpers.go
+package ctrld
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"crypto/rsa"
+	"crypto/tls"
+	"crypto/x509"
+	"crypto/x509/pkix"
+	"math/big"
+	"net"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	"github.com/quic-go/quic-go"
+)
+
+// testCertificate represents a test certificate with its components
+type testCertificate struct {
+	cert     *x509.Certificate
+	tlsCert  tls.Certificate
+	template *x509.Certificate
+}
+
+// generateTestCertificate creates a self-signed certificate for testing
+func generateTestCertificate(t *testing.T) *testCertificate {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	// Generate private key
+	privateKey, err := rsa.GenerateKey(rand.Reader, 2048)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to generate private key: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create certificate template
+	template := &x509.Certificate{
+		SerialNumber: big.NewInt(1),
+		Subject: pkix.Name{
+			Organization: []string{"Test Org"},
+			CommonName:   "Test CA",
+		},
+		Issuer: pkix.Name{
+			Organization: []string{"Test Issuer Org"},
+			CommonName:   "Test Issuer CA",
+		},
+		NotBefore:             time.Now(),
+		NotAfter:              time.Now().Add(time.Hour),
+		KeyUsage:              x509.KeyUsageKeyEncipherment | x509.KeyUsageDigitalSignature,
+		ExtKeyUsage:           []x509.ExtKeyUsage{x509.ExtKeyUsageServerAuth},
+		BasicConstraintsValid: true,
+		IPAddresses:           []net.IP{net.ParseIP("127.0.0.1")},
+		DNSNames:              []string{"localhost"},
+	}
+
+	// Create certificate
+	derBytes, err := x509.CreateCertificate(rand.Reader, template, template, &privateKey.PublicKey, privateKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	cert, err := x509.ParseCertificate(derBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to parse certificate: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Create TLS certificate
+	tlsCert := tls.Certificate{
+		Certificate: [][]byte{derBytes},
+		PrivateKey:  privateKey,
+	}
+
+	return &testCertificate{
+		cert:     cert,
+		tlsCert:  tlsCert,
+		template: template,
+	}
+}
+
+// testQUICServer is a structure representing a test QUIC server for handling connections and streams.
+// listener is the QUIC listener used to accept incoming connections.
+// cert is the x509 certificate used by the server for authentication.
+// addr is the address on which the test server is running.
+type testQUICServer struct {
+	listener *quic.Listener
+	cert     *x509.Certificate
+	addr     string
+}
+
+// newTestQUICServer creates and initializes a test QUIC server with TLS configuration and starts accepting connections.
+func newTestQUICServer(t *testing.T) *testQUICServer {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	testCert := generateTestCertificate(t)
+
+	// Create TLS config
+	tlsConfig := &tls.Config{
+		Certificates: []tls.Certificate{testCert.tlsCert},
+		NextProtos:   []string{"doq"},
+	}
+
+	// Create QUIC listener
+	listener, err := quic.ListenAddr("127.0.0.1:0", tlsConfig, nil)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to create QUIC listener: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	server := &testQUICServer{
+		listener: listener,
+		cert:     testCert.cert,
+		addr:     listener.Addr().String(),
+	}
+
+	// Start handling connections
+	go server.serve(t)
+
+	// Add cleanup
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		listener.Close()
+	})
+
+	return server
+}
+
+// serve handles incoming connections on the QUIC listener and delegates them to connection handlers in separate goroutines.
+func (s *testQUICServer) serve(t *testing.T) {
+	for {
+		conn, err := s.listener.Accept(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			// Check if the error is due to the listener being closed
+			if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "server closed") {
+				return
+			}
+			t.Logf("failed to accept connection: %v", err)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		go s.handleConnection(t, conn)
+	}
+}
+
+// handleConnection manages an individual QUIC connection by accepting and handling incoming streams in separate goroutines.
+func (s *testQUICServer) handleConnection(t *testing.T, conn *quic.Conn) {
+	for {
+		stream, err := conn.AcceptStream(context.Background())
+		if err != nil {
+			return
+		}
+
+		go s.handleStream(t, stream)
+	}
+}
+
+// handleStream processes a single QUIC stream, reads DNS messages, generates a response, and sends it back to the client.
+func (s *testQUICServer) handleStream(t *testing.T, stream *quic.Stream) {
+	defer stream.Close()
+
+	// Read length (2 bytes)
+	lenBuf := make([]byte, 2)
+	_, err := stream.Read(lenBuf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to read message length: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	msgLen := uint16(lenBuf[0])<<8 | uint16(lenBuf[1])
+
+	// Read message
+	msgBuf := make([]byte, msgLen)
+	_, err = stream.Read(msgBuf)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to read message: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Parse DNS message
+	msg := new(dns.Msg)
+	if err := msg.Unpack(msgBuf); err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to unpack DNS message: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Create response
+	response := new(dns.Msg)
+	response.SetReply(msg)
+	response.Authoritative = true
+
+	// Add a test answer
+	if len(msg.Question) > 0 && msg.Question[0].Qtype == dns.TypeA {
+		response.Answer = append(response.Answer, &dns.A{
+			Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+				Name:   msg.Question[0].Name,
+				Rrtype: dns.TypeA,
+				Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+				Ttl:    300,
+			},
+			A: net.ParseIP("192.0.2.1"), // TEST-NET-1 address
+		})
+	}
+
+	// Pack response
+	respBytes, err := response.Pack()
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to pack response: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Write length
+	respLen := uint16(len(respBytes))
+	_, err = stream.Write([]byte{byte(respLen >> 8), byte(respLen & 0xFF)})
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to write response length: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Write response
+	_, err = stream.Write(respBytes)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Logf("failed to write response: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+}

dot.go

@@ -23,7 +23,6 @@ func (r *dotResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, erro
 	if msg != nil && len(msg.Question) > 0 {
 		dnsTyp = msg.Question[0].Qtype
 	}
-
 	tcpNet, _ := r.uc.netForDNSType(dnsTyp)
 	dnsClient := &dns.Client{
 		Net:       tcpNet,
@@ -39,5 +38,5 @@ func (r *dotResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, erro
 	}
 
 	answer, _, err := dnsClient.ExchangeContext(ctx, msg, endpoint)
-	return answer, err
+	return answer, wrapCertificateVerificationError(err)
 }

go.mod

@@ -1,13 +1,11 @@
 module github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld
 
-go 1.23.0
-
-toolchain go1.23.7
+go 1.25.5
 
 require (
 	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.2.1
 	github.com/ameshkov/dnsstamps v1.0.3
-	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0
+	github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.6.0
 	github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230921071424-e0e1b1e0bbbf
 	github.com/docker/go-units v0.5.0
 	github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6
@@ -29,17 +27,18 @@ require (
 	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.19.1
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.5.0
 	github.com/prometheus/prom2json v1.3.3
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.48.2
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0
 	github.com/rs/zerolog v1.28.0
 	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.8.1
 	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
 	github.com/spf13/viper v1.16.0
 	github.com/stretchr/testify v1.9.0
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.2.1-beta.2
-	golang.org/x/net v0.38.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0
+	golang.org/x/net v0.52.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.42.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
+	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240722211153-64c016c92987
 	tailscale.com v1.74.0
 )
 
@@ -54,10 +53,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/locales v0.14.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 // indirect
-	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 // indirect
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240409012703-83162a5b38cd // indirect
+	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
+	github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/hcl v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
@@ -74,7 +72,6 @@ require (
 	github.com/mdlayher/packet v1.1.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mdlayher/socket v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 // indirect
-	github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.9.5 // indirect
 	github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 v4.1.21 // indirect
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.1-0.20181226105442-5d4384ee4fb2 // indirect
@@ -89,15 +86,17 @@ require (
 	github.com/subosito/gotenv v1.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/u-root/uio v0.0.0-20240118234441-a3c409a6018e // indirect
 	github.com/vishvananda/netns v0.0.4 // indirect
-	go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0 // indirect
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 // indirect
 	go4.org/mem v0.0.0-20220726221520-4f986261bf13 // indirect
 	go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20231129151722-fdeea329fbba // indirect
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260312152759-81488f6aeb60 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/mod v0.34.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/tools v0.43.0 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/ini.v1 v1.67.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 // indirect
 )

go.sum

@@ -62,8 +62,9 @@ github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDk
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20200629203442-efcf912fb354/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=
 github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20201120205902-5459f2c99403/go.mod h1:WmhPx2Nbnhtbo57+VJT5O0JRkEi1Wbu0z5j0R8u5Hbk=
-github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0 h1:RrqgGjYQKalulkV8NGVIfkXQf6YYmOyiJKk8iXXhfZs=
 github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.5.0/go.mod h1:Y58oyj3AT4RCenI/lSvhwexgC+NSVTIJ3seZv2GcEnc=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.6.0 h1:aGVa/v8B7hpb0TKl0MWoAavPDmHvobFe5R5zn0bCJWo=
+github.com/coreos/go-systemd/v22 v22.6.0/go.mod h1:iG+pp635Fo7ZmV/j14KUcmEyWF+0X7Lua8rrTWzYgWU=
 github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.4/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
 github.com/creack/pty v1.1.9/go.mod h1:oKZEueFk5CKHvIhNR5MUki03XCEU+Q6VDXinZuGJ33E=
 github.com/cuonglm/osinfo v0.0.0-20230921071424-e0e1b1e0bbbf h1:40DHYsri+d1bnroFDU2FQAeq68f3kAlOzlQ93kCf26Q=
@@ -91,8 +92,6 @@ github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20191125211704-12ad95a8df72/go.mod h1:tQ2
 github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20200222043503-6f7a984d4dc4/go.mod h1:tQ2UAYgL5IevRw8kRxooKSPJfGvJ9fJQFa0TUsXzTg8=
 github.com/go-json-experiment/json v0.0.0-20231102232822-2e55bd4e08b0 h1:ymLjT4f35nQbASLnvxEde4XOBL+Sn7rFuV+FOJqkljg=
 github.com/go-json-experiment/json v0.0.0-20231102232822-2e55bd4e08b0/go.mod h1:6daplAwHHGbUGib4990V3Il26O0OC4aRyvewaaAihaA=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 h1:6pFjapn8bFcIbiKo3XT4j/BhANplGihG6tvd+8rYgrY=
-github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2/go.mod h1:9T104GzyrTigFIr8wt5mBrctHMim0Nb2HLGrmQ40KvY=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 h1:Dt6ye7+vXGIKZ7Xtk4s6/xVdGDQynvom7xCFEdWr6uE=
 github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0/go.mod h1:5LS6F96DhAwUc7C+1HLexzMXY1xGRSryjyPPKW6zv78=
 github.com/go-playground/assert/v2 v2.0.1 h1:MsBgLAaY856+nPRTKrp3/OZK38U/wa0CcBYNjji3q3A=
@@ -103,8 +102,6 @@ github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0 h1:82dyy6p4OuJq4/CByFNOn/j
 github.com/go-playground/universal-translator v0.18.0/go.mod h1:UvRDBj+xPUEGrFYl+lu/H90nyDXpg0fqeB/AQUGNTVA=
 github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.11.1 h1:prmOlTVv+YjZjmRmNSF3VmspqJIxJWXmqUsHwfTRRkQ=
 github.com/go-playground/validator/v10 v10.11.1/go.mod h1:i+3WkQ1FvaUjjxh1kSvIA4dMGDBiPU55YFDl0WbKdWU=
-github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572 h1:tfuBGBXKqDEevZMzYi5KSi8KkcZtzBcTgAUUtapy0OI=
-github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572/go.mod h1:9Pwr4B2jHnOSGXyyzV8ROjYa2ojvAY6HCGYYfMoC3Ls=
 github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.0.4/go.mod h1:xhWf0FNVPg57R7Z0UbKHbJfkEywrmjJnf7w5xrFpKfA=
 github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.1-0.20230522191255-76236955d466 h1:sQspH8M4niEijh3PFscJRLDnkL547IeP7kpPe3uUhEg=
 github.com/godbus/dbus/v5 v5.1.1-0.20230522191255-76236955d466/go.mod h1:ZiQxhyQ+bbbfxUKVvjfO498oPYvtYhZzycal3G/NHmU=
@@ -137,6 +134,8 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek
 github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4/go.mod h1:lnTiLA8Wa4RWRcIUkrtSVa5nRhsEGBg48fD6rSs7xps=
 github.com/google/btree v0.0.0-20180813153112-4030bb1f1f0c/go.mod h1:lNA+9X1NB3Zf8V7Ke586lFgjr2dZNuvo3lPJSGZ5JPQ=
 github.com/google/btree v1.0.0/go.mod h1:lNA+9X1NB3Zf8V7Ke586lFgjr2dZNuvo3lPJSGZ5JPQ=
+github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 h1:xf4v41cLI2Z6FxbKm+8Bu+m8ifhj15JuZ9sa0jZCMUU=
+github.com/google/btree v1.1.2/go.mod h1:qOPhT0dTNdNzV6Z/lhRX0YXUafgPLFUh+gZMl761Gm4=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.2.0/go.mod h1:oXzfMopK8JAjlY9xF4vHSVASa0yLyX7SntLO5aqRK0M=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.0/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.3.1/go.mod h1:8QqcDgzrUqlUb/G2PQTWiueGozuR1884gddMywk6iLU=
@@ -147,8 +146,8 @@ github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.1/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.2/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.4/go.mod h1:v8dTdLbMG2kIc/vJvl+f65V22dbkXbowE6jgT/gNBxE=
 github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.9/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0 h1:ofyhxvXcZhMsU5ulbFiLKl/XBFqE1GSq7atu8tAmTRI=
-github.com/google/go-cmp v0.6.0/go.mod h1:17dUlkBOakJ0+DkrSSNjCkIjxS6bF9zb3elmeNGIjoY=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0 h1:wk8382ETsv4JYUZwIsn6YpYiWiBsYLSJiTsyBybVuN8=
+github.com/google/go-cmp v0.7.0/go.mod h1:pXiqmnSA92OHEEa9HXL2W4E7lf9JzCmGVUdgjX3N/iU=
 github.com/google/martian v2.1.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:9I4somxYTbIHy5NJKHRl3wXiIaQGbYVAs8BPL6v8lEs=
 github.com/google/martian/v3 v3.0.0/go.mod h1:y5Zk1BBys9G+gd6Jrk0W3cC1+ELVxBWuIGO+w/tUAp0=
 github.com/google/martian/v3 v3.1.0/go.mod h1:y5Zk1BBys9G+gd6Jrk0W3cC1+ELVxBWuIGO+w/tUAp0=
@@ -162,8 +161,6 @@ github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20200708004538-1a94d8640e99/go.mod h1:ZgVRPoUq/hf
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20201023163331-3e6fc7fc9c4c/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20201203190320-1bf35d6f28c2/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
 github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20201218002935-b9804c9f04c2/go.mod h1:kpwsk12EmLew5upagYY7GY0pfYCcupk39gWOCRROcvE=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240409012703-83162a5b38cd h1:gbpYu9NMq8jhDVbvlGkMFWCjLFlqqEZjEmObmhUy6Vo=
-github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20240409012703-83162a5b38cd/go.mod h1:kf6iHlnVGwgKolg33glAes7Yg/8iWP8ukqeldJSO7jw=
 github.com/google/renameio v0.1.0/go.mod h1:KWCgfxg9yswjAJkECMjeO8J8rahYeXnNhOm40UhjYkI=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.1.2/go.mod h1:TIyPZe4MgqvfeYDBFedMoGGpEw/LqOeaOT+nhxU+yHo=
 github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0 h1:NIvaJDMOsjHA8n1jAhLSgzrAzy1Hgr+hNrb57e+94F0=
@@ -242,10 +239,6 @@ github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0 h1:jeMsZIYE/09sWLaz43PL7Gy6RuMjD2eJVyua
 github.com/mitchellh/mapstructure v1.5.0/go.mod h1:bFUtVrKA4DC2yAKiSyO/QUcy7e+RRV2QTWOzhPopBRo=
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5 h1:P2Ga83D34wi1o9J6Wh1mRuqd4mF/x/lgBS7N7AbDhec=
 github.com/olekukonko/tablewriter v0.0.5/go.mod h1:hPp6KlRPjbx+hW8ykQs1w3UBbZlj6HuIJcUGPhkA7kY=
-github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.9.5 h1:+6Hr4uxzP4XIUyAkg61dWBw8lb/gc4/X5luuxN/EC+Q=
-github.com/onsi/ginkgo/v2 v2.9.5/go.mod h1:tvAoo1QUJwNEU2ITftXTpR7R1RbCzoZUOs3RonqW57k=
-github.com/onsi/gomega v1.27.6 h1:ENqfyGeS5AX/rlXDd/ETokDz93u0YufY1Pgxuy/PvWE=
-github.com/onsi/gomega v1.27.6/go.mod h1:PIQNjfQwkP3aQAH7lf7j87O/5FiNr+ZR8+ipb+qQlhg=
 github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.0.8 h1:0ctb6s9mE31h0/lhu+J6OPmVeDxJn+kYnJc2jZR9tGQ=
 github.com/pelletier/go-toml/v2 v2.0.8/go.mod h1:vuYfssBdrU2XDZ9bYydBu6t+6a6PYNcZljzZR9VXg+4=
 github.com/pierrec/lz4/v4 v4.1.14/go.mod h1:gZWDp/Ze/IJXGXf23ltt2EXimqmTUXEy0GFuRQyBid4=
@@ -271,8 +264,8 @@ github.com/prometheus/prom2json v1.3.3 h1:IYfSMiZ7sSOfliBoo89PcufjWO4eAR0gznGcET
 github.com/prometheus/prom2json v1.3.3/go.mod h1:Pv4yIPktEkK7btWsrUTWDDDrnpUrAELaOCj+oFwlgmc=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1 h1:giqksBPnT/HDtZ6VhtFKgoLOWmlyo9Ei6u9PqzIMbhI=
 github.com/quic-go/qpack v0.5.1/go.mod h1:+PC4XFrEskIVkcLzpEkbLqq1uCoxPhQuvK5rH1ZgaEg=
-github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.48.2 h1:wsKXZPeGWpMpCGSWqOcqpW2wZYic/8T3aqiOID0/KWE=
-github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.48.2/go.mod h1:yBgs3rWBOADpga7F+jJsb6Ybg1LSYiQvwWlLX+/6HMs=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0 h1:6s1YB9QotYI6Ospeiguknbp2Znb/jZYjZLRXn9kMQBg=
+github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.54.0/go.mod h1:e68ZEaCdyviluZmy44P6Iey98v/Wfz6HCjQEm+l8zTY=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.2.0/go.mod h1:J6wj4VEh+S6ZtnVlnTBMWIodfgj8LQOQFoIToxlJtxc=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4 h1:8TfxU8dW6PdqD27gjM8MVNuicgxIjxpm4K7x4jp8sis=
 github.com/rivo/uniseg v0.4.4/go.mod h1:FN3SvrM+Zdj16jyLfmOkMNblXMcoc8DfTHruCPUcx88=
@@ -330,8 +323,8 @@ go.opencensus.io v0.22.2/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.3/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.4/go.mod h1:yxeiOL68Rb0Xd1ddK5vPZ/oVn4vY4Ynel7k9FzqtOIw=
 go.opencensus.io v0.22.5/go.mod h1:5pWMHQbX5EPX2/62yrJeAkowc+lfs/XD7Uxpq3pI6kk=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0 h1:VcM4ZOtdbR4f6VXfiOpwpVJDL6lCReaZ6mw31wqh7KU=
-go.uber.org/mock v0.4.0/go.mod h1:a6FSlNadKUHUa9IP5Vyt1zh4fC7uAwxMutEAscFbkZc=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0 h1:KAMbZvZPyBPWgD14IrIQ38QCyjwpvVVV6K/bHl1IwQU=
+go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0/go.mod h1:ge71pBPLYDk7QIi1LupWxdAykm7KIEFchiOqd6z7qMM=
 go4.org/mem v0.0.0-20220726221520-4f986261bf13 h1:CbZeCBZ0aZj8EfVgnqQcYZgf0lpZ3H9rmp5nkDTAst8=
 go4.org/mem v0.0.0-20220726221520-4f986261bf13/go.mod h1:reUoABIJ9ikfM5sgtSF3Wushcza7+WeD01VB9Lirh3g=
 go4.org/netipx v0.0.0-20231129151722-fdeea329fbba h1:0b9z3AuHCjxk0x/opv64kcgZLBseWJUpBw5I82+2U4M=
@@ -346,8 +339,8 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20210421170649-83a5a9bb288b/go.mod h1:T9bdIzuCu7OtxOm
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211209193657-4570a0811e8b/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20211215153901-e495a2d5b3d3/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20220722155217-630584e8d5aa/go.mod h1:IxCIyHEi3zRg3s0A5j5BB6A9Jmi73HwBIUl50j+osU4=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0 h1:AnAEvhDddvBdpY+uR+MyHmuZzzNqXSe/GvuDeob5L34=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.36.0/go.mod h1:Y4J0ReaxCR1IMaabaSMugxJES1EpwhBHhv2bDHklZvc=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0 h1:+Ng2ULVvLHnJ/ZFEq4KdcDd/cfjrrjjNSXNzxg0Y4U4=
+golang.org/x/crypto v0.49.0/go.mod h1:ErX4dUh2UM+CFYiXZRTcMpEcN8b/1gxEuv3nODoYtCA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190121172915-509febef88a4/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190306152737-a1d7652674e8/go.mod h1:CJ0aWSM057203Lf6IL+f9T1iT9GByDxfZKAQTCR3kQA=
 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20190510132918-efd6b22b2522/go.mod h1:ZjyILWgesfNpC6sMxTJOJm9Kp84zZh5NQWvqDGG3Qr8=
@@ -375,6 +368,8 @@ golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPI
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20201208152925-83fdc39ff7b5/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
 golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190312151609-d3739f865fa6/go.mod h1:z+o9i4GpDbdi3rU15maQ/Ox0txvL9dWGYEHz965HBQE=
 golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20190719004257-d2bd2a29d028/go.mod h1:E/iHnbuqvinMTCcRqshq8CkpyQDoeVncDDYHnLhea+o=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260312152759-81488f6aeb60 h1:MOzyaj0wu2xneBkzkg9LHNYjDBB4W5vP043A2SYQRPA=
+golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20260312152759-81488f6aeb60/go.mod h1:th6VJvzjMbrYF8SduQY5rpD0HG0GleGxjadkqSxFs3k=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.0.0-20190513183733-4bf6d317e70e/go.mod h1:mXi4GBBbnImb6dmsKGUJ2LatrhH/nqhxcFungHvyanc=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.0/go.mod h1:0QHyrYULN0/3qlju5TqG8bIK38QM8yzMo5ekMj3DlcY=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.1.1-0.20191105210325-c90efee705ee/go.mod h1:QqPTAvyqsEbceGzBzNggFXnrqF1CaUcvgkdR5Ot7KZg=
@@ -383,8 +378,8 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.2.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.3.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.0/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.4.1/go.mod h1:s0Qsj1ACt9ePp/hMypM3fl4fZqREWJwdYDEqhRiZZUA=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0 h1:fEdghXQSo20giMthA7cd28ZC+jts4amQ3YMXiP5oMQ8=
-golang.org/x/mod v0.19.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.34.0 h1:xIHgNUUnW6sYkcM5Jleh05DvLOtwc6RitGHbDk4akRI=
+golang.org/x/mod v0.34.0/go.mod h1:ykgH52iCZe79kzLLMhyCUzhMci+nQj+0XkbXpNYtVjY=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190108225652-1e06a53dbb7e/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
@@ -417,8 +412,8 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201209123823-ac852fbbde11/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201224014010-6772e930b67b/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20211112202133-69e39bad7dc2/go.mod h1:9nx3DQGgdP8bBQD5qxJ1jj9UTztislL4KSBs9R2vV5Y=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0 h1:vRMAPTMaeGqVhG5QyLJHqNDwecKTomGeqbnfZyKlBI8=
-golang.org/x/net v0.38.0/go.mod h1:ivrbrMbzFq5J41QOQh0siUuly180yBYtLp+CKbEaFx8=
+golang.org/x/net v0.52.0 h1:He/TN1l0e4mmR3QqHMT2Xab3Aj3L9qjbhRm78/6jrW0=
+golang.org/x/net v0.52.0/go.mod h1:R1MAz7uMZxVMualyPXb+VaqGSa3LIaUqk0eEt3w36Sw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190226205417-e64efc72b421/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20190604053449-0f29369cfe45/go.mod h1:gOpvHmFTYa4IltrdGE7lF6nIHvwfUNPOp7c8zoXwtLw=
@@ -438,8 +433,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200317015054-43a5402ce75a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJ
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20200625203802-6e8e738ad208/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201207232520-09787c993a3a/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0 h1:MHc5BpPuC30uJk597Ri8TV3CNZcTLu6B6z4lJy+g6Jw=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.12.0/go.mod h1:1dzgHSNfp02xaA81J2MS99Qcpr2w7fw1gpm99rleRqA=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0 h1:e0PTpb7pjO8GAtTs2dQ6jYa5BWYlMuX047Dco/pItO4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.20.0/go.mod h1:9xrNwdLfx4jkKbNva9FpL6vEN7evnE43NNNJQ2LF3+0=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190312061237-fead79001313/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -488,8 +483,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.1.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.4.1-0.20230131160137-e7d7f63158de/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.6.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.12.0/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0 h1:ioabZlmFYtWhL+TRYpcnNlLwhyxaM9kWTDEmfnprqik=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.31.0/go.mod h1:BJP2sWEmIv4KK5OTEluFJCKSidICx8ciO85XgH3Ak8k=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.42.0 h1:omrd2nAlyT5ESRdCLYdm3+fMfNFE/+Rf4bDIQImRJeo=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.42.0/go.mod h1:4GL1E5IUh+htKOUEOaiffhrAeqysfVGipDYzABqnCmw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201117132131-f5c789dd3221/go.mod h1:Nr5EML6q2oocZ2LXRh80K7BxOlk5/8JxuGnuhpl+muw=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/text v0.0.0-20170915032832-14c0d48ead0c/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
@@ -500,13 +495,13 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.4/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.6/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.7/go.mod h1:u+2+/6zg+i71rQMx5EYifcz6MCKuco9NR6JIITiCfzQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.23.0 h1:D71I7dUrlY+VX0gQShAThNGHFxZ13dGLBHQLVl1mJlY=
-golang.org/x/text v0.23.0/go.mod h1:/BLNzu4aZCJ1+kcD0DNRotWKage4q2rGVAg4o22unh4=
+golang.org/x/text v0.35.0 h1:JOVx6vVDFokkpaq1AEptVzLTpDe9KGpj5tR4/X+ybL8=
+golang.org/x/text v0.35.0/go.mod h1:khi/HExzZJ2pGnjenulevKNX1W67CUy0AsXcNubPGCA=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20181108054448-85acf8d2951c/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20190308202827-9d24e82272b4/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
 golang.org/x/time v0.0.0-20191024005414-555d28b269f0/go.mod h1:tRJNPiyCQ0inRvYxbN9jk5I+vvW/OXSQhTDSoE431IQ=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0 h1:o7cqy6amK/52YcAKIPlM3a+Fpj35zvRj2TP+e1xFSfk=
-golang.org/x/time v0.5.0/go.mod h1:3BpzKBy/shNhVucY/MWOyx10tF3SFh9QdLuxbVysPQM=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
+golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
@@ -554,8 +549,8 @@ golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20201208233053-a543418bbed2/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4f
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210105154028-b0ab187a4818/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20210108195828-e2f9c7f1fc8e/go.mod h1:emZCQorbCU4vsT4fOWvOPXz4eW1wZW4PmDk9uLelYpA=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.1.0/go.mod h1:xkSsbof2nBLbhDlRMhhhyNLN/zl3eTqcnHD5viDpcZ0=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0 h1:SGsXPZ+2l4JsgaCKkx+FQ9YZ5XEtA1GZYuoDjenLjvg=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.23.0/go.mod h1:pnu6ufv6vQkll6szChhK3C3L/ruaIv5eBeztNG8wtsI=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.43.0 h1:12BdW9CeB3Z+J/I/wj34VMl8X+fEXBxVR90JeMX5E7s=
+golang.org/x/tools v0.43.0/go.mod h1:uHkMso649BX2cZK6+RpuIPXS3ho2hZo4FVwfoy1vIk0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20190717185122-a985d3407aa7/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191011141410-1b5146add898/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
 golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20191204190536-9bdfabe68543/go.mod h1:I/5z698sn9Ka8TeJc9MKroUUfqBBauWjQqLJ2OPfmY0=
@@ -650,8 +645,8 @@ google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.0/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.23.1-0.20200526195155-81db48ad09cc/go.mod h1:EGpADcykh3NcUnDUJcl1+ZksZNG86OlYog2l/sGQquU=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.24.0/go.mod h1:r/3tXBNzIEhYS9I1OUVjXDlt8tc493IdKGjtUeSXeh4=
 google.golang.org/protobuf v1.25.0/go.mod h1:9JNX74DMeImyA3h4bdi1ymwjUzf21/xIlbajtzgsN7c=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0 h1:uNO2rsAINq/JlFpSdYEKIZ0uKD/R9cpdv0T+yoGwGmI=
-google.golang.org/protobuf v1.33.0/go.mod h1:c6P6GXX6sHbq/GpV6MGZEdwhWPcYBgnhAHhKbcUYpos=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8 h1:xHScyCOEuuwZEc6UtSOvPbAT4zRh0xcNRYekJwfqyMc=
+google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8/go.mod h1:fuxRtAxBytpl4zzqUh6/eyUujkJdNiuEkXntxiD/uRU=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v0.0.0-20161208181325-20d25e280405/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20180628173108-788fd7840127/go.mod h1:Co6ibVJAznAaIkqp8huTwlJQCZ016jof/cbN4VW5Yz0=
 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
@@ -664,6 +659,8 @@ gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20200313102051-9f266ea9e77c/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.0-20210107192922-496545a6307b/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1 h1:fxVm/GzAzEWqLHuvctI91KS9hhNmmWOoWu0XTYJS7CA=
 gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1/go.mod h1:K4uyk7z7BCEPqu6E+C64Yfv1cQ7kz7rIZviUmN+EgEM=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240722211153-64c016c92987 h1:TU8z2Lh3Bbq77w0t1eG8yRlLcNHzZu3x6mhoH2Mk0c8=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20240722211153-64c016c92987/go.mod h1:sxc3Uvk/vHcd3tj7/DHVBoR5wvWT/MmRq2pj7HRJnwU=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190106161140-3f1c8253044a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
 honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190418001031-e561f6794a2a/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=

internal/clientinfo/dhcp_lease_files.go

@@ -16,4 +16,5 @@ var clientInfoFiles = map[string]ctrld.LeaseFileFormat{
 	"/var/dhcpd/var/db/dhcpd.leases":           ctrld.IscDhcpd, // Pfsense
 	"/home/pi/.router/run/dhcp/dnsmasq.leases": ctrld.Dnsmasq,  // Firewalla
 	"/var/lib/kea/dhcp4.leases":                ctrld.KeaDHCP4, // Pfsense
+	"/var/db/dnsmasq.leases":                   ctrld.Dnsmasq,  // OPNsense
 }

internal/clientinfo/mdns.go

@@ -74,7 +74,6 @@ func (m *mdns) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
 		if value == name {
 			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(key.(string)); err == nil && addr.Is6() == v6 {
 				ip = addr.String()
-				//lint:ignore S1008 This is used for readable.
 				if addr.IsLoopback() { // Continue searching if this is loopback address.
 					return true
 				}

internal/clientinfo/ptr_lookup.go

@@ -104,7 +104,6 @@ func (p *ptrDiscover) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
 		if value == name {
 			if addr, err := netip.ParseAddr(key.(string)); err == nil && addr.Is6() == v6 {
 				ip = addr.String()
-				//lint:ignore S1008 This is used for readable.
 				if addr.IsLoopback() { // Continue searching if this is loopback address.
 					return true
 				}
@@ -120,8 +119,7 @@ func (p *ptrDiscover) lookupIPByHostname(name string, v6 bool) string {
 // is reachable, set p.serverDown to false, so p.lookupHostname can continue working.
 func (p *ptrDiscover) checkServer() {
 	bo := backoff.NewBackoff("ptrDiscover", func(format string, args ...any) {}, time.Minute*5)
-	m := new(dns.Msg)
-	m.SetQuestion(".", dns.TypeNS)
+	m := (&ctrld.UpstreamConfig{}).VerifyMsg()
 	ping := func() error {
 		ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), time.Second)
 		defer cancel()

internal/controld/config.go

@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"runtime"
 	"strings"
+	"syscall"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/certs"
-	ctrldnet "github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/net"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router"
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/ddwrt"
 )
@@ -244,8 +244,38 @@ func apiTransport(cdDev bool) *http.Transport {
 		}
 
 		dial := func(ctx context.Context, network string, addrs []string) (net.Conn, error) {
-			d := &ctrldnet.ParallelDialer{}
-			return d.DialContext(ctx, network, addrs, ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load())
+			// Create custom dialer with socket protection - matches working example pattern
+			baseDialer := &net.Dialer{
+				Timeout:   10 * time.Second,
+				KeepAlive: 30 * time.Second,
+			}
+
+			// Access underlying socket fd before connecting to it
+			baseDialer.Control = func(network, address string, c syscall.RawConn) error {
+				return c.Control(func(fd uintptr) {
+					ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("Received API socket fd %d for %s", fd, address)
+					i := int(fd)
+					// Protect socket from VPN routing
+					if err := ctrld.ProtectSocket(i); err != nil {
+						ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Warn().Err(err).Msgf("Failed to protect API socket fd=%d", i)
+					} else {
+						ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("Protected API socket fd=%d", i)
+					}
+				})
+			}
+
+			// Try each address with the protected dialer
+			var lastErr error
+			for _, addr := range addrs {
+				ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("dialing to %s", addr)
+				conn, err := baseDialer.DialContext(ctx, network, addr)
+				if err == nil {
+					return conn, nil
+				}
+				lastErr = err
+				ctrld.ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Err(err).Msgf("failed to dial %s", addr)
+			}
+			return nil, lastErr
 		}
 		_, port, _ := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
 

internal/net/net.go

@@ -17,10 +17,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	v4BootstrapDNS = "76.76.2.22:53"
-	v6BootstrapDNS = "[2606:1a40::22]:53"
+	v4BootstrapDNS    = "76.76.2.22:53"
+	v6BootstrapDNS    = "[2606:1a40::22]:53"
+	v6BootstrapIP     = "2606:1a40::22"
+	defaultHTTPSPort  = "443"
+	defaultHTTPPort   = "80"
+	defaultDNSPort    = "53"
+	probeStackTimeout = 2 * time.Second
 )
 
+var commonIPv6Ports = []string{defaultHTTPSPort, defaultHTTPPort, defaultDNSPort}
+
 var Dialer = &net.Dialer{
 	Resolver: &net.Resolver{
 		PreferGo: true,
@@ -33,8 +40,6 @@ var Dialer = &net.Dialer{
 	},
 }
 
-const probeStackTimeout = 2 * time.Second
-
 var probeStackDialer = &net.Dialer{
 	Resolver: Dialer.Resolver,
 	Timeout:  probeStackTimeout,
@@ -50,12 +55,28 @@ func init() {
 	stackOnce.Store(new(sync.Once))
 }
 
-func supportIPv6(ctx context.Context) bool {
-	c, err := probeStackDialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp6", v6BootstrapDNS)
+// supportIPv6 checks for IPv6 connectivity by attempting to connect to predefined ports
+// on a specific IPv6 address.
+// Returns a boolean indicating if IPv6 is supported and the port on which the connection succeeded.
+// If no connection is successful, returns false and an empty string.
+func supportIPv6(ctx context.Context) (supported bool, successPort string) {
+	for _, port := range commonIPv6Ports {
+		if canConnectToIPv6Port(ctx, port) {
+			return true, string(port)
+		}
+	}
+	return false, ""
+}
+
+// canConnectToIPv6Port attempts to establish a TCP connection to the specified port
+// using IPv6. Returns true if the connection was successful.
+func canConnectToIPv6Port(ctx context.Context, port string) bool {
+	address := net.JoinHostPort(v6BootstrapIP, port)
+	conn, err := probeStackDialer.DialContext(ctx, "tcp6", address)
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}
-	c.Close()
+	_ = conn.Close()
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -110,7 +131,8 @@ func SupportsIPv6ListenLocal() bool {
 
 // IPv6Available is like SupportsIPv6, but always do the check without caching.
 func IPv6Available(ctx context.Context) bool {
-	return supportIPv6(ctx)
+	hasV6, _ := supportIPv6(ctx)
+	return hasV6
 }
 
 // IsIPv6 checks if the provided IP is v6.

internal/net/net_test.go

@@ -12,7 +12,12 @@ func TestProbeStackTimeout(t *testing.T) {
 	go func() {
 		defer close(done)
 		close(started)
-		supportIPv6(context.Background())
+		hasV6, port := supportIPv6(context.Background())
+		if hasV6 {
+			t.Logf("connect to port %s using ipv6: %v", port, hasV6)
+		} else {
+			t.Log("ipv6 is not available")
+		}
 	}()
 
 	<-started

internal/resolvconffile/dns.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"net"
 
 	"tailscale.com/net/dns/resolvconffile"
+	"tailscale.com/util/dnsname"
 )
 
 const resolvconfPath = "/etc/resolv.conf"
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ func NameServersWithPort() []string {
 	return ns
 }
 
-func NameServers(_ string) []string {
+func NameServers() []string {
 	c, err := resolvconffile.ParseFile(resolvconfPath)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil
@@ -33,3 +34,12 @@ func NameServers(_ string) []string {
 	}
 	return ns
 }
+
+// SearchDomains returns the current search domains config in /etc/resolv.conf file.
+func SearchDomains() ([]dnsname.FQDN, error) {
+	c, err := resolvconffile.ParseFile(resolvconfPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return c.SearchDomains, nil
+}

internal/resolvconffile/dns_test.go

@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func TestNameServers(t *testing.T) {
-	ns := NameServers("")
+	ns := NameServers()
 	require.NotNil(t, ns)
 	t.Log(ns)
 }

internal/router/dnsmasq/conf.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"io"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 )
 
@@ -28,3 +29,62 @@ func interfaceNameFromReader(r io.Reader) (string, error) {
 	}
 	return "", errors.New("not found")
 }
+
+// AdditionalConfigFiles returns a list of Dnsmasq configuration files found in the "/tmp/etc" directory.
+func AdditionalConfigFiles() []string {
+	if paths, err := filepath.Glob("/tmp/etc/dnsmasq-*.conf"); err == nil {
+		return paths
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// AdditionalLeaseFiles returns a list of lease file paths corresponding to the Dnsmasq configuration files.
+func AdditionalLeaseFiles() []string {
+	cfgFiles := AdditionalConfigFiles()
+	if len(cfgFiles) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	leaseFiles := make([]string, 0, len(cfgFiles))
+	for _, cfgFile := range cfgFiles {
+		if leaseFile := leaseFileFromConfigFileName(cfgFile); leaseFile != "" {
+			leaseFiles = append(leaseFiles, leaseFile)
+
+		} else {
+			leaseFiles = append(leaseFiles, defaultLeaseFileFromConfigPath(cfgFile))
+		}
+	}
+	return leaseFiles
+}
+
+// leaseFileFromConfigFileName retrieves the DHCP lease file path by reading and parsing the provided configuration file.
+func leaseFileFromConfigFileName(cfgFile string) string {
+	if f, err := os.Open(cfgFile); err == nil {
+		return leaseFileFromReader(f)
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// leaseFileFromReader parses the given io.Reader for the "dhcp-leasefile" configuration and returns its value as a string.
+func leaseFileFromReader(r io.Reader) string {
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		if strings.HasPrefix(line, "#") {
+			continue
+		}
+		before, after, found := strings.Cut(line, "=")
+		if !found {
+			continue
+		}
+		if before == "dhcp-leasefile" {
+			return after
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// defaultLeaseFileFromConfigPath generates the default lease file path based on the provided configuration file path.
+func defaultLeaseFileFromConfigPath(path string) string {
+	name := filepath.Base(path)
+	return filepath.Join("/var/lib/misc", strings.TrimSuffix(name, ".conf")+".leases")
+}

internal/router/dnsmasq/conf_test.go

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 package dnsmasq
 
 import (
+	"io"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 )
@@ -44,3 +45,49 @@ interface=eth0
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func Test_leaseFileFromReader(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		in       io.Reader
+		expected string
+	}{
+		{
+			"default",
+			strings.NewReader(`
+dhcp-script=/sbin/dhcpc_lease
+dhcp-leasefile=/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq-1.leases
+script-arp
+`),
+			"/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq-1.leases",
+		},
+		{
+			"non-default",
+			strings.NewReader(`
+dhcp-script=/sbin/dhcpc_lease
+dhcp-leasefile=/tmp/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq-1.leases
+script-arp
+`),
+			"/tmp/var/lib/misc/dnsmasq-1.leases",
+		},
+		{
+			"missing",
+			strings.NewReader(`
+dhcp-script=/sbin/dhcpc_lease
+script-arp
+`),
+			"",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		tc := tc
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+			if got := leaseFileFromReader(tc.in); got != tc.expected {
+				t.Errorf("leaseFileFromReader() = %v, want %v", got, tc.expected)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+
+}

internal/router/dnsmasq/dnsmasq.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"html/template"
 	"net"
+	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -26,9 +27,13 @@ max-cache-ttl=0
 {{- end}}
 `
 
-const MerlinConfPath = "/tmp/etc/dnsmasq.conf"
-const MerlinJffsConfPath = "/jffs/configs/dnsmasq.conf"
-const MerlinPostConfPath = "/jffs/scripts/dnsmasq.postconf"
+const (
+	MerlinConfPath     = "/tmp/etc/dnsmasq.conf"
+	MerlinJffsConfDir  = "/jffs/configs"
+	MerlinJffsConfPath = "/jffs/configs/dnsmasq.conf"
+	MerlinPostConfPath = "/jffs/scripts/dnsmasq.postconf"
+)
+
 const MerlinPostConfMarker = `# GENERATED BY ctrld - EOF`
 const MerlinPostConfTmpl = `# GENERATED BY ctrld - DO NOT MODIFY
 
@@ -159,3 +164,27 @@ func FirewallaSelfInterfaces() []*net.Interface {
 	}
 	return ifaces
 }
+
+const (
+	ubios43ConfPath = "/run/dnsmasq.dhcp.conf.d"
+	ubios42ConfPath = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d"
+	ubios43PidFile  = "/run/dnsmasq-main.pid"
+	ubios42PidFile  = "/run/dnsmasq.pid"
+	UbiosConfName   = "zzzctrld.conf"
+)
+
+// UbiosConfPath returns the appropriate configuration path based on the system's directory structure.
+func UbiosConfPath() string {
+	if st, _ := os.Stat(ubios43ConfPath); st != nil && st.IsDir() {
+		return ubios43ConfPath
+	}
+	return ubios42ConfPath
+}
+
+// UbiosPidFile returns the appropriate dnsmasq pid file based on the system's directory structure.
+func UbiosPidFile() string {
+	if st, _ := os.Stat(ubios43PidFile); st != nil && !st.IsDir() {
+		return ubios43PidFile
+	}
+	return ubios42PidFile
+}

internal/router/edgeos/edgeos.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
@@ -181,7 +182,7 @@ func ContentFilteringEnabled() bool {
 // DnsShieldEnabled reports whether DNS Shield is enabled.
 // See: https://community.ui.com/releases/UniFi-OS-Dream-Machines-3-2-7/251dfc1e-f4dd-4264-a080-3be9d8b9e02b
 func DnsShieldEnabled() bool {
-	buf, err := os.ReadFile("/var/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/dns.conf")
+	buf, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.Join(dnsmasq.UbiosConfPath(), "dns.conf"))
 	if err != nil {
 		return false
 	}

internal/router/merlin/merlin.go

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 	"unicode"
@@ -20,10 +21,18 @@ import (
 
 const Name = "merlin"
 
+// nvramKvMap is a map of NVRAM key-value pairs used to configure and manage Merlin-specific settings.
 var nvramKvMap = map[string]string{
 	"dnspriv_enable": "0", // Ensure Merlin native DoT disabled.
 }
 
+// dnsmasqConfig represents configuration paths for dnsmasq operations in Merlin firmware.
+type dnsmasqConfig struct {
+	confPath     string
+	jffsConfPath string
+}
+
+// Merlin represents a configuration handler for setting up and managing ctrld on Merlin routers.
 type Merlin struct {
 	cfg *ctrld.Config
 }
@@ -33,18 +42,22 @@ func New(cfg *ctrld.Config) *Merlin {
 	return &Merlin{cfg: cfg}
 }
 
+// ConfigureService configures the service based on the provided configuration. It returns an error if the configuration fails.
 func (m *Merlin) ConfigureService(config *service.Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Install sets up the necessary configurations and services required for the Merlin instance to function properly.
 func (m *Merlin) Install(_ *service.Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Uninstall removes the ctrld-related configurations and services from the Merlin router and reverts to the original state.
 func (m *Merlin) Uninstall(_ *service.Config) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// PreRun prepares the Merlin instance for operation by waiting for essential services and directories to become available.
 func (m *Merlin) PreRun() error {
 	// Wait NTP ready.
 	_ = m.Cleanup()
@@ -66,6 +79,7 @@ func (m *Merlin) PreRun() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Setup initializes and configures the Merlin instance for use, including setting up dnsmasq and necessary nvram settings.
 func (m *Merlin) Setup() error {
 	if m.cfg.FirstListener().IsDirectDnsListener() {
 		return nil
@@ -79,35 +93,10 @@ func (m *Merlin) Setup() error {
 		return err
 	}
 
-	// Copy current dnsmasq config to /jffs/configs/dnsmasq.conf,
-	// Then we will run postconf script on this file.
-	//
-	// Normally, adding postconf script is enough. However, we see
-	// reports on some Merlin devices that postconf scripts does not
-	// work, but manipulating the config directly via /jffs/configs does.
-	src, err := os.Open(dnsmasq.MerlinConfPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open dnsmasq config: %w", err)
-	}
-	defer src.Close()
-
-	dst, err := os.Create(dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create %s: %w", dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath, err)
-	}
-	defer dst.Close()
-
-	if _, err := io.Copy(dst, src); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy current dnsmasq config: %w", err)
-	}
-	if err := dst.Close(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save %s: %w", dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath, err)
-	}
-
-	// Run postconf script on /jffs/configs/dnsmasq.conf directly.
-	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath, dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath)
-	if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run post conf: %s: %w", string(out), err)
+	for _, cfg := range getDnsmasqConfigs() {
+		if err := m.setupDnsmasq(cfg); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to setup dnsmasq: config: %s, error: %w", cfg.confPath, err)
+		}
 	}
 
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
@@ -122,6 +111,7 @@ func (m *Merlin) Setup() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// Cleanup restores the original dnsmasq and nvram configurations and restarts dnsmasq if necessary.
 func (m *Merlin) Cleanup() error {
 	if m.cfg.FirstListener().IsDirectDnsListener() {
 		return nil
@@ -143,9 +133,11 @@ func (m *Merlin) Cleanup() error {
 	if err := os.WriteFile(dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath, merlinParsePostConf(buf), 0750); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	// Remove /jffs/configs/dnsmasq.conf file.
-	if err := os.Remove(dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
-		return err
+
+	for _, cfg := range getDnsmasqConfigs() {
+		if err := m.cleanupDnsmasqJffs(cfg); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to cleanup jffs dnsmasq: config: %s, error: %w", cfg.confPath, err)
+		}
 	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
 	if err := restartDNSMasq(); err != nil {
@@ -154,6 +146,54 @@ func (m *Merlin) Cleanup() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// setupDnsmasq sets up dnsmasq configuration by writing postconf, copying configuration, and running a postconf script.
+func (m *Merlin) setupDnsmasq(cfg *dnsmasqConfig) error {
+	src, err := os.Open(cfg.confPath)
+	if os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return nil // nothing to do if conf file does not exist.
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to open dnsmasq config: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer src.Close()
+
+	// Copy current dnsmasq config to cfg.jffsConfPath,
+	// Then we will run postconf script on this file.
+	//
+	// Normally, adding postconf script is enough. However, we see
+	// reports on some Merlin devices that postconf scripts does not
+	// work, but manipulating the config directly via /jffs/configs does.
+	dst, err := os.Create(cfg.jffsConfPath)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create %s: %w", cfg.jffsConfPath, err)
+	}
+	defer dst.Close()
+
+	if _, err := io.Copy(dst, src); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to copy current dnsmasq config: %w", err)
+	}
+	if err := dst.Close(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to save %s: %w", cfg.jffsConfPath, err)
+	}
+
+	// Run postconf script on cfg.jffsConfPath directly.
+	cmd := exec.Command("/bin/sh", dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath, cfg.jffsConfPath)
+	if out, err := cmd.CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to run post conf: %s: %w", string(out), err)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// cleanupDnsmasqJffs removes the JFFS configuration file specified in the given dnsmasqConfig, if it exists.
+func (m *Merlin) cleanupDnsmasqJffs(cfg *dnsmasqConfig) error {
+	// Remove cfg.jffsConfPath file.
+	if err := os.Remove(cfg.jffsConfPath); err != nil && !os.IsNotExist(err) {
+		return err
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// writeDnsmasqPostconf writes the requireddnsmasqConfigs post-configuration for dnsmasq to enable custom DNS settings with ctrld.
 func (m *Merlin) writeDnsmasqPostconf() error {
 	buf, err := os.ReadFile(dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath)
 	// Already setup.
@@ -179,6 +219,8 @@ func (m *Merlin) writeDnsmasqPostconf() error {
 	return os.WriteFile(dnsmasq.MerlinPostConfPath, []byte(data), 0750)
 }
 
+// restartDNSMasq restarts the dnsmasq service by executing the appropriate system command using "service".
+// Returns an error if the command fails or if there is an issue processing the command output.
 func restartDNSMasq() error {
 	if out, err := exec.Command("service", "restart_dnsmasq").CombinedOutput(); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("restart_dnsmasq: %s, %w", string(out), err)
@@ -186,6 +228,22 @@ func restartDNSMasq() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
+// getDnsmasqConfigs retrieves a list of dnsmasqConfig containing configuration and JFFS paths for dnsmasq operations.
+func getDnsmasqConfigs() []*dnsmasqConfig {
+	cfgs := []*dnsmasqConfig{
+		{dnsmasq.MerlinConfPath, dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfPath},
+	}
+	for _, path := range dnsmasq.AdditionalConfigFiles() {
+		jffsConfPath := filepath.Join(dnsmasq.MerlinJffsConfDir, filepath.Base(path))
+		cfgs = append(cfgs, &dnsmasqConfig{path, jffsConfPath})
+	}
+
+	return cfgs
+}
+
+// merlinParsePostConf parses the dnsmasq post configuration by removing content after the MerlinPostConfMarker, if present.
+// If no marker is found, the original buffer is returned unmodified.
+// Returns nil if the input buffer is empty.
 func merlinParsePostConf(buf []byte) []byte {
 	if len(buf) == 0 {
 		return nil
@@ -197,6 +255,7 @@ func merlinParsePostConf(buf []byte) []byte {
 	return buf
 }
 
+// waitDirExists waits until the specified directory exists, polling its existence every second.
 func waitDirExists(dir string) {
 	for {
 		if _, err := os.Stat(dir); !os.IsNotExist(err) {

internal/router/service_ubios.go

@@ -13,14 +13,13 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/dnsmasq"
 )
 
 // This is a copy of https://github.com/kardianos/service/blob/v1.2.1/service_sysv_linux.go,
 // with modification for supporting ubios v1 init system.
 
-// Keep in sync with ubios.ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath
-const ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/zzzctrld.conf"
-
 type ubiosSvc struct {
 	i        service.Interface
 	platform string
@@ -86,7 +85,7 @@ func (s *ubiosSvc) Install() error {
 	}{
 		s.Config,
 		path,
-		ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath,
+		filepath.Join(dnsmasq.UbiosConfPath(), dnsmasq.UbiosConfName),
 	}
 
 	if err := s.template().Execute(f, to); err != nil {

internal/router/ubios/ubios.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package ubios
 import (
 	"bytes"
 	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
 	"strconv"
 
 	"github.com/kardianos/service"
@@ -12,19 +13,19 @@ import (
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/router/edgeos"
 )
 
-const (
-	Name                      = "ubios"
-	ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath    = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/zzzctrld.conf"
-	ubiosDNSMasqDnsConfigPath = "/run/dnsmasq.conf.d/dns.conf"
-)
+const Name = "ubios"
 
 type Ubios struct {
-	cfg *ctrld.Config
+	cfg             *ctrld.Config
+	dnsmasqConfPath string
 }
 
 // New returns a router.Router for configuring/setup/run ctrld on Ubios routers.
 func New(cfg *ctrld.Config) *Ubios {
-	return &Ubios{cfg: cfg}
+	return &Ubios{
+		cfg:             cfg,
+		dnsmasqConfPath: filepath.Join(dnsmasq.UbiosConfPath(), dnsmasq.UbiosConfName),
+	}
 }
 
 func (u *Ubios) ConfigureService(config *service.Config) error {
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ func (u *Ubios) Setup() error {
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
-	if err := os.WriteFile(ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath, []byte(data), 0600); err != nil {
+	if err := os.WriteFile(u.dnsmasqConfPath, []byte(data), 0600); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ func (u *Ubios) Cleanup() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	// Remove the custom dnsmasq config
-	if err := os.Remove(ubiosDNSMasqConfigPath); err != nil {
+	if err := os.Remove(u.dnsmasqConfPath); err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 	// Restart dnsmasq service.
@@ -85,7 +86,7 @@ func (u *Ubios) Cleanup() error {
 }
 
 func restartDNSMasq() error {
-	buf, err := os.ReadFile("/run/dnsmasq.pid")
+	buf, err := os.ReadFile(dnsmasq.UbiosPidFile())
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}

nameservers_bsd.go

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 func dnsFns() []dnsFn {
-	return []dnsFn{dnsFromRIB}
+	return []dnsFn{dnsFromResolvConf, dnsFromRIB}
 }
 
 func dnsFromRIB() []string {

nameservers_darwin.go

@@ -16,58 +16,12 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"tailscale.com/net/netmon"
-
-	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
 )
 
 func dnsFns() []dnsFn {
 	return []dnsFn{dnsFromResolvConf, getDNSFromScutil, getAllDHCPNameservers}
 }
 
-// dnsFromResolvConf reads nameservers from /etc/resolv.conf
-func dnsFromResolvConf() []string {
-	const (
-		maxRetries    = 10
-		retryInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
-	)
-
-	regularIPs, loopbackIPs, _ := netmon.LocalAddresses()
-
-	var dns []string
-	for attempt := 0; attempt < maxRetries; attempt++ {
-		if attempt > 0 {
-			time.Sleep(retryInterval)
-		}
-
-		nss := resolvconffile.NameServers("")
-		var localDNS []string
-		seen := make(map[string]bool)
-
-		for _, ns := range nss {
-			if ip := net.ParseIP(ns); ip != nil {
-				// skip loopback IPs
-				for _, v := range slices.Concat(regularIPs, loopbackIPs) {
-					ipStr := v.String()
-					if ip.String() == ipStr {
-						continue
-					}
-				}
-				if !seen[ip.String()] {
-					seen[ip.String()] = true
-					localDNS = append(localDNS, ip.String())
-				}
-			}
-		}
-
-		// If we successfully read the file and found nameservers, return them
-		if len(localDNS) > 0 {
-			return localDNS
-		}
-	}
-
-	return dns
-}
-
 func getDNSFromScutil() []string {
 	logger := *ProxyLogger.Load()
 

nameservers_linux.go

@@ -5,9 +5,12 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"os"
 	"strings"
 
+	"tailscale.com/net/netmon"
+
 	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/dns/resolvconffile"
 )
 
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ const (
 )
 
 func dnsFns() []dnsFn {
-	return []dnsFn{dns4, dns6, dnsFromSystemdResolver}
+	return []dnsFn{dnsFromResolvConf, dns4, dns6, dnsFromSystemdResolver}
 }
 
 func dns4() []string {
@@ -128,3 +131,25 @@ func virtualInterfaces() set {
 	}
 	return s
 }
+
+// validInterfacesMap returns a set containing non virtual interfaces.
+// TODO: deduplicated with cmd/cli/net_linux.go in v2.
+func validInterfaces() set {
+	m := make(map[string]struct{})
+	vis := virtualInterfaces()
+	netmon.ForeachInterface(func(i netmon.Interface, prefixes []netip.Prefix) {
+		if _, existed := vis[i.Name]; existed {
+			return
+		}
+		m[i.Name] = struct{}{}
+	})
+	// Fallback to default route interface if found nothing.
+	if len(m) == 0 {
+		defaultRoute, err := netmon.DefaultRoute()
+		if err != nil {
+			return m
+		}
+		m[defaultRoute.InterfaceName] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return m
+}

nameservers_unix.go

@@ -2,8 +2,63 @@
 
 package ctrld
 
-import "github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
+import (
+	"net"
+	"slices"
+	"time"
 
-func nameserversFromResolvconf() []string {
-	return resolvconffile.NameServers("")
+	"tailscale.com/net/netmon"
+
+	"github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/internal/resolvconffile"
+)
+
+// currentNameserversFromResolvconf returns the current nameservers set from /etc/resolv.conf file.
+func currentNameserversFromResolvconf() []string {
+	return resolvconffile.NameServers()
+}
+
+// dnsFromResolvConf reads usable nameservers from /etc/resolv.conf file.
+// A nameserver is usable if it's not one of current machine's IP addresses
+// and loopback IP addresses.
+func dnsFromResolvConf() []string {
+	const (
+		maxRetries    = 10
+		retryInterval = 100 * time.Millisecond
+	)
+
+	regularIPs, loopbackIPs, _ := netmon.LocalAddresses()
+
+	var dns []string
+	for attempt := 0; attempt < maxRetries; attempt++ {
+		if attempt > 0 {
+			time.Sleep(retryInterval)
+		}
+
+		nss := resolvconffile.NameServers()
+		var localDNS []string
+		seen := make(map[string]bool)
+
+		for _, ns := range nss {
+			if ip := net.ParseIP(ns); ip != nil {
+				// skip loopback IPs
+				for _, v := range slices.Concat(regularIPs, loopbackIPs) {
+					ipStr := v.String()
+					if ip.String() == ipStr {
+						continue
+					}
+				}
+				if !seen[ip.String()] {
+					seen[ip.String()] = true
+					localDNS = append(localDNS, ip.String())
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		// If we successfully read the file and found nameservers, return them
+		if len(localDNS) > 0 {
+			return localDNS
+		}
+	}
+
+	return dns
 }

nameservers_windows.go

@@ -23,20 +23,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	maxDNSAdapterRetries                 = 5
-	retryDelayDNSAdapter                 = 1 * time.Second
-	defaultDNSAdapterTimeout             = 10 * time.Second
-	minDNSServers                        = 1 // Minimum number of DNS servers we want to find
-	NetSetupUnknown               uint32 = 0
-	NetSetupWorkgroup             uint32 = 1
-	NetSetupDomain                uint32 = 2
-	NetSetupCloudDomain           uint32 = 3
-	DS_FORCE_REDISCOVERY                 = 0x00000001
-	DS_DIRECTORY_SERVICE_REQUIRED        = 0x00000010
-	DS_BACKGROUND_ONLY                   = 0x00000100
-	DS_IP_REQUIRED                       = 0x00000200
-	DS_IS_DNS_NAME                       = 0x00020000
-	DS_RETURN_DNS_NAME                   = 0x40000000
+	maxDNSAdapterRetries     = 5
+	retryDelayDNSAdapter     = 1 * time.Second
+	defaultDNSAdapterTimeout = 10 * time.Second
+	minDNSServers            = 1 // Minimum number of DNS servers we want to find
+
+	DS_FORCE_REDISCOVERY          = 0x00000001
+	DS_DIRECTORY_SERVICE_REQUIRED = 0x00000010
+	DS_BACKGROUND_ONLY            = 0x00000100
+	DS_IP_REQUIRED                = 0x00000200
+	DS_IS_DNS_NAME                = 0x00020000
+	DS_RETURN_DNS_NAME            = 0x40000000
 )
 
 type DomainControllerInfo struct {
@@ -330,7 +327,8 @@ func getDNSServers(ctx context.Context) ([]string, error) {
 	return ns, nil
 }
 
-func nameserversFromResolvconf() []string {
+// currentNameserversFromResolvconf returns a nil slice of strings.
+func currentNameserversFromResolvconf() []string {
 	return nil
 }
 
@@ -342,27 +340,28 @@ func checkDomainJoined() bool {
 	var domain *uint16
 	var status uint32
 
-	err := windows.NetGetJoinInformation(nil, &domain, &status)
-	if err != nil {
-		Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(),
-			"Failed to get domain join status: %v", err)
+	if err := windows.NetGetJoinInformation(nil, &domain, &status); err != nil {
+		Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(), "Failed to get domain join status: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}
 	defer windows.NetApiBufferFree((*byte)(unsafe.Pointer(domain)))
 
+	// NETSETUP_JOIN_STATUS constants from Microsoft Windows API
+	// See: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/lmjoin/ne-lmjoin-netsetup_join_status
+	//
+	// NetSetupUnknownStatus         uint32 = 0 // The status is unknown
+	// NetSetupUnjoined              uint32 = 1 // The computer is not joined to a domain or workgroup
+	// NetSetupWorkgroupName         uint32 = 2 // The computer is joined to a workgroup
+	// NetSetupDomainName            uint32 = 3 // The computer is joined to a domain
+	//
+	// We only care about NetSetupDomainName.
 	domainName := windows.UTF16PtrToString(domain)
 	Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(),
-		"Domain join status: domain=%s status=%d (Unknown=0, Workgroup=1, Domain=2, CloudDomain=3)",
+		"Domain join status: domain=%s status=%d (UnknownStatus=0, Unjoined=1, WorkgroupName=2, DomainName=3)",
 		domainName, status)
 
-	// Consider domain or cloud domain as domain-joined
-	isDomain := status == NetSetupDomain || status == NetSetupCloudDomain
-	Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(),
-		"Is domain joined? status=%d, traditional=%v, cloud=%v, result=%v",
-		status,
-		status == NetSetupDomain,
-		status == NetSetupCloudDomain,
-		isDomain)
+	isDomain := status == syscall.NetSetupDomainName
+	Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(), "Is domain joined? status=%d, result=%v", status, isDomain)
 
 	return isDomain
 }

net_darwin.go

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+package ctrld
+
+import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
+	"io"
+	"os/exec"
+	"strings"
+)
+
+// validInterfaces returns a set of all valid hardware ports.
+// TODO: deduplicated with cmd/cli/net_darwin.go in v2.
+func validInterfaces() map[string]struct{} {
+	b, err := exec.Command("networksetup", "-listallhardwareports").Output()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return parseListAllHardwarePorts(bytes.NewReader(b))
+}
+
+// parseListAllHardwarePorts parses output of "networksetup -listallhardwareports"
+// and returns map presents all hardware ports.
+func parseListAllHardwarePorts(r io.Reader) map[string]struct{} {
+	m := make(map[string]struct{})
+	scanner := bufio.NewScanner(r)
+	for scanner.Scan() {
+		line := scanner.Text()
+		after, ok := strings.CutPrefix(line, "Device: ")
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		m[after] = struct{}{}
+	}
+	return m
+}

net_darwin_test.go

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-package cli
+package ctrld
 
 import (
 	"maps"

net_others.go

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+//go:build !darwin && !windows && !linux
+
+package ctrld
+
+import "tailscale.com/net/netmon"
+
+// validInterfaces returns a set containing only default route interfaces.
+// TODO: deuplicated with cmd/cli/net_others.go in v2.
+func validInterfaces() map[string]struct{} {
+	defaultRoute, err := netmon.DefaultRoute()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	return map[string]struct{}{defaultRoute.InterfaceName: {}}
+}

resolver.go

@@ -9,12 +9,14 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"slices"
+	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/rs/zerolog"
+	"golang.org/x/sync/singleflight"
 	"tailscale.com/net/netmon"
 	"tailscale.com/net/tsaddr"
 )
@@ -60,8 +62,29 @@ var (
 	or               *osResolver
 	defaultLocalIPv4 atomic.Value // holds net.IP (IPv4)
 	defaultLocalIPv6 atomic.Value // holds net.IP (IPv6)
+
+	// socketProtector is a global function that can be set by mobile apps to protect
+	// sockets from being routed through the VPN. This prevents routing loops.
+	socketProtector atomic.Value // holds func(int) error
 )
 
+// SetSocketProtector sets the global socket protection function.
+// This should be called by mobile VPN apps to prevent routing loops.
+func SetSocketProtector(protectFunc func(int) error) {
+	socketProtector.Store(protectFunc)
+}
+
+// ProtectSocket protects a socket using the globally set protector.
+// Returns nil if no protector is set.
+func ProtectSocket(fd int) error {
+	if v := socketProtector.Load(); v != nil {
+		if protectFunc, ok := v.(func(int) error); ok {
+			return protectFunc(fd)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 func newLocalResolver() Resolver {
 	var nss []string
 	for _, addr := range Rfc1918Addresses() {
@@ -216,6 +239,8 @@ func NewResolver(uc *UpstreamConfig) (Resolver, error) {
 type osResolver struct {
 	lanServers    atomic.Pointer[[]string]
 	publicServers atomic.Pointer[[]string]
+	group         *singleflight.Group
+	cache         *sync.Map
 }
 
 type osResolverResult struct {
@@ -273,10 +298,75 @@ func customDNSExchange(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg, server string, desired
 	return dnsClient.ExchangeContext(ctx, msg, server)
 }
 
+const hotCacheTTL = time.Second
+
 // Resolve resolves DNS queries using pre-configured nameservers.
-// Query is sent to all nameservers concurrently, and the first
+// The Query is sent to all nameservers concurrently, and the first
 // success response will be returned.
+//
+// To guard against unexpected DoS to upstreams, multiple queries of
+// the same Qtype to a domain will be shared, so there's only 1 qps
+// for each upstream at any time.
+//
+// Further, a hot cache will be used, so repeated queries will be cached
+// for a short period (currently 1 second), reducing unnecessary traffics
+// sent to upstreams.
 func (o *osResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error) {
+	if len(msg.Question) == 0 {
+		return nil, errors.New("no question found")
+	}
+	domain := strings.TrimSuffix(msg.Question[0].Name, ".")
+	qtype := msg.Question[0].Qtype
+
+	// Unique key for the singleflight group.
+	key := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d:", domain, qtype)
+
+	// Checking the cache first.
+	if val, ok := o.cache.Load(key); ok {
+		if val, ok := val.(*dns.Msg); ok {
+			Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "hit hot cached result: %s - %s", domain, dns.TypeToString[qtype])
+			res := val.Copy()
+			SetCacheReply(res, msg, val.Rcode)
+			return res, nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Ensure only one DNS query is in flight for the key.
+	v, err, shared := o.group.Do(key, func() (interface{}, error) {
+		msg, err := o.resolve(ctx, msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		// If we got an answer, storing it to the hot cache for hotCacheTTL
+		// This prevents possible DoS to upstream, ensuring there's only 1 QPS.
+		o.cache.Store(key, msg)
+		// Depends on go runtime scheduling, the result may end up in hot cache longer
+		// than hotCacheTTL duration. However, this is fine since we only want to guard
+		// against DoS attack. The result will be cleaned from the cache eventually.
+		time.AfterFunc(hotCacheTTL, func() {
+			o.removeCache(key)
+		})
+		return msg, nil
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	sharedMsg, ok := v.(*dns.Msg)
+	if !ok {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid answer for key: %s", key)
+	}
+	res := sharedMsg.Copy()
+	SetCacheReply(res, msg, sharedMsg.Rcode)
+	if shared {
+		Log(ctx, ProxyLogger.Load().Debug(), "shared result: %s - %s", domain, dns.TypeToString[qtype])
+	}
+
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+// resolve sends the query to current nameservers.
+func (o *osResolver) resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error) {
 	publicServers := *o.publicServers.Load()
 	var nss []string
 	if p := o.lanServers.Load(); p != nil {
@@ -431,6 +521,10 @@ func (o *osResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, error
 	return nil, errors.Join(errs...)
 }
 
+func (o *osResolver) removeCache(key string) {
+	o.cache.Delete(key)
+}
+
 type legacyResolver struct {
 	uc *UpstreamConfig
 }
@@ -466,27 +560,41 @@ func (d dummyResolver) Resolve(ctx context.Context, msg *dns.Msg) (*dns.Msg, err
 	return ans, nil
 }
 
-// LookupIP looks up host using OS resolver.
+// LookupIP looks up domain using current system nameservers settings.
 // It returns a slice of that host's IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.
 func LookupIP(domain string) []string {
-	return lookupIP(domain, -1)
+	nss := initDefaultOsResolver()
+	return lookupIP(domain, -1, nss)
 }
 
-func lookupIP(domain string, timeout int) (ips []string) {
-	if net.ParseIP(domain) != nil {
-		return []string{domain}
-	}
+// initDefaultOsResolver initializes the default OS resolver with system's default nameservers if it hasn't been initialized yet.
+// It returns the combined list of LAN and public nameservers currently held by the resolver.
+func initDefaultOsResolver() []string {
 	resolverMutex.Lock()
+	defer resolverMutex.Unlock()
 	if or == nil {
-		ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("Initialize OS resolver in lookupIP")
+		ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("Initialize new OS resolver with default nameservers")
 		or = newResolverWithNameserver(defaultNameservers())
 	}
 	nss := *or.lanServers.Load()
 	nss = append(nss, *or.publicServers.Load()...)
-	resolverMutex.Unlock()
+	return nss
+}
 
-	resolver := newResolverWithNameserver(nss)
-	ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("resolving %q using bootstrap DNS %q", domain, nss)
+// lookupIP looks up domain with given timeout and bootstrapDNS.
+// If the timeout is negative, default timeout 2000 ms will be used.
+// It returns nil if bootstrapDNS is nil or empty.
+func lookupIP(domain string, timeout int, bootstrapDNS []string) (ips []string) {
+	if net.ParseIP(domain) != nil {
+		return []string{domain}
+	}
+	if bootstrapDNS == nil {
+		ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("empty bootstrap DNS")
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	resolver := newResolverWithNameserver(bootstrapDNS)
+	ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("resolving %q using bootstrap DNS %q", domain, bootstrapDNS)
 	timeoutMs := 2000
 	if timeout > 0 && timeout < timeoutMs {
 		timeoutMs = timeout
@@ -578,14 +686,8 @@ func NewBootstrapResolver(servers ...string) Resolver {
 //
 // This is useful for doing PTR lookup in LAN network.
 func NewPrivateResolver() Resolver {
-	resolverMutex.Lock()
-	if or == nil {
-		ProxyLogger.Load().Debug().Msgf("Initialize new OS resolver in NewPrivateResolver")
-		or = newResolverWithNameserver(defaultNameservers())
-	}
-	nss := *or.lanServers.Load()
-	resolverMutex.Unlock()
-	resolveConfNss := nameserversFromResolvconf()
+	nss := initDefaultOsResolver()
+	resolveConfNss := currentNameserversFromResolvconf()
 	localRfc1918Addrs := Rfc1918Addresses()
 	n := 0
 	for _, ns := range nss {
@@ -628,10 +730,10 @@ func NewResolverWithNameserver(nameservers []string) Resolver {
 // newResolverWithNameserver returns an OS resolver from given nameservers list.
 // The caller must ensure each server in list is formed "ip:53".
 func newResolverWithNameserver(nameservers []string) *osResolver {
-	logger := *ProxyLogger.Load()
-
-	Log(context.Background(), logger.Debug(), "newResolverWithNameserver called with nameservers: %v", nameservers)
-	r := &osResolver{}
+	r := &osResolver{
+		group: &singleflight.Group{},
+		cache: &sync.Map{},
+	}
 	var publicNss []string
 	var lanNss []string
 	for _, ns := range slices.Sorted(slices.Values(nameservers)) {
@@ -648,10 +750,15 @@ func newResolverWithNameserver(nameservers []string) *osResolver {
 	return r
 }
 
-// Rfc1918Addresses returns the list of local interfaces private IP addresses
+// Rfc1918Addresses returns the list of local physical interfaces private IP addresses
 func Rfc1918Addresses() []string {
+	vis := validInterfaces()
 	var res []string
 	netmon.ForeachInterface(func(i netmon.Interface, prefixes []netip.Prefix) {
+		// Skip virtual interfaces.
+		if _, existed := vis[i.Name]; !existed {
+			return
+		}
 		addrs, _ := i.Addrs()
 		for _, addr := range addrs {
 			ipNet, ok := addr.(*net.IPNet)

resolver_test.go

@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ package ctrld
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
 	"net"
 	"sync"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
 
@@ -16,8 +19,7 @@ func Test_osResolver_Resolve(t *testing.T) {
 
 	go func() {
 		defer cancel()
-		resolver := &osResolver{}
-		resolver.publicServers.Store(&[]string{"127.0.0.127:5353"})
+		resolver := newResolverWithNameserver([]string{"127.0.0.127:5353"})
 		m := new(dns.Msg)
 		m.SetQuestion("controld.com.", dns.TypeA)
 		m.RecursionDesired = true
@@ -50,8 +52,7 @@ func Test_osResolver_ResolveLanHostname(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Error("not a LAN query")
 			return
 		}
-		resolver := &osResolver{}
-		resolver.publicServers.Store(&[]string{"76.76.2.0:53"})
+		resolver := newResolverWithNameserver([]string{"76.76.2.0:53"})
 		m := new(dns.Msg)
 		m.SetQuestion("controld.com.", dns.TypeA)
 		m.RecursionDesired = true
@@ -107,11 +108,9 @@ func Test_osResolver_ResolveWithNonSuccessAnswer(t *testing.T) {
 	}()
 
 	// We now create an osResolver which has both a LAN and public nameserver.
-	resolver := &osResolver{}
-	// Explicitly store the LAN nameserver.
-	resolver.lanServers.Store(&[]string{lanAddr})
-	// And store the public nameservers.
-	resolver.publicServers.Store(&publicNS)
+	nss := []string{lanAddr}
+	nss = append(nss, publicNS...)
+	resolver := newResolverWithNameserver(nss)
 
 	msg := new(dns.Msg)
 	msg.SetQuestion(".", dns.TypeNS)
@@ -139,6 +138,179 @@ func Test_osResolver_InitializationRace(t *testing.T) {
 	wg.Wait()
 }
 
+func Test_osResolver_Singleflight(t *testing.T) {
+	lanPC, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on LAN address: %v", err)
+	}
+	call := &atomic.Int64{}
+	lanServer, lanAddr, err := runLocalPacketConnTestServer(t, lanPC, countHandler(call))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to run LAN test server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer lanServer.Shutdown()
+
+	or := newResolverWithNameserver([]string{lanAddr})
+	domain := "controld.com"
+	n := 10
+	var wg sync.WaitGroup
+	wg.Add(n)
+	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
+		go func() {
+			defer wg.Done()
+			m := new(dns.Msg)
+			m.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(domain), dns.TypeA)
+			m.RecursionDesired = true
+			_, err := or.Resolve(context.Background(), m)
+			if err != nil {
+				t.Error(err)
+			}
+		}()
+	}
+	wg.Wait()
+
+	// All above queries should only make 1 call to server.
+	if call.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected 1 result from singleflight lookup, got %d", call)
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_osResolver_HotCache(t *testing.T) {
+	lanPC, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on LAN address: %v", err)
+	}
+	call := &atomic.Int64{}
+	lanServer, lanAddr, err := runLocalPacketConnTestServer(t, lanPC, countHandler(call))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to run LAN test server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer lanServer.Shutdown()
+
+	or := newResolverWithNameserver([]string{lanAddr})
+	domain := "controld.com"
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	m.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(domain), dns.TypeA)
+	m.RecursionDesired = true
+
+	// Make 2 repeated queries to server, should hit hot cache.
+	for i := 0; i < 2; i++ {
+		if _, err := or.Resolve(context.Background(), m.Copy()); err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+	}
+	if call.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("cache not hit, server was called: %d", call.Load())
+	}
+
+	timeoutChan := make(chan struct{})
+	time.AfterFunc(5*time.Second, func() {
+		close(timeoutChan)
+	})
+
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-timeoutChan:
+			t.Fatal("timed out waiting for cache cleaned")
+		default:
+			count := 0
+			or.cache.Range(func(key, value interface{}) bool {
+				count++
+				return true
+			})
+			if count != 0 {
+				t.Logf("hot cache is not empty: %d elements", count)
+				continue
+			}
+		}
+		break
+	}
+
+	if _, err := or.Resolve(context.Background(), m.Copy()); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if call.Load() != 2 {
+		t.Fatal("cache hit unexpectedly")
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_Edns0_CacheReply(t *testing.T) {
+	lanPC, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on LAN address: %v", err)
+	}
+	call := &atomic.Int64{}
+	lanServer, lanAddr, err := runLocalPacketConnTestServer(t, lanPC, countHandler(call))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to run LAN test server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer lanServer.Shutdown()
+
+	or := newResolverWithNameserver([]string{lanAddr})
+	domain := "controld.com"
+	m := new(dns.Msg)
+	m.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(domain), dns.TypeA)
+	m.RecursionDesired = true
+
+	do := func() *dns.Msg {
+		msg := m.Copy()
+		msg.SetEdns0(4096, true)
+		cookieOption := new(dns.EDNS0_COOKIE)
+		cookieOption.Code = dns.EDNS0COOKIE
+		cookieOption.Cookie = generateEdns0ClientCookie()
+		msg.IsEdns0().Option = append(msg.IsEdns0().Option, cookieOption)
+
+		answer, err := or.Resolve(context.Background(), msg)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatal(err)
+		}
+		return answer
+	}
+	answer1 := do()
+	answer2 := do()
+	// Ensure the cache was hit, so we can check that edns0 cookie must be modified.
+	if call.Load() != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("cache not hit, server was called: %d", call.Load())
+	}
+	cookie1 := getEdns0Cookie(answer1.IsEdns0())
+	cookie2 := getEdns0Cookie(answer2.IsEdns0())
+	if cookie1 == nil || cookie2 == nil {
+		t.Fatalf("unexpected nil cookie value (cookie1: %v, cookie2: %v)", cookie1, cookie2)
+	}
+	if cookie1.Cookie == cookie2.Cookie {
+		t.Fatalf("edns0 cookie is not modified: %v", cookie1)
+	}
+}
+
+// https://github.com/Control-D-Inc/ctrld/issues/255
+func Test_legacyResolverWithBigExtraSection(t *testing.T) {
+	lanPC, err := net.ListenPacket("udp", "127.0.0.1:0") // 127.0.0.1 is considered LAN (loopback)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to listen on LAN address: %v", err)
+	}
+	lanServer, lanAddr, err := runLocalPacketConnTestServer(t, lanPC, bigExtraSectionHandler())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("failed to run LAN test server: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer lanServer.Shutdown()
+
+	uc := &UpstreamConfig{
+		Name:     "Legacy",
+		Type:     ResolverTypeLegacy,
+		Endpoint: lanAddr,
+	}
+	uc.Init()
+	r, err := NewResolver(uc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	_, err = r.Resolve(context.Background(), uc.VerifyMsg())
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+}
+
 func Test_upstreamTypeFromEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
 	tests := []struct {
 		name         string
@@ -208,3 +380,99 @@ func nonSuccessHandlerWithRcode(rcode int) dns.HandlerFunc {
 		w.WriteMsg(m)
 	}
 }
+
+func countHandler(call *atomic.Int64) dns.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w dns.ResponseWriter, msg *dns.Msg) {
+		m := new(dns.Msg)
+		m.SetRcode(msg, dns.RcodeSuccess)
+		if cookie := getEdns0Cookie(msg.IsEdns0()); cookie != nil {
+			if m.IsEdns0() == nil {
+				m.SetEdns0(4096, false)
+			}
+			cookieOption := new(dns.EDNS0_COOKIE)
+			cookieOption.Code = dns.EDNS0COOKIE
+			cookieOption.Cookie = generateEdns0ServerCookie(cookie.Cookie)
+			m.IsEdns0().Option = append(m.IsEdns0().Option, cookieOption)
+		}
+		w.WriteMsg(m)
+		call.Add(1)
+	}
+}
+
+func mustRR(s string) dns.RR {
+	r, err := dns.NewRR(s)
+	if err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return r
+}
+
+func bigExtraSectionHandler() dns.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w dns.ResponseWriter, msg *dns.Msg) {
+		m := &dns.Msg{
+			Answer: []dns.RR{
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	m.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	c.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	e.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	j.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	g.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	k.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	l.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	d.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	h.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	b.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	a.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	f.root-servers.net."),
+				mustRR(".			7149	IN	NS	i.root-servers.net."),
+			},
+			Extra: []dns.RR{
+				mustRR("m.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	202.12.27.33"),
+				mustRR("m.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:dc3::35"),
+				mustRR("c.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.33.4.12"),
+				mustRR("c.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:2::c"),
+				mustRR("e.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.203.230.10"),
+				mustRR("e.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:a8::e"),
+				mustRR("j.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.58.128.30"),
+				mustRR("j.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:503:c27::2:30"),
+				mustRR("g.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.112.36.4"),
+				mustRR("g.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:12::d0d"),
+				mustRR("k.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	193.0.14.129"),
+				mustRR("k.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:7fd::1"),
+				mustRR("l.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	199.7.83.42"),
+				mustRR("l.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:9f::42"),
+				mustRR("d.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	199.7.91.13"),
+				mustRR("d.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:2d::d"),
+				mustRR("h.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	198.97.190.53"),
+				mustRR("h.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:1::53"),
+				mustRR("b.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	170.247.170.2"),
+				mustRR("b.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2801:1b8:10::b"),
+				mustRR("a.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	198.41.0.4"),
+				mustRR("a.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:503:ba3e::2:30"),
+				mustRR("f.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.5.5.241"),
+				mustRR("f.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:500:2f::f"),
+				mustRR("i.root-servers.net.	656	IN	A	192.36.148.17"),
+				mustRR("i.root-servers.net.	656	IN	AAAA	2001:7fe::53"),
+			},
+		}
+
+		m.Compress = true
+		m.SetReply(msg)
+		w.WriteMsg(m)
+	}
+}
+
+func generateEdns0ClientCookie() string {
+	cookie := make([]byte, 8)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(cookie); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(cookie)
+}
+
+func generateEdns0ServerCookie(clientCookie string) string {
+	cookie := make([]byte, 32)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(cookie); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+	return clientCookie + hex.EncodeToString(cookie)
+}