Merge refactor/structured-alerting into v2

Resolved conflicts:
- pyproject.toml: Used v2 pinned dependency versions
- Removed cmd_check_adb.py (deleted in refactor branch)
- Updated all command files to include disable_version_check and disable_indicator_check flags
- Adopted new AlertStore system from refactor branch
- Updated version to 3.0.0
- Kept VirusTotal functionality commented out
- Consolidated imports and module lists
- Adopted refactor branch's simplified JSON loading
- Updated iOS modules to use new alertstore approach

docs/android/adb.md

@@ -1,42 +1,26 @@
-# Check over ADB
-
-In order to check an Android device over the [Android Debug Bridge (adb)](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb) you will first need to install [Android SDK Platform Tools](https://developer.android.com/studio/releases/platform-tools). If you have installed [Android Studio](https://developer.android.com/studio/) you should already have access to `adb` and other utilities.
-
-While many Linux distributions already package Android Platform Tools (for example `android-platform-tools-base` on Debian), it is preferable to install the most recent version from the official website. Packaged versions might be outdated and incompatible with most recent Android handsets.
-
-Next you will need to enable debugging on the Android device you are testing. [Please follow the official instructions on how to do so.](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb)
-
-## Connecting over USB
-
-The easiest way to check the device is over a USB transport. You will need to have USB debugging enabled and the device plugged into your computer. If everything is configured appropriately you should see your device when launching the command `adb devices`.
-
-Now you can try launching MVT with:
-
-```bash
-mvt-android check-adb --output /path/to/results
-```
-
-If you have previously started an adb daemon MVT will alert you and require you to kill it with `adb kill-server` and relaunch the command.
+# Deprecation of ADB command in MVT
 
 !!! warning
-    MVT relies on the Python library [adb-shell](https://pypi.org/project/adb-shell/) to connect to an Android device, which relies on libusb for the USB transport. Because of known driver issues, Windows users [are recommended](https://github.com/JeffLIrion/adb_shell/issues/118) to install appropriate drivers using [Zadig](https://zadig.akeo.ie/). Alternatively, an easier option might be to use the TCP transport and connect over Wi-Fi as describe next.
 
-## Connecting over Wi-FI
+    The `mvt-android check-adb` command has been deprecated and removed from MVT.
 
-When connecting to the device over USB is not possible or not working properly, an alternative option is to connect over the network. In order to do so, first launch an adb daemon at a fixed port number:
+The ability to analyze Android devices over ADB (`mvt-android check-adb`) has been removed from MVT due to several technical and forensic limitations.
 
-```bash
-adb tcpip 5555
-```
+## Reasons for Deprecation
 
-Then you can specify the IP address of the phone with the adb port number to MVT like so:
+1. **Inconsistent Data Collection Across Devices**
+   Android devices vary significantly in their system architecture, security policies, and available diagnostic logs. This inconsistency makes it difficult to ensure that MVT can reliably collect necessary forensic data across all devices.
 
-```bash
-mvt-android check-adb --serial 192.168.1.20:5555 --output /path/to/results
-```
+2. **Incomplete Forensic Data Acquisition**
+   The `check-adb` command did not retrieve a full forensic snapshot of all available data on the device. For example, critical logs such as the **full bugreport** were not systematically collected, leading to potential gaps in forensic analysis. This can be a serious problem in scenarios where the analyst only had one time access to the Android device.
 
-Where `192.168.1.20` is the correct IP address of your device.
+4. **Code Duplication and Difficulty Ensuring Consistent Behavior Across Sources**
+    Similar forensic data such as "dumpsys" logs were being loaded and parsed by MVT's ADB, AndroidQF and Bugreport commands. Multiple modules were needed to handle each source format which created duplication leading to inconsistent
+    behavior and difficulties in maintaining the code base.
 
-## MVT modules requiring root privileges
+5. **Alignment with iOS Workflow**
+   MVT’s forensic workflow for iOS relies on pre-extracted artifacts, such as iTunes backups or filesystem dumps, rather than preforming commands or interactions directly on a live device. Removing the ADB functionality ensures a more consistent methodology across both Android and iOS mobile forensic.
 
-Of the currently available `mvt-android check-adb` modules a handful require root privileges to function correctly. This is because certain files, such as browser history and SMS messages databases are not accessible with user privileges through adb. These modules are to be considered OPTIONALLY available in case the device was already jailbroken. **Do NOT jailbreak your own device unless you are sure of what you are doing!** Jailbreaking your phone exposes it to considerable security risks!
+## Alternative: Using AndroidQF for Forensic Data Collection
+
+To replace the deprecated ADB-based approach, forensic analysts should use [AndroidQF](https://github.com/mvt-project/androidqf) for comprehensive data collection, followed by MVT for forensic analysis. The workflow is outlined in the MVT [Android methodology](./methodology.md)

docs/android/methodology.md

@@ -1,23 +1,53 @@
 # Methodology for Android forensic
 
-Unfortunately Android devices provide much less observability than their iOS cousins. Android stores very little diagnostic information useful to triage potential compromises, and because of this `mvt-android` capabilities are limited as well.
+Unfortunately Android devices provide fewer complete forensically useful datasources than their iOS cousins. Unlike iOS, the Android backup feature only provides a limited about of relevant data.
+
+Android diagnostic logs such as *bugreport files* can be inconsistent in format and structure across different Android versions and device  vendors. The limited diagnostic information available makes it difficult to triage potential compromises, and because of this `mvt-android` capabilities are limited as well.
 
 However, not all is lost.
 
-## Check installed Apps
+## Check Android devices with AndroidQF and MVT
 
-Because malware attacks over Android typically take the form of malicious or backdoored apps, the very first thing you might want to do is to extract and verify all installed Android packages and triage quickly if there are any which stand out as malicious or which might be atypical.
+The [AndroidQF](https://github.com/mvt-project/androidqf) tool can be used to collect a wide range of forensic artifacts from an Android device including an Android backup, a bugreport file, and a range of system logs. MVT natively supports analyzing the generated AndroidQF output for signs of device compromise.
 
-While it is out of the scope of this documentation to dwell into details on how to analyze Android apps, MVT does allow to easily and automatically extract information about installed apps, download copies of them, and quickly look them up on services such as [VirusTotal](https://www.virustotal.com).
+### Why Use AndroidQF?
 
-!!! info "Using VirusTotal"
-	Please note that in order to use VirusTotal lookups you are required to provide your own API key through the `MVT_VT_API_KEY` environment variable. You should also note that VirusTotal enforces strict API usage. Be mindful that MVT might consume your hourly search quota.
+- **Complete and raw data extraction**
+  AndroidQF collects full forensic artifacts using an on-device forensic collection agent, ensuring that no crucial data is overlooked. The data collection does not depended on the shell environment or utilities available on the device.
+
+- **Consistent and standardized output**
+  By collecting a predefined and complete set of forensic files, AndroidQF ensures consistency in data acquisition across different Android devices.
+
+- **Future-proof analysis**
+  Since the full forensic artifacts are preserved, analysts can extract new evidence or apply updated analysis techniques without requiring access to the original device.
+
+- **Cross-platform tool without dependencies**
+  AndroidQF is a standalone Go binary which can be used to remotely collect data from an Android device without the device owner needing to install MVT or a Python environment.
+
+### Workflow for Android Forensic Analysis with AndroidQF
+
+With AndroidQF the analysis process is split into a separate data collection and data analysis stages.
+
+1. **Extract Data Using AndroidQF**
+  Deploy the AndroidQF forensic collector to acquire all relevant forensic artifacts from the Android device.
+
+2. **Analyze Extracted Data with MVT**
+  Use the `mvt-android check-androidqf` command to perform forensic analysis on the extracted artifacts.
+
+By separating artifact collection from forensic analysis, this approach ensures a more reliable and scalable methodology for Android forensic investigations.
+
+For more information, refer to the [AndroidQF project documentation](https://github.com/mvt-project/androidqf).
 
 ## Check the device over Android Debug Bridge
 
-Some additional diagnostic information can be extracted from the phone using the [Android Debug Bridge (adb)](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/adb). `mvt-android` allows to automatically extract information including [dumpsys](https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/dumpsys) results, details on installed packages (without download), running processes, presence of root binaries and packages, and more.
+The ability to analyze Android devices over ADB (`mvt-android check-adb`) has been removed from MVT.
 
+See the [Android ADB documentation](./adb.md) for more information.
 
 ## Check an Android Backup (SMS messages)
 
-Although Android backups are becoming deprecated, it is still possible to generate one. Unfortunately, because apps these days typically favor backup over the cloud, the amount of data available is limited. Currently, `mvt-android check-backup` only supports checking SMS messages containing links.
+Although Android backups are becoming deprecated, it is still possible to generate one. Unfortunately, because apps these days typically favor backup over the cloud, the amount of data available is limited.
+
+The `mvt-android check-androidqf` command will automatically check an Android backup and SMS messages if an SMS backup is included in the AndroidQF extraction.
+
+The  `mvt-android check-backup` command can also be used directly with an Android backup file.

docs/docker.md

@@ -31,21 +31,4 @@ Test if the image was created successfully:
 docker run -it mvt
 ```
 
-If a prompt is spawned successfully, you can close it with `exit`.
-
-
-## Docker usage with Android devices
-
-If you wish to use MVT to test an Android device you will need to enable the container's access to the host's USB devices. You can do so by enabling the `--privileged` flag and mounting the USB bus device as a volume:
-
-```bash
-docker run -it --privileged -v /dev/bus/usb:/dev/bus/usb mvt
-```
-
-**Please note:** the `--privileged` parameter is generally regarded as a security risk. If you want to learn more about this check out [this explainer on container escapes](https://blog.trailofbits.com/2019/07/19/understanding-docker-container-escapes/) as it gives access to the whole system.
-
-Recent versions of Docker provide a `--device` parameter allowing to specify a precise USB device without enabling `--privileged`:
-
-```bash
-docker run -it --device=/dev/<your_usb_port> mvt
-```
+If a prompt is spawned successfully, you can close it with `exit`.

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_accessibility.py

@@ -14,10 +14,10 @@ class DumpsysAccessibilityArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
     def parse(self, content: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_appops.py

@@ -4,9 +4,9 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
 
 from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
 
@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ class DumpsysAppopsArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     Parser for dumpsys app ops info
     """
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, result: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
-        for perm in record["permissions"]:
+        for perm in result["permissions"]:
             if "entries" not in perm:
                 continue
 
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ class DumpsysAppopsArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
                             "timestamp": entry["timestamp"],
                             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
                             "event": entry["access"],
-                            "data": f"{record['package_name']} access to "
+                            "data": f"{result['package_name']} access to "
                             f"{perm['name']}: {entry['access']}",
                         }
                     )
@@ -43,48 +43,51 @@ class DumpsysAppopsArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
         for result in self.results:
             if self.indicators:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name"))
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name"))
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
                     continue
 
-            detected_permissions = []
+            # We use a placeholder entry to create a basic alert even without permission entries.
+            placeholder_entry = {"access": "Unknown", "timestamp": ""}
+
             for perm in result["permissions"]:
                 if (
                     perm["name"] in RISKY_PERMISSIONS
                     # and perm["access"] == "allow"
                 ):
-                    detected_permissions.append(perm)
-                    for entry in sorted(perm["entries"], key=lambda x: x["timestamp"]):
-                        self.log.warning(
-                            "Package '%s' had risky permission '%s' set to '%s' at %s",
-                            result["package_name"],
-                            perm["name"],
-                            entry["access"],
+                    for entry in sorted(
+                        perm["entries"] or [placeholder_entry],
+                        key=lambda x: x["timestamp"],
+                    ):
+                        cleaned_result = result.copy()
+                        cleaned_result["permissions"] = [perm]
+                        self.alertstore.medium(
+                            self.get_slug(),
+                            f"Package '{result['package_name']}' had risky permission '{perm['name']}' set to '{entry['access']}' at {entry['timestamp']}",
                             entry["timestamp"],
+                            cleaned_result,
                         )
 
                 elif result["package_name"] in RISKY_PACKAGES:
-                    detected_permissions.append(perm)
-                    for entry in sorted(perm["entries"], key=lambda x: x["timestamp"]):
-                        self.log.warning(
-                            "Risky package '%s' had '%s' permission set to '%s' at %s",
-                            result["package_name"],
-                            perm["name"],
-                            entry["access"],
+                    for entry in sorted(
+                        perm["entries"] or [placeholder_entry],
+                        key=lambda x: x["timestamp"],
+                    ):
+                        cleaned_result = result.copy()
+                        cleaned_result["permissions"] = [perm]
+                        self.alertstore.medium(
+                            self.get_slug(),
+                            f"Risky package '{result['package_name']}' had '{perm['name']}' permission set to '{entry['access']}' at {entry['timestamp']}",
                             entry["timestamp"],
+                            cleaned_result,
                         )
 
-            if detected_permissions:
-                # We clean the result to only include the risky permission, otherwise the timeline
-                # will be polluted with all the other irrelevant permissions
-                cleaned_result = result.copy()
-                cleaned_result["permissions"] = detected_permissions
-                self.detected.append(cleaned_result)
-
     def parse(self, output: str) -> None:
-        self.results: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
+        # self.results: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
         perm = {}
         package = {}
         entry = {}

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_battery_daily.py

@@ -3,9 +3,9 @@
 # Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
-from typing import Union
 
 from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleSerializedResult, ModuleAtomicResult
 
 
 class DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ class DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     Parser for dumpsys dattery daily updates.
     """
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["from"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -27,10 +27,10 @@ class DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
     def parse(self, output: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_battery_history.py

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ class DumpsysBatteryHistoryArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
     def parse(self, data: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_dbinfo.py

@@ -20,10 +20,12 @@ class DumpsysDBInfoArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
         for result in self.results:
             path = result.get("path", "")
             for part in path.split("/"):
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(part)
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(part)
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
                     continue
 
     def parse(self, output: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_package_activities.py

@@ -12,10 +12,12 @@ class DumpsysPackageActivitiesArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for activity in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(activity["package_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                activity["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(activity)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(activity["package_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                activity["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(
+                    self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", activity
+                )
                 continue
 
     def parse(self, content: str):

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_packages.py

@@ -4,35 +4,39 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import re
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, List
 
 from mvt.android.utils import ROOT_PACKAGES
 
 from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
 
 
 class DumpsysPackagesArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
         for result in self.results:
+            # XXX: De-duplication Package detections
             if result["package_name"] in ROOT_PACKAGES:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found an installed package related to rooting/jailbreaking: "%s"',
-                    result["package_name"],
+                self.alertstore.medium(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Found an installed package related to rooting/jailbreaking: "{result["package_name"]}"',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
                 continue
 
             if not self.indicators:
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name", ""))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name", ""))
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
-
         timestamps = [
             {"event": "package_install", "timestamp": record["timestamp"]},
             {

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_platform_compat.py

@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@ class DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["package_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
     def parse(self, data: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/dumpsys_receivers.py

@@ -50,10 +50,12 @@ class DumpsysReceiversArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
                 if not self.indicators:
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(receiver["package_name"])
-                if ioc:
-                    receiver["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append({intent: receiver})
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(receiver["package_name"])
+                if ioc_match:
+                    receiver["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", {intent: receiver}
+                    )
                     continue
 
     def parse(self, output: str) -> None:

src/mvt/android/artifacts/file_timestamps.py

@@ -2,13 +2,13 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
 # Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
-from typing import Union
 
 from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
 
 
 class FileTimestampsArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
 
         for ts in set(

src/mvt/android/artifacts/getprop.py

@@ -59,13 +59,16 @@ class GetProp(AndroidArtifact):
                 self.log.info("%s: %s", entry["name"], entry["value"])
 
             if entry["name"] == "ro.build.version.security_patch":
-                warn_android_patch_level(entry["value"], self.log)
+                warning_message = warn_android_patch_level(entry["value"], self.log)
+                self.alertstore.medium(self.get_slug(), warning_message, "", entry)
 
         if not self.indicators:
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_android_property_name(result.get("name", ""))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_android_property_name(
+                result.get("name", "")
+            )
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)

src/mvt/android/artifacts/processes.py

@@ -58,13 +58,13 @@ class Processes(AndroidArtifact):
             if result["proc_name"] == "gatekeeperd":
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(proc_name)
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(proc_name)
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_process(proc_name)
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(proc_name)
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)

src/mvt/android/artifacts/tombstone_crashes.py

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import datetime
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 import pydantic
 import betterproto
 from dateutil import parser
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
 from mvt.android.parsers.proto.tombstone import Tombstone
 from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
 
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ class TombstoneCrashArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
     This parser can parse both text and protobuf tombstone crash files.
     """
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["timestamp"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -92,18 +93,20 @@ class TombstoneCrashArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_process(result["process_name"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(result["process_name"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
             if result.get("command_line", []):
                 command_name = result.get("command_line")[0].split("/")[-1]
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_process(command_name)
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(command_name)
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
                     continue
 
             SUSPICIOUS_UIDS = [
@@ -112,11 +115,15 @@ class TombstoneCrashArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
                 2000,  # shell
             ]
             if result["uid"] in SUSPICIOUS_UIDS:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    f"Potentially suspicious crash in process '{result['process_name']}' "
-                    f"running as UID '{result['uid']}' in tombstone '{result['file_name']}' at {result['timestamp']}"
+                self.alertstore.medium(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    (
+                        f"Potentially suspicious crash in process '{result['process_name']}' "
+                        f"running as UID '{result['uid']}' in tombstone '{result['file_name']}' at {result['timestamp']}"
+                    ),
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
 
     def parse_protobuf(
         self, file_name: str, file_timestamp: datetime.datetime, data: bytes

src/mvt/android/cli.py

@@ -9,42 +9,33 @@ import click
 
 from mvt.common.cmd_check_iocs import CmdCheckIOCS
 from mvt.common.help import (
-    HELP_MSG_VERSION,
-    HELP_MSG_OUTPUT,
-    HELP_MSG_SERIAL,
-    HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_APKS,
-    HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_ALL_APKS,
-    HELP_MSG_VIRUS_TOTAL,
-    HELP_MSG_APK_OUTPUT,
-    HELP_MSG_APKS_FROM_FILE,
-    HELP_MSG_VERBOSE,
-    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB,
+    HELP_MSG_ANDROID_BACKUP_PASSWORD,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED_DESCRIPTION,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROID_BACKUP,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROIDQF,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_BUGREPORT,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_IOCS,
+    HELP_MSG_DISABLE_INDICATOR_UPDATE_CHECK,
+    HELP_MSG_DISABLE_UPDATE_CHECK,
+    HELP_MSG_HASHES,
     HELP_MSG_IOC,
-    HELP_MSG_FAST,
     HELP_MSG_LIST_MODULES,
     HELP_MSG_MODULE,
     HELP_MSG_NONINTERACTIVE,
-    HELP_MSG_ANDROID_BACKUP_PASSWORD,
-    HELP_MSG_CHECK_BUGREPORT,
-    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROID_BACKUP,
-    HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROIDQF,
-    HELP_MSG_HASHES,
-    HELP_MSG_CHECK_IOCS,
+    HELP_MSG_OUTPUT,
     HELP_MSG_STIX2,
-    HELP_MSG_DISABLE_UPDATE_CHECK,
-    HELP_MSG_DISABLE_INDICATOR_UPDATE_CHECK,
+    HELP_MSG_VERBOSE,
+    HELP_MSG_VERSION,
 )
 from mvt.common.logo import logo
 from mvt.common.updates import IndicatorsUpdates
 from mvt.common.utils import init_logging, set_verbose_logging
 
-from .cmd_check_adb import CmdAndroidCheckADB
 from .cmd_check_androidqf import CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF
 from .cmd_check_backup import CmdAndroidCheckBackup
 from .cmd_check_bugreport import CmdAndroidCheckBugreport
-from .cmd_download_apks import DownloadAPKs
-from .modules.adb import ADB_MODULES
-from .modules.adb.packages import Packages
+from .modules.androidqf import ANDROIDQF_MODULES
 from .modules.backup import BACKUP_MODULES
 from .modules.backup.helpers import cli_load_android_backup_password
 from .modules.bugreport import BUGREPORT_MODULES
@@ -97,119 +88,14 @@ def version():
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
-# Command: download-apks
+# Command: check-adb (removed)
 # ==============================================================================
 @cli.command(
-    "download-apks", context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS, help=HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_APKS
+    "check-adb", context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS, help=HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED
 )
-@click.option("--serial", "-s", type=str, help=HELP_MSG_SERIAL)
-@click.option("--all-apks", "-a", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_ALL_APKS)
-@click.option("--virustotal", "-V", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_VIRUS_TOTAL)
-@click.option("--output", "-o", type=click.Path(exists=False), help=HELP_MSG_APK_OUTPUT)
-@click.option(
-    "--from-file", "-f", type=click.Path(exists=True), help=HELP_MSG_APKS_FROM_FILE
-)
-@click.option("--verbose", "-v", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_VERBOSE)
 @click.pass_context
-def download_apks(ctx, all_apks, virustotal, output, from_file, serial, verbose):
-    set_verbose_logging(verbose)
-    try:
-        if from_file:
-            download = DownloadAPKs.from_json(from_file)
-        else:
-            # TODO: Do we actually want to be able to run without storing any
-            #       file?
-            if not output:
-                log.critical("You need to specify an output folder with --output!")
-                ctx.exit(1)
-
-            download = DownloadAPKs(results_path=output, all_apks=all_apks)
-            if serial:
-                download.serial = serial
-            download.run()
-
-        packages_to_lookup = []
-        if all_apks:
-            packages_to_lookup = download.packages
-        else:
-            for package in download.packages:
-                if not package.get("system", False):
-                    packages_to_lookup.append(package)
-
-            if len(packages_to_lookup) == 0:
-                return
-
-        if virustotal:
-            m = Packages()
-            m.check_virustotal(packages_to_lookup)
-    except KeyboardInterrupt:
-        print("")
-        ctx.exit(1)
-
-
-# ==============================================================================
-# Command: check-adb
-# ==============================================================================
-@cli.command("check-adb", context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS, help=HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB)
-@click.option("--serial", "-s", type=str, help=HELP_MSG_SERIAL)
-@click.option(
-    "--iocs",
-    "-i",
-    type=click.Path(exists=True),
-    multiple=True,
-    default=[],
-    help=HELP_MSG_IOC,
-)
-@click.option("--output", "-o", type=click.Path(exists=False), help=HELP_MSG_OUTPUT)
-@click.option("--fast", "-f", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_FAST)
-@click.option("--list-modules", "-l", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_LIST_MODULES)
-@click.option("--module", "-m", help=HELP_MSG_MODULE)
-@click.option("--non-interactive", "-n", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_NONINTERACTIVE)
-@click.option("--backup-password", "-p", help=HELP_MSG_ANDROID_BACKUP_PASSWORD)
-@click.option("--verbose", "-v", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_VERBOSE)
-@click.pass_context
-def check_adb(
-    ctx,
-    serial,
-    iocs,
-    output,
-    fast,
-    list_modules,
-    module,
-    non_interactive,
-    backup_password,
-    verbose,
-):
-    set_verbose_logging(verbose)
-    module_options = {
-        "fast_mode": fast,
-        "interactive": not non_interactive,
-        "backup_password": cli_load_android_backup_password(log, backup_password),
-    }
-
-    cmd = CmdAndroidCheckADB(
-        results_path=output,
-        ioc_files=iocs,
-        module_name=module,
-        serial=serial,
-        module_options=module_options,
-        disable_version_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[0],
-        disable_indicator_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[1],
-    )
-
-    if list_modules:
-        cmd.list_modules()
-        return
-
-    log.info("Checking Android device over debug bridge")
-
-    cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the Android device produced %d detections!",
-            cmd.detected_count,
-        )
+def check_adb(ctx):
+    log.error(HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED_DESCRIPTION)
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -252,12 +138,8 @@ def check_bugreport(ctx, iocs, output, list_modules, module, verbose, bugreport_
     log.info("Checking Android bug report at path: %s", bugreport_path)
 
     cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the Android bug report produced %d detections!",
-            cmd.detected_count,
-        )
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -316,12 +198,8 @@ def check_backup(
     log.info("Checking Android backup at path: %s", backup_path)
 
     cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the Android backup produced %d detections!",
-            cmd.detected_count,
-        )
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -382,12 +260,9 @@ def check_androidqf(
     log.info("Checking AndroidQF acquisition at path: %s", androidqf_path)
 
     cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the AndroidQF acquisition produced %d detections!",
-            cmd.detected_count,
-        )
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_disable_adb_warning()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -407,20 +282,16 @@ def check_androidqf(
 @click.argument("FOLDER", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.pass_context
 def check_iocs(ctx, iocs, list_modules, module, folder):
-    cmd = CmdCheckIOCS(
-        target_path=folder,
-        ioc_files=iocs,
-        module_name=module,
-        disable_version_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[0],
-        disable_indicator_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[1],
-    )
-    cmd.modules = BACKUP_MODULES + ADB_MODULES + BUGREPORT_MODULES
+    cmd = CmdCheckIOCS(target_path=folder, ioc_files=iocs, module_name=module)
+    cmd.modules = BACKUP_MODULES + BUGREPORT_MODULES + ANDROIDQF_MODULES
 
     if list_modules:
         cmd.list_modules()
         return
 
     cmd.run()
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================

src/mvt/android/cmd_check_adb.py

@@ -1,48 +0,0 @@
-# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
-# Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
-# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
-#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
-
-import logging
-from typing import Optional
-
-from mvt.common.command import Command
-from mvt.common.indicators import Indicators
-
-from .modules.adb import ADB_MODULES
-
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class CmdAndroidCheckADB(Command):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        target_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        results_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        ioc_files: Optional[list] = None,
-        iocs: Optional[Indicators] = None,
-        module_name: Optional[str] = None,
-        serial: Optional[str] = None,
-        module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
-        hashes: Optional[bool] = False,
-        sub_command: Optional[bool] = False,
-        disable_version_check: bool = False,
-        disable_indicator_check: bool = False,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(
-            target_path=target_path,
-            results_path=results_path,
-            ioc_files=ioc_files,
-            iocs=iocs,
-            module_name=module_name,
-            serial=serial,
-            module_options=module_options,
-            hashes=hashes,
-            sub_command=sub_command,
-            log=log,
-            disable_version_check=disable_version_check,
-            disable_indicator_check=disable_indicator_check,
-        )
-
-        self.name = "check-adb"
-        self.modules = ADB_MODULES

src/mvt/android/cmd_check_androidqf.py

@@ -70,6 +70,9 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF(Command):
         self.__files: List[str] = []
 
     def init(self):
+        if not self.target_path:
+            raise NoAndroidQFTargetPath
+
         if os.path.isdir(self.target_path):
             self.__format = "dir"
             parent_path = Path(self.target_path).absolute().parent.as_posix()
@@ -157,9 +160,11 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF(Command):
             cmd.from_zip(bugreport)
             cmd.run()
 
-            self.detected_count += cmd.detected_count
             self.timeline.extend(cmd.timeline)
-            self.timeline_detected.extend(cmd.timeline_detected)
+            self.alertstore.extend(cmd.alertstore.alerts)
+        finally:
+            if bugreport:
+                bugreport.close()
 
     def run_backup_cmd(self) -> bool:
         try:
@@ -182,9 +187,11 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF(Command):
             cmd.from_ab(backup)
             cmd.run()
 
-            self.detected_count += cmd.detected_count
             self.timeline.extend(cmd.timeline)
-            self.timeline_detected.extend(cmd.timeline_detected)
+            self.alertstore.extend(cmd.alertstore.alerts)
+        finally:
+            if backup:
+                backup.close()
 
     def finish(self) -> None:
         """

src/mvt/android/cmd_check_backup.py

@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ import tarfile
 from pathlib import Path
 from typing import List, Optional
 
-from mvt.android.modules.backup.base import BackupExtraction
+from mvt.android.modules.backup.base import BackupModule
 from mvt.android.modules.backup.helpers import prompt_or_load_android_backup_password
 from mvt.android.parsers.backup import (
     AndroidBackupParsingError,
@@ -60,9 +60,37 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckBackup(Command):
         self.name = "check-backup"
         self.modules = BACKUP_MODULES
 
-        self.backup_type: str = ""
-        self.backup_archive: Optional[tarfile.TarFile] = None
-        self.backup_files: List[str] = []
+        self.__type: str = ""
+        self.__tar: Optional[tarfile.TarFile] = None
+        self.__files: List[str] = []
+
+    def from_ab(self, ab_file_bytes: bytes) -> None:
+        self.__type = "ab"
+        header = parse_ab_header(ab_file_bytes)
+        if not header["backup"]:
+            log.critical("Invalid backup format, file should be in .ab format")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        password = None
+        if header["encryption"] != "none":
+            password = prompt_or_load_android_backup_password(log, self.module_options)
+            if not password:
+                log.critical("No backup password provided.")
+                sys.exit(1)
+        try:
+            tardata = parse_backup_file(ab_file_bytes, password=password)
+        except InvalidBackupPassword:
+            log.critical("Invalid backup password")
+            sys.exit(1)
+        except AndroidBackupParsingError as exc:
+            log.critical("Impossible to parse this backup file: %s", exc)
+            log.critical("Please use Android Backup Extractor (ABE) instead")
+            sys.exit(1)
+
+        dbytes = io.BytesIO(tardata)
+        self.__tar = tarfile.open(fileobj=dbytes)
+        for member in self.__tar:
+            self.__files.append(member.name)
 
     def from_ab(self, ab_file_bytes: bytes) -> None:
         self.backup_type = "ab"
@@ -97,17 +125,17 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckBackup(Command):
             return
 
         if os.path.isfile(self.target_path):
-            self.backup_type = "ab"
+            self.__type = "ab"
             with open(self.target_path, "rb") as handle:
                 ab_file_bytes = handle.read()
             self.from_ab(ab_file_bytes)
 
         elif os.path.isdir(self.target_path):
-            self.backup_type = "folder"
+            self.__type = "folder"
             self.target_path = Path(self.target_path).absolute().as_posix()
             for root, subdirs, subfiles in os.walk(os.path.abspath(self.target_path)):
                 for fname in subfiles:
-                    self.backup_files.append(
+                    self.__files.append(
                         os.path.relpath(os.path.join(root, fname), self.target_path)
                     )
         else:
@@ -117,8 +145,12 @@ class CmdAndroidCheckBackup(Command):
             )
             sys.exit(1)
 
-    def module_init(self, module: BackupExtraction) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
-        if self.backup_type == "folder":
-            module.from_dir(self.target_path, self.backup_files)
+    def module_init(self, module: BackupModule) -> None:  # type: ignore[override]
+        if self.__type == "folder":
+            module.from_dir(self.target_path, self.__files)
         else:
-            module.from_ab(self.target_path, self.backup_archive, self.backup_files)
+            module.from_ab(self.target_path, self.__tar, self.__files)
+
+    def finish(self) -> None:
+        if self.__tar:
+            self.__tar.close()

src/mvt/android/cmd_download_apks.py

@@ -1,184 +0,0 @@
-# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
-# Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
-# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
-#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
-
-import json
-import logging
-import os
-from typing import Callable, Optional, Union
-
-from rich.progress import track
-
-from mvt.common.module import InsufficientPrivileges
-
-from .modules.adb.base import AndroidExtraction
-from .modules.adb.packages import Packages
-
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-
-class DownloadAPKs(AndroidExtraction):
-    """DownloadAPKs is the main class operating the download of APKs
-    from the device.
-    """
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        results_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        all_apks: bool = False,
-        packages: Optional[list] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Initialize module.
-        :param results_path: Path to the folder where data should be stored
-        :param all_apks: Boolean indicating whether to download all packages
-                         or filter known-goods
-        :param packages: Provided list of packages, typically for JSON checks
-        """
-        super().__init__(results_path=results_path, log=log)
-
-        self.packages = packages
-        self.all_apks = all_apks
-        self.results_path_apks = None
-
-    @classmethod
-    def from_json(cls, json_path: str) -> Callable:
-        """Initialize this class from an existing apks.json file.
-
-        :param json_path: Path to the apks.json file to parse.
-
-        """
-        with open(json_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
-            packages = json.load(handle)
-            return cls(packages=packages)
-
-    def pull_package_file(
-        self, package_name: str, remote_path: str
-    ) -> Union[str, None]:
-        """Pull files related to specific package from the device.
-
-        :param package_name: Name of the package to download
-        :param remote_path: Path to the file to download
-        :returns: Path to the local copy
-
-        """
-        log.info("Downloading %s ...", remote_path)
-
-        file_name = ""
-        if "==/" in remote_path:
-            file_name = "_" + remote_path.split("==/")[1].replace(".apk", "")
-
-        local_path = os.path.join(
-            self.results_path_apks, f"{package_name}{file_name}.apk"
-        )
-        name_counter = 0
-        while True:
-            if not os.path.exists(local_path):
-                break
-
-            name_counter += 1
-            local_path = os.path.join(
-                self.results_path_apks, f"{package_name}{file_name}_{name_counter}.apk"
-            )
-
-        try:
-            self._adb_download(remote_path, local_path)
-        except InsufficientPrivileges:
-            log.error(
-                "Unable to pull package file from %s: insufficient privileges, "
-                "it might be a system app",
-                remote_path,
-            )
-            self._adb_reconnect()
-            return None
-        except Exception as exc:
-            log.exception("Failed to pull package file from %s: %s", remote_path, exc)
-            self._adb_reconnect()
-            return None
-
-        return local_path
-
-    def get_packages(self) -> None:
-        """Use the Packages adb module to retrieve the list of packages.
-        We reuse the same extraction logic to then download the APKs.
-        """
-        self.log.info("Retrieving list of installed packages...")
-
-        m = Packages()
-        m.log = self.log
-        m.serial = self.serial
-        m.run()
-
-        self.packages = m.results
-
-    def pull_packages(self) -> None:
-        """Download all files of all selected packages from the device."""
-        log.info(
-            "Starting extraction of installed APKs at folder %s", self.results_path
-        )
-
-        # If the user provided the flag --all-apks we select all packages.
-        packages_selection = []
-        if self.all_apks:
-            log.info("Selected all %d available packages", len(self.packages))
-            packages_selection = self.packages
-        else:
-            # Otherwise we loop through the packages and get only those that
-            # are not marked as system.
-            for package in self.packages:
-                if not package.get("system", False):
-                    packages_selection.append(package)
-
-            log.info(
-                'Selected only %d packages which are not marked as "system"',
-                len(packages_selection),
-            )
-
-        if len(packages_selection) == 0:
-            log.info("No packages were selected for download")
-            return
-
-        log.info("Downloading packages from device. This might take some time ...")
-
-        self.results_path_apks = os.path.join(self.results_path, "apks")
-        if not os.path.exists(self.results_path_apks):
-            os.makedirs(self.results_path_apks, exist_ok=True)
-
-        for i in track(
-            range(len(packages_selection)),
-            description=f"Downloading {len(packages_selection)} packages...",
-        ):
-            package = packages_selection[i]
-
-            log.info(
-                "[%d/%d] Package: %s",
-                i,
-                len(packages_selection),
-                package["package_name"],
-            )
-
-            # Sometimes the package path contains multiple lines for multiple
-            # apks. We loop through each line and download each file.
-            for package_file in package["files"]:
-                device_path = package_file["path"]
-                local_path = self.pull_package_file(
-                    package["package_name"], device_path
-                )
-                if not local_path:
-                    continue
-
-                package_file["local_path"] = local_path
-
-        log.info("Download of selected packages completed")
-
-    def save_json(self) -> None:
-        json_path = os.path.join(self.results_path, "apks.json")
-        with open(json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
-            json.dump(self.packages, handle, indent=4)
-
-    def run(self) -> None:
-        self.get_packages()
-        self._adb_connect()
-        self.pull_packages()
-        self.save_json()
-        self._adb_disconnect()

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/base.py

@@ -1,355 +0,0 @@
-# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
-# Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
-# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
-#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
-
-import base64
-import logging
-import os
-import random
-import string
-import sys
-import tempfile
-import time
-from typing import Callable, Optional
-
-from adb_shell.adb_device import AdbDeviceTcp, AdbDeviceUsb
-from adb_shell.auth.keygen import keygen, write_public_keyfile
-from adb_shell.auth.sign_pythonrsa import PythonRSASigner
-from adb_shell.exceptions import (
-    AdbCommandFailureException,
-    DeviceAuthError,
-    UsbDeviceNotFoundError,
-    UsbReadFailedError,
-)
-from usb1 import USBErrorAccess, USBErrorBusy
-
-from mvt.android.modules.backup.helpers import prompt_or_load_android_backup_password
-from mvt.android.parsers.backup import (
-    InvalidBackupPassword,
-    parse_ab_header,
-    parse_backup_file,
-)
-from mvt.common.module import InsufficientPrivileges, MVTModule
-
-ADB_KEY_PATH = os.path.expanduser("~/.android/adbkey")
-ADB_PUB_KEY_PATH = os.path.expanduser("~/.android/adbkey.pub")
-
-
-class AndroidExtraction(MVTModule):
-    """This class provides a base for all Android extraction modules."""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        file_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        target_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        results_path: Optional[str] = None,
-        module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
-        log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        super().__init__(
-            file_path=file_path,
-            target_path=target_path,
-            results_path=results_path,
-            module_options=module_options,
-            log=log,
-            results=results,
-        )
-
-        self.device = None
-        self.serial = None
-
-    @staticmethod
-    def _adb_check_keys() -> None:
-        """Make sure Android adb keys exist."""
-        if not os.path.isdir(os.path.dirname(ADB_KEY_PATH)):
-            os.makedirs(os.path.dirname(ADB_KEY_PATH))
-
-        if not os.path.exists(ADB_KEY_PATH):
-            keygen(ADB_KEY_PATH)
-
-        if not os.path.exists(ADB_PUB_KEY_PATH):
-            write_public_keyfile(ADB_KEY_PATH, ADB_PUB_KEY_PATH)
-
-    def _adb_connect(self) -> None:
-        """Connect to the device over adb."""
-        self._adb_check_keys()
-
-        with open(ADB_KEY_PATH, "rb") as handle:
-            priv_key = handle.read()
-
-        with open(ADB_PUB_KEY_PATH, "rb") as handle:
-            pub_key = handle.read()
-
-        signer = PythonRSASigner(pub_key, priv_key)
-
-        # If no serial was specified or if the serial does not seem to be
-        # a HOST:PORT definition, we use the USB transport.
-        if not self.serial or ":" not in self.serial:
-            try:
-                self.device = AdbDeviceUsb(serial=self.serial)
-            except UsbDeviceNotFoundError:
-                self.log.critical(
-                    "No device found. Make sure it is connected and unlocked."
-                )
-                sys.exit(-1)
-        # Otherwise we try to use the TCP transport.
-        else:
-            addr = self.serial.split(":")
-            if len(addr) < 2:
-                raise ValueError(
-                    "TCP serial number must follow the format: `address:port`"
-                )
-
-            self.device = AdbDeviceTcp(
-                addr[0], int(addr[1]), default_transport_timeout_s=30.0
-            )
-
-        while True:
-            try:
-                self.device.connect(rsa_keys=[signer], auth_timeout_s=5)
-            except (USBErrorBusy, USBErrorAccess):
-                self.log.critical(
-                    "Device is busy, maybe run `adb kill-server` and try again."
-                )
-                sys.exit(-1)
-            except DeviceAuthError:
-                self.log.error(
-                    "You need to authorize this computer on the Android device. "
-                    "Retrying in 5 seconds..."
-                )
-                time.sleep(5)
-            except UsbReadFailedError:
-                self.log.error(
-                    "Unable to connect to the device over USB. "
-                    "Try to unplug, plug the device and start again."
-                )
-                sys.exit(-1)
-            except OSError as exc:
-                if exc.errno == 113 and self.serial:
-                    self.log.critical(
-                        "Unable to connect to the device %s: "
-                        "did you specify the correct IP address?",
-                        self.serial,
-                    )
-                    sys.exit(-1)
-            else:
-                break
-
-    def _adb_disconnect(self) -> None:
-        """Close adb connection to the device."""
-        self.device.close()
-
-    def _adb_reconnect(self) -> None:
-        """Reconnect to device using adb."""
-        self.log.info("Reconnecting ...")
-        self._adb_disconnect()
-        self._adb_connect()
-
-    def _adb_command(self, command: str, decode: bool = True) -> str:
-        """Execute an adb shell command.
-
-        :param command: Shell command to execute
-        :returns: Output of command
-
-        """
-        return self.device.shell(command, read_timeout_s=200.0, decode=decode)
-
-    def _adb_check_if_root(self) -> bool:
-        """Check if we have a `su` binary on the Android device.
-
-
-        :returns: Boolean indicating whether a `su` binary is present or not
-
-        """
-        result = self._adb_command("command -v su && su -c true")
-        return bool(result) and "Permission denied" not in result
-
-    def _adb_root_or_die(self) -> None:
-        """Check if we have a `su` binary, otherwise raise an Exception."""
-        if not self._adb_check_if_root():
-            raise InsufficientPrivileges(
-                "This module is optionally available "
-                "in case the device is already rooted."
-                " Do NOT root your own device!"
-            )
-
-    def _adb_command_as_root(self, command):
-        """Execute an adb shell command.
-
-        :param command: Shell command to execute as root
-        :returns: Output of command
-
-        """
-        return self._adb_command(f"su -c {command}")
-
-    def _adb_check_file_exists(self, file: str) -> bool:
-        """Verify that a file exists.
-
-        :param file: Path of the file
-        :returns: Boolean indicating whether the file exists or not
-
-        """
-
-        # TODO: Need to support checking files without root privileges as well.
-
-        # Check if we have root, if not raise an Exception.
-        self._adb_root_or_die()
-
-        return bool(self._adb_command_as_root(f"[ ! -f {file} ] || echo 1"))
-
-    def _adb_download(
-        self,
-        remote_path: str,
-        local_path: str,
-        progress_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
-        retry_root: Optional[bool] = True,
-    ) -> None:
-        """Download a file form the device.
-
-        :param remote_path: Path to download from the device
-        :param local_path: Path to where to locally store the copy of the file
-        :param progress_callback: Callback for download progress bar
-                                  (Default value = None)
-        :param retry_root: Default value = True)
-
-        """
-        try:
-            self.device.pull(remote_path, local_path, progress_callback)
-        except AdbCommandFailureException as exc:
-            if retry_root:
-                self._adb_download_root(remote_path, local_path, progress_callback)
-            else:
-                raise Exception(
-                    f"Unable to download file {remote_path}: {exc}"
-                ) from exc
-
-    def _adb_download_root(
-        self,
-        remote_path: str,
-        local_path: str,
-        progress_callback: Optional[Callable] = None,
-    ) -> None:
-        try:
-            # Check if we have root, if not raise an Exception.
-            self._adb_root_or_die()
-
-            # We generate a random temporary filename.
-            allowed_chars = (
-                string.ascii_uppercase + string.ascii_lowercase + string.digits
-            )
-            tmp_filename = "tmp_" + "".join(random.choices(allowed_chars, k=10))
-
-            # We create a temporary local file.
-            new_remote_path = f"/sdcard/{tmp_filename}"
-
-            # We copy the file from the data folder to /sdcard/.
-            cp_output = self._adb_command_as_root(f"cp {remote_path} {new_remote_path}")
-            if (
-                cp_output.startswith("cp: ")
-                and "No such file or directory" in cp_output
-            ):
-                raise Exception(f"Unable to process file {remote_path}: File not found")
-            if cp_output.startswith("cp: ") and "Permission denied" in cp_output:
-                raise Exception(
-                    f"Unable to process file {remote_path}: Permission denied"
-                )
-
-            # We download from /sdcard/ to the local temporary file.
-            # If it doesn't work now, don't try again (retry_root=False)
-            self._adb_download(
-                new_remote_path, local_path, progress_callback, retry_root=False
-            )
-
-            # Delete the copy on /sdcard/.
-            self._adb_command(f"rm -rf {new_remote_path}")
-
-        except AdbCommandFailureException as exc:
-            raise Exception(f"Unable to download file {remote_path}: {exc}") from exc
-
-    def _adb_process_file(self, remote_path: str, process_routine: Callable) -> None:
-        """Download a local copy of a file which is only accessible as root.
-        This is a wrapper around process_routine.
-
-        :param remote_path: Path of the file on the device to process
-        :param process_routine: Function to be called on the local copy of the
-                                downloaded file
-
-        """
-        # Connect to the device over adb.
-        # Check if we have root, if not raise an Exception.
-        self._adb_root_or_die()
-
-        # We create a temporary local file.
-        tmp = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
-        local_path = tmp.name
-        local_name = os.path.basename(tmp.name)
-        new_remote_path = f"/sdcard/Download/{local_name}"
-
-        # We copy the file from the data folder to /sdcard/.
-        cp_output = self._adb_command_as_root(f"cp {remote_path} {new_remote_path}")
-        if cp_output.startswith("cp: ") and "No such file or directory" in cp_output:
-            raise Exception(f"Unable to process file {remote_path}: File not found")
-        if cp_output.startswith("cp: ") and "Permission denied" in cp_output:
-            raise Exception(f"Unable to process file {remote_path}: Permission denied")
-
-        # We download from /sdcard/ to the local temporary file.
-        self._adb_download(new_remote_path, local_path)
-
-        # Launch the provided process routine!
-        process_routine(local_path)
-
-        # Delete the local copy.
-        tmp.close()
-        # Delete the copy on /sdcard/.
-        self._adb_command(f"rm -f {new_remote_path}")
-
-    def _generate_backup(self, package_name: str) -> bytes:
-        self.log.info(
-            "Please check phone and accept Android backup prompt. "
-            "You may need to set a backup password. \a"
-        )
-
-        if self.module_options.get("backup_password", None):
-            self.log.warning(
-                "Backup password already set from command line or environment "
-                "variable. You should use the same password if enabling encryption!"
-            )
-
-        # TODO: Base64 encoding as temporary fix to avoid byte-mangling over
-        #       the shell transport...
-        cmd = f"/system/bin/bu backup -nocompress '{package_name}' | base64"
-        backup_output_b64 = self._adb_command(cmd)
-        backup_output = base64.b64decode(backup_output_b64)
-        header = parse_ab_header(backup_output)
-
-        if not header["backup"]:
-            self.log.error(
-                "Extracting SMS via Android backup failed. No valid backup data found."
-            )
-            return None
-
-        if header["encryption"] == "none":
-            return parse_backup_file(backup_output, password=None)
-
-        for _ in range(0, 3):
-            backup_password = prompt_or_load_android_backup_password(
-                self.log, self.module_options
-            )
-            if not backup_password:
-                # Fail as no backup password loaded for this encrypted backup
-                self.log.critical("No backup password provided.")
-            try:
-                decrypted_backup_tar = parse_backup_file(backup_output, backup_password)
-                return decrypted_backup_tar
-            except InvalidBackupPassword:
-                self.log.error("You provided the wrong password! Please try again...")
-
-        self.log.error("All attempts to decrypt backup with password failed!")
-
-        return None
-
-    def run(self) -> None:
-        """Run the main procedure."""
-        raise NotImplementedError

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/chrome_history.py

@@ -6,9 +6,14 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_chrometime_to_datetime, convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
 
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ class ChromeHistory(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ class ChromeHistory(AndroidExtraction):
         )
         self.results = []
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -51,9 +56,10 @@ class ChromeHistory(AndroidExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            if self.indicators.check_url(result["url"]):
-                self.detected.append(result)
-                continue
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
     def _parse_db(self, db_path: str) -> None:
         """Parse a Chrome History database file.

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/dumpsys_full.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import os
 from typing import Optional
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class DumpsysFull(AndroidExtraction):
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ class DumpsysFull(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/files.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import stat
 from typing import Optional, Union
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ class Files(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/getprop.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.getprop import GetProp as GetPropArtifact
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class Getprop(GetPropArtifact, AndroidExtraction):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class Getprop(GetPropArtifact, AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/logcat.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ import os
 from typing import Optional
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class Logcat(AndroidExtraction):
@@ -20,7 +21,7 @@ class Logcat(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/packages.py

@@ -4,12 +4,7 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
-
-from rich.console import Console
-from rich.progress import track
-from rich.table import Table
-from rich.text import Text
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_packages import DumpsysPackagesArtifact
 from mvt.android.utils import (
@@ -19,7 +14,11 @@ from mvt.android.utils import (
     SECURITY_PACKAGES,
     SYSTEM_UPDATE_PACKAGES,
 )
-from mvt.common.virustotal import VTNoKey, VTQuotaExceeded, virustotal_lookup
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
 
@@ -34,7 +33,7 @@ class Packages(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -46,7 +45,7 @@ class Packages(AndroidExtraction):
         )
         self._user_needed = False
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
 
         timestamps = [
@@ -95,76 +94,71 @@ class Packages(AndroidExtraction):
             if not self.indicators:
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name"))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
-                continue
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("package_name"))
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
             for package_file in result.get("files", []):
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_file_hash(package_file["sha256"])
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
-
-    def check_virustotal(self, packages: list) -> None:
-        hashes = []
-        for package in packages:
-            for file in package.get("files", []):
-                if file["sha256"] not in hashes:
-                    hashes.append(file["sha256"])
-
-        total_hashes = len(hashes)
-        detections = {}
-
-        progress_desc = f"Looking up {total_hashes} files..."
-        for i in track(range(total_hashes), description=progress_desc):
-            try:
-                results = virustotal_lookup(hashes[i])
-            except VTNoKey:
-                return
-            except VTQuotaExceeded as exc:
-                print("Unable to continue: %s", exc)
-                break
-
-            if not results:
-                continue
-
-            positives = results["attributes"]["last_analysis_stats"]["malicious"]
-            total = len(results["attributes"]["last_analysis_results"])
-
-            detections[hashes[i]] = f"{positives}/{total}"
-
-        table = Table(title="VirusTotal Packages Detections")
-        table.add_column("Package name")
-        table.add_column("File path")
-        table.add_column("Detections")
-
-        for package in packages:
-            for file in package.get("files", []):
-                if "package_name" in package:
-                    row = [package["package_name"], file["path"]]
-                elif "name" in package:
-                    row = [package["name"], file["path"]]
-                else:
-                    self.log.error(
-                        f"Package {package} has no name or package_name. packages.json or apks.json is malformed"
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_hash(package_file["sha256"])
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
                     )
-                    continue
-                if file["sha256"] in detections:
-                    detection = detections[file["sha256"]]
-                    positives = detection.split("/")[0]
-                    if int(positives) > 0:
-                        row.append(Text(detection, "red bold"))
-                    else:
-                        row.append(detection)
-                else:
-                    row.append("not found")
 
-                table.add_row(*row)
+    # @staticmethod
+    # def check_virustotal(packages: list) -> None:
+    #     hashes = []
+    #     for package in packages:
+    #         for file in package.get("files", []):
+    #             if file["sha256"] not in hashes:
+    #                 hashes.append(file["sha256"])
 
-        console = Console()
-        console.print(table)
+    #     total_hashes = len(hashes)
+    #     detections = {}
+
+    #     progress_desc = f"Looking up {total_hashes} files..."
+    #     for i in track(range(total_hashes), description=progress_desc):
+    #         try:
+    #             results = virustotal_lookup(hashes[i])
+    #         except VTNoKey:
+    #             return
+    #         except VTQuotaExceeded as exc:
+    #             print("Unable to continue: %s", exc)
+    #             break
+
+    #         if not results:
+    #             continue
+
+    #         positives = results["attributes"]["last_analysis_stats"]["malicious"]
+    #         total = len(results["attributes"]["last_analysis_results"])
+
+    #         detections[hashes[i]] = f"{positives}/{total}"
+
+    #     table = Table(title="VirusTotal Packages Detections")
+    #     table.add_column("Package name")
+    #     table.add_column("File path")
+    #     table.add_column("Detections")
+
+    #     for package in packages:
+    #         for file in package.get("files", []):
+    #             row = [package["package_name"], file["path"]]
+
+    #             if file["sha256"] in detections:
+    #                 detection = detections[file["sha256"]]
+    #                 positives = detection.split("/")[0]
+    #                 if int(positives) > 0:
+    #                     row.append(Text(detection, "red bold"))
+    #                 else:
+    #                     row.append(detection)
+    #             else:
+    #                 row.append("not found")
+
+    #             table.add_row(*row)
+
+    #     console = Console()
+    #     console.print(table)
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse_package_for_details(output: str) -> dict:

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/processes.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.processes import Processes as ProcessesArtifact
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class Processes(ProcessesArtifact, AndroidExtraction):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class Processes(ProcessesArtifact, AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/root_binaries.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class RootBinaries(AndroidExtraction):
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class RootBinaries(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/selinux_status.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class SELinuxStatus(AndroidExtraction):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class SELinuxStatus(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/settings.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.settings import Settings as SettingsArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class Settings(SettingsArtifact, AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/sms.py

@@ -6,11 +6,16 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.parsers.backup import AndroidBackupParsingError, parse_tar_for_sms
 from mvt.common.module import InsufficientPrivileges
 from mvt.common.utils import check_for_links, convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
 
@@ -51,7 +56,7 @@ class SMS(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -64,7 +69,7 @@ class SMS(AndroidExtraction):
 
         self.sms_db_type = 0
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         body = record["body"].replace("\n", "\\n")
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
@@ -85,9 +90,12 @@ class SMS(AndroidExtraction):
             if message_links == []:
                 message_links = check_for_links(message["body"])
 
-            if self.indicators.check_urls(message_links):
-                self.detected.append(message)
-                continue
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_urls(message_links)
+            if ioc_match:
+                message["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(
+                    self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", message
+                )
 
     def _parse_db(self, db_path: str) -> None:
         """Parse an Android bugle_db SMS database file.

src/mvt/android/modules/adb/whatsapp.py

@@ -7,11 +7,16 @@ import base64
 import logging
 import os
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import check_for_links, convert_unix_to_iso
 
 from .base import AndroidExtraction
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 WHATSAPP_PATH = "data/data/com.whatsapp/databases/msgstore.db"
 
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ class Whatsapp(AndroidExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ class Whatsapp(AndroidExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         text = record["data"].replace("\n", "\\n")
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_files.py

@@ -10,10 +10,15 @@ import logging
 try:
     import zoneinfo
 except ImportError:
-    from backports import zoneinfo
-from typing import Optional, Union
+    from backports import zoneinfo  # type: ignore
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.modules.androidqf.base import AndroidQFModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
 
 SUSPICIOUS_PATHS = [
@@ -36,7 +41,7 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -47,7 +52,7 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
 
         for ts in set(
@@ -82,10 +87,11 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["path"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["path"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
                 continue
 
             # NOTE: Update with final path used for Android collector.
@@ -98,20 +104,17 @@ class AQFFiles(AndroidQFModule):
                     if self.file_is_executable(result["mode"]):
                         file_type = "executable "
 
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        'Found %sfile at suspicious path "%s".',
-                        file_type,
-                        result["path"],
-                    )
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                    msg = f'Found {file_type}file at suspicious path "{result["path"]}"'
+                    self.alertstore.high(self.get_slug(), msg, "", result)
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
             if result.get("sha256", "") == "":
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_file_hash(result["sha256"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_hash(result["sha256"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
             # TODO: adds SHA1 and MD5 when available in MVT
 

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_getprop.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.getprop import GetProp as GetPropArtifact
 
 from .base import AndroidQFModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class AQFGetProp(GetPropArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFGetProp(GetPropArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_log_timestamps.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from .base import AndroidQFModule
 from mvt.android.artifacts.file_timestamps import FileTimestampsArtifact
 
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class AQFLogTimestamps(FileTimestampsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_packages.py

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ from mvt.android.utils import (
 )
 
 from .base import AndroidQFModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class AQFPackages(AndroidQFModule):
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class AQFPackages(AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -43,79 +44,98 @@ class AQFPackages(AndroidQFModule):
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
         for result in self.results:
             if result["name"] in ROOT_PACKAGES:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found an installed package related to rooting/jailbreaking: "%s"',
-                    result["name"],
+                self.alertstore.medium(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Found an installed package related to rooting/jailbreaking: "{result["name"]}"',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
                 continue
 
-            # Detections for apps installed via unusual methods
+            # Detections for apps installed via unusual methods.
             if result["installer"] in THIRD_PARTY_STORE_INSTALLERS:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a package installed via a third party store (installer="%s"): "%s"',
-                    result["installer"],
-                    result["name"],
+                self.alertstore.info(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Found a package installed via a third party store (installer="{result["installer"]}"): "{result["name"]}"',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
             elif result["installer"] in BROWSER_INSTALLERS:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a package installed via a browser (installer="%s"): "%s"',
-                    result["installer"],
-                    result["name"],
+                self.alertstore.medium(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Found a package installed via a browser (installer="{result["installer"]}"): "{result["name"]}"',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
             elif result["installer"] == "null" and result["system"] is False:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a non-system package installed via adb or another method: "%s"',
-                    result["name"],
+                self.alertstore.high(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Found a non-system package installed via adb or another method: "{result["name"]}"',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
             elif result["installer"] in PLAY_STORE_INSTALLERS:
                 pass
 
-            # Check for disabled security or software update packages
+            # Check for disabled security or software update packages.
             package_disabled = result.get("disabled", None)
             if result["name"] in SECURITY_PACKAGES and package_disabled:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Security package "%s" disabled on the phone', result["name"]
+                self.alertstore.high(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'Security package "{result["name"]}" disabled on the phone',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
             if result["name"] in SYSTEM_UPDATE_PACKAGES and package_disabled:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'System OTA update package "%s" disabled on the phone',
-                    result["name"],
+                self.alertstore.high(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f'System OTA update package "{result["name"]}" disabled on the phone',
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
             if not self.indicators:
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("name"))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(result.get("name"))
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
             for package_file in result.get("files", []):
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_file_hash(package_file["sha256"])
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_hash(package_file["sha256"])
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
                 if "certificate" not in package_file:
                     continue
 
-                # The keys generated by AndroidQF have a leading uppercase character
+                # The keys generated by AndroidQF have a leading uppercase character.
                 for hash_type in ["Md5", "Sha1", "Sha256"]:
                     certificate_hash = package_file["certificate"][hash_type]
-                    ioc = self.indicators.check_app_certificate_hash(certificate_hash)
-                    if ioc:
-                        result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                        self.detected.append(result)
+                    ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_certificate_hash(
+                        certificate_hash
+                    )
+                    if ioc_match:
+                        result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                        self.alertstore.critical(
+                            self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                        )
+                        self.alertstore.log_latest()
                         break
 
-        # Deduplicate the detected packages
-        dedupe_detected_dict = {str(item): item for item in self.detected}
-        self.detected = list(dedupe_detected_dict.values())
-
     def run(self) -> None:
         packages = self._get_files_by_pattern("*/packages.json")
         if not packages:

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_processes.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.processes import Processes as ProcessesArtifact
 
 from .base import AndroidQFModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class AQFProcesses(ProcessesArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFProcesses(ProcessesArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/aqf_settings.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.settings import Settings as SettingsArtifact
 
 from .base import AndroidQFModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class AQFSettings(SettingsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class AQFSettings(SettingsArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/base.py

@@ -7,9 +7,10 @@ import fnmatch
 import logging
 import os
 import zipfile
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import List, Optional
 
 from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class AndroidQFModule(MVTModule):
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class AndroidQFModule(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Union[List[Dict[str, Any]], Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/sms.py

@@ -53,8 +53,12 @@ class SMS(AndroidQFModule):
             if "body" not in message:
                 continue
 
-            if self.indicators.check_domains(message.get("links", [])):
-                self.detected.append(message)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_domains(message.get("links", []))
+            if ioc_match:
+                message["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(
+                    self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", message
+                )
 
     def parse_backup(self, data):
         header = parse_ab_header(data)

src/mvt/android/modules/backup/base.py

@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ import os
 from tarfile import TarFile
 from typing import List, Optional
 
-from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule, ModuleResults
 
 
-class BackupExtraction(MVTModule):
+class BackupModule(MVTModule):
     """This class provides a base for all backup extractios modules"""
 
     def __init__(
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class BackupExtraction(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/backup/sms.py

@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@
 import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
-from mvt.android.modules.backup.base import BackupExtraction
+from mvt.android.modules.backup.base import BackupModule
 from mvt.android.parsers.backup import parse_sms_file
 from mvt.common.utils import check_for_links
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
-class SMS(BackupExtraction):
+class SMS(BackupModule):
     def __init__(
         self,
         file_path: Optional[str] = None,
@@ -19,7 +20,7 @@ class SMS(BackupExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -43,8 +44,12 @@ class SMS(BackupExtraction):
             if message_links == []:
                 message_links = check_for_links(message.get("text", ""))
 
-            if self.indicators.check_urls(message_links):
-                self.detected.append(message)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_urls(message_links)
+            if ioc_match:
+                message["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(
+                    self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", message
+                )
                 continue
 
     def run(self) -> None:

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/base.py

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ import os
 from typing import List, Optional
 from zipfile import ZipFile
 
-from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule, ModuleResults
 
 
 class BugReportModule(MVTModule):
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class BugReportModule(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_accessibility.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_accessibility import DumpsysAccessibilityArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysAccessibility(DumpsysAccessibilityArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_activities.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_package_activities import (
     DumpsysPackageActivitiesArtifact,
 )
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpsysActivities(DumpsysPackageActivitiesArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_adb_state.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_adb import DumpsysADBArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysADBState(DumpsysADBArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_appops.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_appops import DumpsysAppopsArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysAppops(DumpsysAppopsArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_daily.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_battery_daily import DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysBatteryDaily(DumpsysBatteryDailyArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_battery_history.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_battery_history import DumpsysBatteryHistoryArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysBatteryHistory(DumpsysBatteryHistoryArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_dbinfo.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_dbinfo import DumpsysDBInfoArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class DumpsysDBInfo(DumpsysDBInfoArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_getprop.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.getprop import GetProp as GetPropArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysGetProp(GetPropArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_packages.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_packages import DumpsysPackagesArtifact
 from mvt.android.utils import DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS, DANGEROUS_PERMISSIONS_THRESHOLD
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class DumpsysPackages(DumpsysPackagesArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_platform_compat.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_platform_compat import DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact
 
 from mvt.android.modules.bugreport.base import BugReportModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 
 class DumpsysPlatformCompat(DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact, BugReportModule):
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysPlatformCompat(DumpsysPlatformCompatArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/dumpsys_receivers.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.dumpsys_receivers import DumpsysReceiversArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
@@ -21,7 +22,7 @@ class DumpsysReceivers(DumpsysReceiversArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/fs_timestamps.py

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@ from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
 from .base import BugReportModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from mvt.android.artifacts.file_timestamps import FileTimestampsArtifact
 
 
@@ -23,7 +24,7 @@ class BugReportTimestamps(FileTimestampsArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/modules/bugreport/tombstones.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.android.artifacts.tombstone_crashes import TombstoneCrashArtifact
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from .base import BugReportModule
 
 
@@ -22,7 +23,7 @@ class Tombstones(TombstoneCrashArtifact, BugReportModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/android/utils.py

@@ -6,16 +6,16 @@ from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 from typing import List
 
 
-def warn_android_patch_level(patch_level: str, log) -> bool:
+def warn_android_patch_level(patch_level: str, log) -> str:
     """Alert if Android patch level out-of-date"""
     patch_date = datetime.strptime(patch_level, "%Y-%m-%d")
     if (datetime.now() - patch_date) > timedelta(days=6 * 31):
-        log.warning(
-            "This phone has not received security updates "
-            "for more than six months (last update: %s)",
+        warning_message = (
+            f"This phone has not received security updates "
+            f"for more than six months (last update: {patch_level}).",
             patch_level,
         )
-        return True
+        return warning_message
 
     return False
 

src/mvt/common/alerts.py

@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2025 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import csv
+import logging
+from enum import Enum
+from dataclasses import dataclass, asdict
+from typing import List, Dict, Any, Optional
+
+from .log import INFO_ALERT, LOW_ALERT, HIGH_ALERT, CRITICAL_ALERT, MEDIUM_ALERT
+from .module_types import ModuleAtomicResult
+
+
+class AlertLevel(Enum):
+    INFORMATIONAL = 0
+    LOW = 10
+    MEDIUM = 20
+    HIGH = 30
+    CRITICAL = 40
+
+
+@dataclass
+class Alert:
+    level: AlertLevel
+    module: str
+    message: str
+    event_time: str
+    event: ModuleAtomicResult
+
+
+class AlertStore:
+    def __init__(self, log: Optional[logging.Logger] = None) -> None:
+        self.__alerts: List[Alert] = []
+        self.__log = log
+
+    @property
+    def alerts(self) -> List[Alert]:
+        return self.__alerts
+
+    def add(self, alert: Alert) -> None:
+        self.__alerts.append(alert)
+
+    def extend(self, alerts: List[Alert]) -> None:
+        self.__alerts.extend(alerts)
+
+    def info(
+        self, module: str, message: str, event_time: str, event: ModuleAtomicResult
+    ):
+        self.add(
+            Alert(
+                level=AlertLevel.INFORMATIONAL,
+                module=module,
+                message=message,
+                event_time=event_time,
+                event=event,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def low(
+        self, module: str, message: str, event_time: str, event: ModuleAtomicResult
+    ):
+        self.add(
+            Alert(
+                level=AlertLevel.LOW,
+                module=module,
+                message=message,
+                event_time=event_time,
+                event=event,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def medium(
+        self, module: str, message: str, event_time: str, event: ModuleAtomicResult
+    ):
+        self.add(
+            Alert(
+                level=AlertLevel.MEDIUM,
+                module=module,
+                message=message,
+                event_time=event_time,
+                event=event,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def high(
+        self, module: str, message: str, event_time: str, event: ModuleAtomicResult
+    ):
+        self.add(
+            Alert(
+                level=AlertLevel.HIGH,
+                module=module,
+                message=message,
+                event_time=event_time,
+                event=event,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def critical(
+        self, module: str, message: str, event_time: str, event: ModuleAtomicResult
+    ):
+        self.add(
+            Alert(
+                level=AlertLevel.CRITICAL,
+                module=module,
+                message=message,
+                event_time=event_time,
+                event=event,
+            )
+        )
+
+    def log(self, alert: Alert) -> None:
+        if not self.__log:
+            return
+
+        if not alert.message:
+            return
+
+        if alert.level == AlertLevel.INFORMATIONAL:
+            self.__log.log(INFO_ALERT, alert.message)
+        elif alert.level == AlertLevel.LOW:
+            self.__log.log(LOW_ALERT, alert.message)
+        elif alert.level == AlertLevel.MEDIUM:
+            self.__log.log(MEDIUM_ALERT, alert.message)
+        elif alert.level == AlertLevel.HIGH:
+            self.__log.log(HIGH_ALERT, alert.message)
+        elif alert.level == AlertLevel.CRITICAL:
+            self.__log.log(CRITICAL_ALERT, alert.message)
+
+    def log_latest(self) -> None:
+        self.log(self.__alerts[-1])
+
+    def count(self, level: AlertLevel) -> int:
+        count = 0
+        for alert in self.__alerts:
+            if alert.level == level:
+                count += 1
+
+        return count
+
+    def as_json(self) -> List[Dict[str, Any]]:
+        alerts = []
+        for alert in self.__alerts:
+            alert_dict = asdict(alert)
+            # This is required because an Enum is not JSON serializable.
+            alert_dict["level"] = alert.level.name
+            alerts.append(alert_dict)
+
+        return alerts
+
+    def save_timeline(self, timeline_path: str) -> None:
+        with open(timeline_path, "a+", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+            csvoutput = csv.writer(
+                handle,
+                delimiter=",",
+                quotechar='"',
+                quoting=csv.QUOTE_ALL,
+                escapechar="\\",
+            )
+            csvoutput.writerow(["Event Time", "Module", "Message", "Event"])
+
+            timed_alerts = []
+            for alert in self.alerts:
+                if not alert.event_time:
+                    continue
+
+                timed_alerts.append(asdict(alert))
+
+            for event in sorted(
+                timed_alerts,
+                key=lambda x: x["event_time"] if x["event_time"] is not None else "",
+            ):
+                csvoutput.writerow(
+                    [
+                        event.get("event_time"),
+                        event.get("module"),
+                        event.get("message"),
+                        event.get("event"),
+                    ]
+                )

src/mvt/common/artifact.py

@@ -2,27 +2,11 @@
 # Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
 # Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+from .module import MVTModule
 
 
-class Artifact:
+class Artifact(MVTModule):
+    """Base class for artifacts.
+
+    XXX: Inheriting from MVTModule to have the same signature as other modules. Not sure if this is a good idea.
     """
-    Main artifact class
-    """
-
-    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self.results = []
-        self.detected = []
-        self.indicators = None
-        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
-
-    def parse(self, entry: str):
-        """
-        Parse the artifact, adds the parsed information to self.results
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def check_indicators(self) -> None:
-        """Check the results of this module against a provided list of
-        indicators coming from self.indicators
-        """
-        raise NotImplementedError

src/mvt/common/cmd_check_iocs.py

@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class CmdCheckIOCS(Command):
                 except NotImplementedError:
                     continue
                 else:
-                    total_detections += len(m.detected)
+                    total_detections += len(m.alertstore.alerts)
 
         if total_detections > 0:
             log.warning(

src/mvt/common/command.py

@@ -10,15 +10,20 @@ import sys
 from datetime import datetime
 from typing import Optional
 
-from mvt.common.indicators import Indicators
-from mvt.common.module import MVTModule, run_module, save_timeline
-from mvt.common.utils import (
+from rich.console import Console
+from rich.panel import Panel
+from rich.text import Text
+
+from .alerts import AlertLevel, AlertStore
+from .config import settings
+from .indicators import Indicators
+from .module import MVTModule, run_module, save_timeline
+from .utils import (
     convert_datetime_to_iso,
     generate_hashes_from_path,
     get_sha256_from_file_path,
 )
-from mvt.common.config import settings
-from mvt.common.version import MVT_VERSION
+from .version import MVT_VERSION
 
 
 class Command:
@@ -58,11 +63,9 @@ class Command:
         # This list will contain all executed modules.
         # We can use this to reference e.g. self.executed[0].results.
         self.executed = []
-        self.detected_count = 0
         self.hashes = hashes
         self.hash_values = []
         self.timeline = []
-        self.timeline_detected = []
 
         # Load IOCs
         self._create_storage()
@@ -74,12 +77,14 @@ class Command:
             self.iocs = Indicators(self.log)
             self.iocs.load_indicators_files(self.ioc_files)
 
+        self.alertstore = AlertStore()
+
     def _create_storage(self) -> None:
         if self.results_path and not os.path.exists(self.results_path):
             try:
                 os.makedirs(self.results_path)
             except Exception as exc:
-                self.log.critical(
+                self.log.fatal(
                     "Unable to create output folder %s: %s", self.results_path, exc
                 )
                 sys.exit(1)
@@ -98,14 +103,14 @@ class Command:
         file_handler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
         file_handler.setFormatter(formatter)
 
-        # MVT can be run in a loop
-        # Old file handlers stick around in subsequent loops
-        # Remove any existing logging.FileHandler instances
+        # MVT can be run in a loop.
+        # Old file handlers stick around in subsequent loops.
+        # Remove any existing logging.FileHandler instances.
         for handler in logger.handlers:
             if isinstance(handler, logging.FileHandler):
                 logger.removeHandler(handler)
 
-        # And finally add the new one
+        # And finally add the new one.
         logger.addHandler(file_handler)
 
     def _store_timeline(self) -> None:
@@ -126,12 +131,24 @@ class Command:
                 is_utc=is_utc,
             )
 
-        if len(self.timeline_detected) > 0:
-            save_timeline(
-                self.timeline_detected,
-                os.path.join(self.results_path, "timeline_detected.csv"),
-                is_utc=is_utc,
-            )
+    def _store_alerts(self) -> None:
+        if not self.results_path:
+            return
+
+        alerts = self.alertstore.as_json()
+        if not alerts:
+            return
+
+        alerts_path = os.path.join(self.results_path, "alerts.json")
+        with open(alerts_path, "w+", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
+            json.dump(alerts, handle, indent=4)
+
+    def _store_alerts_timeline(self) -> None:
+        if not self.results_path:
+            return
+
+        alerts_timeline_path = os.path.join(self.results_path, "alerts_timeline.csv")
+        self.alertstore.save_timeline(alerts_timeline_path)
 
     def _store_info(self) -> None:
         if not self.results_path:
@@ -191,26 +208,54 @@ class Command:
     def finish(self) -> None:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def _show_disable_adb_warning(self) -> None:
-        """Warn if ADB is enabled"""
-        if type(self).__name__ in ["CmdAndroidCheckADB", "CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF"]:
-            self.log.info(
-                "Please disable Developer Options and ADB (Android Debug Bridge) on the device once finished with the acquisition. "
-                "ADB is a powerful tool which can allow unauthorized access to the device."
-            )
+    def show_alerts_brief(self) -> None:
+        console = Console()
+
+        message = Text()
+        for i, level in enumerate(AlertLevel):
+            message.append(
+                f"MVT produced {self.alertstore.count(level)} {level.name} alerts."
+            )
+            if i < len(AlertLevel) - 1:
+                message.append("\n")
+
+        panel = Panel(
+            message, title="ALERTS", style="sandy_brown", border_style="sandy_brown"
+        )
+        console.print("")
+        console.print(panel)
+
+    def show_disable_adb_warning(self) -> None:
+        console = Console()
+        message = Text(
+            "Please disable Developer Options and ADB (Android Debug Bridge) on the device once finished with the acquisition. "
+            "ADB is a powerful tool which can allow unauthorized access to the device."
+        )
+        panel = Panel(message, title="NOTE", style="yellow", border_style="yellow")
+        console.print("")
+        console.print(panel)
+
+    def show_support_message(self) -> None:
+        console = Console()
+        message = Text()
 
-    def _show_support_message(self) -> None:
         support_message = "Please seek reputable expert help if you have serious concerns about a possible spyware attack. Such support is available to human rights defenders and civil society through Amnesty International's Security Lab at https://securitylab.amnesty.org/get-help/?c=mvt"
-        if self.detected_count == 0:
-            self.log.info(
-                f"[bold]NOTE:[/bold] Using MVT with public indicators of compromise (IOCs) [bold]WILL NOT[/bold] automatically detect advanced attacks.\n\n{support_message}",
-                extra={"markup": True},
+        if (
+            self.alertstore.count(AlertLevel.HIGH) > 0
+            or self.alertstore.count(AlertLevel.CRITICAL) > 0
+        ):
+            message.append(
+                f"MVT produced HIGH or CRITICAL alerts. Only expert review can confirm if the detected indicators are signs of an attack.\n\n{support_message}",
             )
+            panel = Panel(message, title="WARNING", style="red", border_style="red")
         else:
-            self.log.warning(
-                f"[bold]NOTE: Detected indicators of compromise[/bold]. Only expert review can confirm if the detected indicators are signs of an attack.\n\n{support_message}",
-                extra={"markup": True},
+            message.append(
+                f"The lack of severe alerts does not equate to a clean bill of health.\n\n{support_message}",
             )
+            panel = Panel(message, title="NOTE", style="yellow", border_style="yellow")
+
+        console.print("")
+        console.print(panel)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         try:
@@ -222,6 +267,11 @@ class Command:
             if self.module_name and module.__name__ != self.module_name:
                 continue
 
+            if not module.enabled and not (
+                self.module_name and module.__name__ == self.module_name
+            ):
+                continue
+
             # FIXME: do we need the logger here
             module_logger = logging.getLogger(module.__module__)
 
@@ -247,11 +297,8 @@ class Command:
             run_module(m)
 
             self.executed.append(m)
-
-            self.detected_count += len(m.detected)
-
             self.timeline.extend(m.timeline)
-            self.timeline_detected.extend(m.timeline_detected)
+            self.alertstore.extend(m.alertstore.alerts)
 
         try:
             self.finish()
@@ -263,7 +310,6 @@ class Command:
             return
 
         self._store_timeline()
+        self._store_alerts_timeline()
+        self._store_alerts()
         self._store_info()
-
-        self._show_disable_adb_warning()
-        self._show_support_message()

src/mvt/common/help.py

@@ -35,19 +35,15 @@ HELP_MSG_CHECK_IOS_BACKUP = "Extract artifacts from an iTunes backup"
 HELP_MSG_CHECK_FS = "Extract artifacts from a full filesystem dump"
 
 # Android Specific
-HELP_MSG_SERIAL = "Specify a device serial number or HOST:PORT connection string"
-HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_APKS = "Download all or only non-system installed APKs"
 HELP_MSG_ANDROID_BACKUP_PASSWORD = "The backup password to use for an Android backup"
-HELP_MSG_DOWNLOAD_ALL_APKS = (
-    "Extract all packages installed on the phone, including system packages"
+HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED = "REMOVED: Check an Android device over ADB"
+HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB_REMOVED_DESCRIPTION = (
+    "The 'mvt-android check-adb' command has been removed from MVT. "
+    "Use AndroidQF to collect full forensic artifacts from an Android device. \n\n"
+    "The 'mvt-android check-androidqf' command in MVT can be used to fully analyze "
+    "forensic data collected with AndroidQF. Minimal checks can also be performed "
+    "on an Android bugreport using the 'mvt-android check-bugreport' command."
 )
-HELP_MSG_VIRUS_TOTAL = "Check packages on VirusTotal"
-HELP_MSG_APK_OUTPUT = "Specify a path to a folder where you want to store the APKs"
-HELP_MSG_APKS_FROM_FILE = (
-    "Instead of acquiring APKs from a phone, load an existing packages.json file for "
-    "lookups (mainly for debug purposes)"
-)
-HELP_MSG_CHECK_ADB = "Check an Android device over ADB"
 HELP_MSG_CHECK_BUGREPORT = "Check an Android Bug Report"
 HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROID_BACKUP = "Check an Android Backup"
 HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROIDQF = "Check data collected with AndroidQF"

src/mvt/common/indicators.py

@@ -8,7 +8,8 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 from functools import lru_cache
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterator, List, Optional
+from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 import ahocorasick
 from appdirs import user_data_dir
@@ -22,6 +23,20 @@ MVT_INDICATORS_FOLDER = os.path.join(MVT_DATA_FOLDER, "indicators")
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+@dataclass
+class Indicator:
+    value: str
+    type: str
+    name: str
+    stix2_file_name: str
+
+
+@dataclass
+class IndicatorMatch:
+    ioc: Indicator
+    message: str
+
+
 class Indicators:
     """This class is used to parse indicators from a STIX2 file and provide
     functions to compare extracted artifacts to the indicators.
@@ -58,7 +73,7 @@ class Indicators:
                     self.parse_stix2(file)
             else:
                 self.log.error(
-                    "Path specified with env MVT_STIX2 is not a valid path: %s", path
+                    "Path specified with env MVT_STIX2 is not a valid path: '%s'", path
                 )
 
     def _new_collection(
@@ -197,13 +212,13 @@ class Indicators:
         :type file_path: str
 
         """
-        self.log.info("Parsing STIX2 indicators file at path %s", file_path)
+        self.log.info("Parsing STIX2 indicators file at path '%s'", file_path)
 
         with open(file_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
             try:
                 data = json.load(handle)
             except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError:
-                self.log.critical(
+                self.log.warning(
                     "Unable to parse STIX2 indicator file. "
                     "The file is corrupted or in the wrong format!"
                 )
@@ -314,7 +329,7 @@ class Indicators:
             if os.path.isfile(file_path):
                 self.parse_stix2(file_path)
             else:
-                self.log.warning("No indicators file exists at path %s", file_path)
+                self.log.error("No indicators file exists at path %s", file_path)
 
         # Load downloaded indicators and any indicators from env variable.
         if load_default:
@@ -323,15 +338,15 @@ class Indicators:
         self._check_stix2_env_variable()
         self.log.info("Loaded a total of %d unique indicators", self.total_ioc_count)
 
-    def get_iocs(self, ioc_type: str) -> Iterator[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    def get_iocs(self, ioc_type: str) -> Iterator[Indicator]:
         for ioc_collection in self.ioc_collections:
             for ioc in ioc_collection.get(ioc_type, []):
-                yield {
-                    "value": ioc,
-                    "type": ioc_type,
-                    "name": ioc_collection["name"],
-                    "stix2_file_name": ioc_collection["stix2_file_name"],
-                }
+                yield Indicator(
+                    value=ioc,
+                    type=ioc_type,
+                    name=ioc_collection["name"],
+                    stix2_file_name=ioc_collection["stix2_file_name"],
+                )
 
     @lru_cache()
     def get_ioc_matcher(
@@ -362,12 +377,12 @@ class Indicators:
             raise ValueError("Must provide either ioc_type or ioc_list")
 
         for ioc in iocs:
-            automaton.add_word(ioc["value"], ioc)
+            automaton.add_word(ioc.value, ioc)
         automaton.make_automaton()
         return automaton
 
     @lru_cache()
-    def check_url(self, url: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_url(self, url: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check if a given URL matches any of the provided domain indicators.
 
         :param url: URL to match against domain indicators
@@ -375,21 +390,16 @@ class Indicators:
         :returns: Indicator details if matched, otherwise None
 
         """
-        if not url:
-            return None
-        if not isinstance(url, str):
+        if not url or not isinstance(url, str):
             return None
 
         # Check the URL first
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("urls"):
-            if ioc["value"] == url:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious URL %s matching indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                    url,
-                    ioc["value"],
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if ioc.value == url:
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious URL {url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         # Then check the domain
         # Create an Aho-Corasick automaton from the list of urls
@@ -426,71 +436,41 @@ class Indicators:
         except Exception:
             # If URL parsing failed, we just try to do a simple substring
             # match.
-            for idx, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(url):
-                if ioc["value"].lower() in url:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Maybe found a known suspicious domain %s "
-                        'matching indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                        url,
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        ioc["name"],
+            for _, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(url):
+                if ioc.value.lower() in url:
+                    return IndicatorMatch(
+                        ioc=ioc,
+                        message=f'Maybe found a known suspicious domain {url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"',
                     )
-                    return ioc
 
             # If nothing matched, we can quit here.
             return None
 
         # If all parsing worked, we start walking through available domain
         # indicators.
-        for idx, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(final_url.domain.lower()):
+        for _, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(final_url.domain.lower()):
             # First we check the full domain.
-            if final_url.domain.lower() == ioc["value"]:
+            if final_url.domain.lower() == ioc.value:
                 if orig_url.is_shortened and orig_url.url != final_url.url:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a known suspicious domain %s "
-                        'shortened as %s matching indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                        final_url.url,
-                        orig_url.url,
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        ioc["name"],
-                    )
+                    message = f'Found a known suspicious domain {final_url.url} shortened as {orig_url.url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"'
                 else:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a known suspicious domain %s "
-                        'matching indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                        final_url.url,
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        ioc["name"],
-                    )
-                return ioc
+                    message = f'Found a known suspicious domain {final_url.url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"'
+
+                return IndicatorMatch(ioc=ioc, message=message)
 
         # Then we just check the top level domain.
-        for idx, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(final_url.top_level.lower()):
-            if final_url.top_level.lower() == ioc["value"]:
+        for _, ioc in domain_matcher.iter(final_url.top_level.lower()):
+            if final_url.top_level.lower() == ioc.value:
                 if orig_url.is_shortened and orig_url.url != final_url.url:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a sub-domain with suspicious top "
-                        "level %s shortened as %s matching "
-                        'indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                        final_url.url,
-                        orig_url.url,
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        ioc["name"],
-                    )
+                    message = f'Found a sub-domain with suspicious top level {final_url.url} shortened as {orig_url.url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"'
                 else:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a sub-domain with a suspicious top "
-                        'level %s matching indicator "%s" from "%s"',
-                        final_url.url,
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        ioc["name"],
-                    )
+                    message = f'Found a sub-domain with a suspicious top level {final_url.url} matching indicator "{ioc.value}" from "{ioc.name}"'
 
-                return ioc
+                return IndicatorMatch(ioc=ioc, message=message)
 
         return None
 
-    def check_urls(self, urls: list) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_urls(self, urls: list) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check a list of URLs against the provided list of domain indicators.
 
         :param urls: List of URLs to check against domain indicators
@@ -508,7 +488,7 @@ class Indicators:
 
         return None
 
-    def check_process(self, process: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_process(self, process: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided process name against the list of process
         indicators.
 
@@ -522,28 +502,22 @@ class Indicators:
 
         proc_name = os.path.basename(process)
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("processes"):
-            if proc_name == ioc["value"]:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious process name "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    process,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if proc_name == ioc.value:
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious process name "{process}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
             if len(proc_name) == 16:
-                if ioc["value"].startswith(proc_name):
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a truncated known suspicious "
-                        'process name "%s" matching indicators from "%s"',
-                        process,
-                        ioc["name"],
+                if ioc.value.startswith(proc_name):
+                    return IndicatorMatch(
+                        ioc=ioc,
+                        message=f'Found a truncated known suspicious process name "{process}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                     )
-                    return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_processes(self, processes: list) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_processes(self, processes: list) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided list of processes against the list of
         process indicators.
 
@@ -562,7 +536,7 @@ class Indicators:
 
         return None
 
-    def check_email(self, email: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_email(self, email: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided email against the list of email indicators.
 
         :param email: Email address to check against email indicators
@@ -574,18 +548,15 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("emails"):
-            if email.lower() == ioc["value"].lower():
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious email address "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    email,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if email.lower() == ioc.value.lower():
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious email address "{email}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_file_name(self, file_name: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_file_name(self, file_name: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided file name against the list of file indicators.
 
         :param file_name: File name to check against file
@@ -598,18 +569,15 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("file_names"):
-            if ioc["value"] == file_name:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious file name "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    file_name,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if ioc.value == file_name:
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious file name "{file_name}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_file_path(self, file_path: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_file_path(self, file_path: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided file path against the list of file indicators
         (both path and name).
 
@@ -622,25 +590,22 @@ class Indicators:
         if not file_path:
             return None
 
-        ioc = self.check_file_name(os.path.basename(file_path))
-        if ioc:
-            return ioc
+        ioc_match = self.check_file_name(os.path.basename(file_path))
+        if ioc_match:
+            return ioc_match
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("file_paths"):
             # Strip any trailing slash from indicator paths to match
             # directories.
-            if file_path.startswith(ioc["value"].rstrip("/")):
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious file path "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators form "%s"',
-                    file_path,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if file_path.startswith(ioc.value.rstrip("/")):
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious file path "{file_path}" matching indicators form "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_file_path_process(self, file_path: str) -> Optional[Dict[str, Any]]:
+    def check_file_path_process(self, file_path: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided file path contains a process name from the
         list of indicators
 
@@ -655,18 +620,15 @@ class Indicators:
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("processes"):
             parts = file_path.split("/")
-            if ioc["value"] in parts:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    "Found known suspicious process name mentioned in file at "
-                    'path "%s" matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    file_path,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if ioc.value in parts:
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found known suspicious process name mentioned in file at path "{file_path}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_profile(self, profile_uuid: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_profile(self, profile_uuid: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided configuration profile UUID against the list of
         indicators.
 
@@ -680,18 +642,15 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("ios_profile_ids"):
-            if profile_uuid in ioc["value"]:
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious profile ID "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    profile_uuid,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if profile_uuid in ioc.value:
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious profile ID "{profile_uuid}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_file_hash(self, file_hash: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_file_hash(self, file_hash: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided file hash against the list of indicators.
 
         :param file_hash: hash to check
@@ -710,18 +669,15 @@ class Indicators:
             hash_type = "sha256"
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("files_" + hash_type):
-            if file_hash.lower() == ioc["value"].lower():
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious file with hash "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    file_hash,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if file_hash.lower() == ioc.value.lower():
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious file with hash "{file_hash}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_app_certificate_hash(self, cert_hash: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_app_certificate_hash(self, cert_hash: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided cert hash against the list of indicators.
 
         :param cert_hash: hash to check
@@ -733,18 +689,15 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("app_cert_hashes"):
-            if cert_hash.lower() == ioc["value"].lower():
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious app certfificate with hash "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    cert_hash,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if cert_hash.lower() == ioc.value.lower():
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious app certfificate with hash "{cert_hash}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_app_id(self, app_id: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_app_id(self, app_id: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the provided app identifier (typically an Android package name)
         against the list of indicators.
 
@@ -757,18 +710,17 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("app_ids"):
-            if app_id.lower() == ioc["value"].lower():
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious app with ID "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    app_id,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if app_id.lower() == ioc.value.lower():
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious app with ID "{app_id}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_android_property_name(self, property_name: str) -> Optional[dict]:
+    def check_android_property_name(
+        self, property_name: str
+    ) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """Check the android property name against the list of indicators.
 
         :param property_name: Name of the Android property
@@ -780,24 +732,21 @@ class Indicators:
             return None
 
         for ioc in self.get_iocs("android_property_names"):
-            if property_name.lower() == ioc["value"].lower():
-                self.log.warning(
-                    'Found a known suspicious Android property "%s" '
-                    'matching indicators from "%s"',
-                    property_name,
-                    ioc["name"],
+            if property_name.lower() == ioc.value.lower():
+                return IndicatorMatch(
+                    ioc=ioc,
+                    message=f'Found a known suspicious Android property "{property_name}" matching indicators from "{ioc.name}"',
                 )
-                return ioc
 
         return None
 
-    def check_domain(self, url: str) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_domain(self, url: str) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """
         Renamed check_url now, kept for compatibility
         """
         return self.check_url(url)
 
-    def check_domains(self, urls: list) -> Union[dict, None]:
+    def check_domains(self, urls: list) -> Optional[IndicatorMatch]:
         """
         Renamed check_domains, kept for compatibility
         """

src/mvt/common/log.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2025 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import logging
+from rich.console import Console
+from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from typing import Optional
+
+INFO = logging.INFO
+DEBUG = logging.DEBUG
+ERROR = logging.ERROR
+FATAL = logging.CRITICAL
+WARNING = logging.WARNING
+
+INFO_ALERT = 25
+LOW_ALERT = 35
+MEDIUM_ALERT = 45
+HIGH_ALERT = 55
+CRITICAL_ALERT = 65
+
+logging.addLevelName(INFO_ALERT, "INFO")
+logging.addLevelName(LOW_ALERT, "LOW")
+logging.addLevelName(MEDIUM_ALERT, "MEDIUM")
+logging.addLevelName(HIGH_ALERT, "HIGH")
+logging.addLevelName(CRITICAL_ALERT, "CRITICAL")
+
+
+class MVTLogHandler(RichHandler):
+    def __init__(self, console: Optional[Console] = None, level: int = logging.DEBUG):
+        super().__init__(console=console, level=level)
+
+    def __add_prefix_space(self, level: str) -> str:
+        max_length = len("CRITICAL ALERT")
+        space = max_length - len(level)
+        return f"{level}{' ' * space}"
+
+    def emit(self, record: logging.LogRecord):
+        try:
+            msg = rf"[grey50]\[{record.name}][/] {self.format(record)}"
+
+            if record.levelno == ERROR:
+                msg = f"[bold red]{self.__add_prefix_space('ERROR')}[/bold red] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == FATAL:
+                msg = f"[bold red]{self.__add_prefix_space('FATAL')}[/bold red] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == WARNING:
+                msg = f"[yellow]{self.__add_prefix_space('WARNING')}[/yellow] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == INFO_ALERT:
+                msg = f"[blue]{self.__add_prefix_space('INFO ALERT')}[/blue] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == LOW_ALERT:
+                msg = f"[yellow]{self.__add_prefix_space('LOW ALERT')}[/yellow] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == MEDIUM_ALERT:
+                msg = f"[sandy_brown]{self.__add_prefix_space('MEDIUM ALERT')}[/sandy_brown] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == HIGH_ALERT:
+                msg = f"[red]{self.__add_prefix_space('HIGH ALERT')}[/red] {msg}"
+            elif record.levelno == CRITICAL_ALERT:
+                msg = f"[bold red]{self.__add_prefix_space('CRITICAL ALERT')}[/bold red] {msg}"
+            else:
+                msg = f"{self.__add_prefix_space('')} {msg}"
+
+            self.console.print(msg)
+
+        except Exception:
+            self.handleError(record)

src/mvt/common/module.py

@@ -8,8 +8,17 @@ import json
 import logging
 import os
 import re
-from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+from dataclasses import asdict, is_dataclass
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
 
+from .alerts import AlertStore
+from .indicators import Indicators
+from .module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleTimeline,
+)
 from .utils import CustomJSONEncoder, exec_or_profile
 
 
@@ -28,7 +37,7 @@ class InsufficientPrivileges(Exception):
 class MVTModule:
     """This class provides a base for all extraction modules."""
 
-    enabled = True
+    enabled: bool = True
     slug: Optional[str] = None
 
     def __init__(
@@ -38,7 +47,7 @@ class MVTModule:
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Union[List[Dict[str, Any]], Dict[str, Any], None] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         """Initialize module.
 
@@ -46,7 +55,7 @@ class MVTModule:
         :type file_path: str
         :param target_path: Path to the target folder (backup or filesystem
                             dump)
-        :type file_path: str
+        :type target_path: str
         :param results_path: Folder where results will be stored
         :type results_path: str
         :param fast_mode: Flag to enable or disable slow modules
@@ -55,32 +64,32 @@ class MVTModule:
         :param results: Provided list of results entries
         :type results: list
         """
-        self.file_path = file_path
-        self.target_path = target_path
-        self.results_path = results_path
-        self.module_options = module_options if module_options else {}
+        self.file_path: Optional[str] = file_path
+        self.target_path: Optional[str] = target_path
+        self.results_path: Optional[str] = results_path
+        self.module_options: Optional[Dict[str, Any]] = (
+            module_options if module_options else {}
+        )
+
         self.log = log
-        self.indicators = None
-        self.results = results if results else []
-        self.detected: List[Dict[str, Any]] = []
-        self.timeline: List[Dict[str, str]] = []
-        self.timeline_detected: List[Dict[str, str]] = []
+        self.indicators: Optional[Indicators] = None
+        self.alertstore: AlertStore = AlertStore(log=log)
+
+        self.results: ModuleResults = results if results else []
+        self.timeline: ModuleTimeline = []
+        self.timeline_detected: ModuleTimeline = []
 
     @classmethod
     def from_json(cls, json_path: str, log: logging.Logger):
         with open(json_path, "r", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
-            try:
-                results = json.load(handle)
-                if log:
-                    log.info('Loaded %d results from "%s"', len(results), json_path)
-                return cls(results=results, log=log)
-            except json.decoder.JSONDecodeError as err:
-                log.error('Error to decode the json "%s" file: "%s"', json_path, err)
-                return None
+            results = json.load(handle)
+            if log:
+                log.info('Loaded %d results from "%s"', len(results), json_path)
+
+            return cls(results=results, log=log)
 
     @classmethod
     def get_slug(cls) -> str:
-        """Use the module's class name to retrieve a slug"""
         if cls.slug:
             return cls.slug
 
@@ -88,26 +97,26 @@ class MVTModule:
         return re.sub("([a-z0-9])([A-Z])", r"\1_\2", sub).lower()
 
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
-        """Check the results of this module against a provided list of
-        indicators.
-
-
-        """
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     def save_to_json(self) -> None:
-        """Save the collected results to a json file."""
         if not self.results_path:
             return
 
         name = self.get_slug()
 
         if self.results:
+            converted_results = [
+                asdict(result) if is_dataclass(result) else result
+                for result in self.results
+            ]
             results_file_name = f"{name}.json"
             results_json_path = os.path.join(self.results_path, results_file_name)
             with open(results_json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
                 try:
-                    json.dump(self.results, handle, indent=4, cls=CustomJSONEncoder)
+                    json.dump(
+                        converted_results, handle, indent=4, cls=CustomJSONEncoder
+                    )
                 except Exception as exc:
                     self.log.error(
                         "Unable to store results of module %s to file %s: %s",
@@ -116,13 +125,15 @@ class MVTModule:
                         exc,
                     )
 
-        if self.detected:
+        if self.alertstore.alerts:
             detected_file_name = f"{name}_detected.json"
             detected_json_path = os.path.join(self.results_path, detected_file_name)
             with open(detected_json_path, "w", encoding="utf-8") as handle:
-                json.dump(self.detected, handle, indent=4, cls=CustomJSONEncoder)
+                json.dump(
+                    self.alertstore.alerts, handle, indent=4, cls=CustomJSONEncoder
+                )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list, None]:
+    def serialize(self, result: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -134,30 +145,38 @@ class MVTModule:
         """
         timeline_set = set()
         for record in timeline:
-            timeline_set.add(json.dumps(record, sort_keys=True))
+            timeline_set.add(
+                json.dumps(
+                    asdict(record) if is_dataclass(record) else record, sort_keys=True
+                )
+            )
+
         return [json.loads(record) for record in timeline_set]
 
     def to_timeline(self) -> None:
         """Convert results into a timeline."""
+        if not self.results:
+            return
+
         for result in self.results:
-            record = self.serialize(result)
+            record: ModuleSerializedResult = self.serialize(result)
             if record:
                 if isinstance(record, list):
                     self.timeline.extend(record)
                 else:
                     self.timeline.append(record)
 
-        for detected in self.detected:
-            record = self.serialize(detected)
-            if record:
-                if isinstance(record, list):
-                    self.timeline_detected.extend(record)
-                else:
-                    self.timeline_detected.append(record)
+        # for detected in self.alertstore.alerts:
+        #     record = self.serialize(detected)
+        #     if record:
+        #         if isinstance(record, list):
+        #             self.timeline_detected.extend(record)
+        #         else:
+        #             self.timeline_detected.append(record)
 
         # De-duplicate timeline entries.
         self.timeline = self._deduplicate_timeline(self.timeline)
-        self.timeline_detected = self._deduplicate_timeline(self.timeline_detected)
+        # self.timeline_detected = self._deduplicate_timeline(self.timeline_detected)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         """Run the main module procedure."""
@@ -212,7 +231,7 @@ def run_module(module: MVTModule) -> None:
             )
 
         else:
-            if module.indicators and not module.detected:
+            if module.indicators and not module.alertstore.alerts:
                 module.log.info(
                     "The %s module produced no detections!", module.__class__.__name__
                 )

src/mvt/common/module_types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2025 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+from .indicators import Indicator
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import List, Union, Optional
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ModuleAtomicResult:
+    timestamp: Optional[str]
+    matched_indicator: Optional[Indicator]
+
+
+ModuleResults = List[ModuleAtomicResult]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ModuleAtomicTimeline:
+    timestamp: str
+    module: str
+    event: str
+    data: str
+
+
+ModuleTimeline = List[ModuleAtomicTimeline]
+ModuleSerializedResult = Union[ModuleAtomicTimeline, ModuleTimeline]

src/mvt/common/utils.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import os
 import re
 from typing import Any, Iterator, Union
 
-from rich.logging import RichHandler
+from .log import MVTLogHandler
 from mvt.common.config import settings
 
 
@@ -234,11 +234,10 @@ def init_logging(verbose: bool = False):
     """
     Initialise logging for the MVT module
     """
-    # Setup logging using Rich.
     log = logging.getLogger("mvt")
-    log.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
-    consoleHandler = RichHandler(show_path=False, log_time_format="%X")
-    consoleHandler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("[%(name)s] %(message)s"))
+    log.setLevel(logging.INFO)
+    consoleHandler = MVTLogHandler()
+    consoleHandler.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(message)s"))
     if verbose:
         consoleHandler.setLevel(logging.DEBUG)
     else:

src/mvt/common/version.py

@@ -3,4 +3,4 @@
 # Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
-MVT_VERSION = "2.6.1"
+MVT_VERSION = "3.0.0"

src/mvt/common/virustotal.py

@@ -1,52 +0,0 @@
-# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
-# Copyright (c) 2021-2023 The MVT Authors.
-# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
-#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
-
-import logging
-import os
-
-import requests
-
-log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-MVT_VT_API_KEY = "MVT_VT_API_KEY"
-
-
-class VTNoKey(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-class VTQuotaExceeded(Exception):
-    pass
-
-
-def virustotal_lookup(file_hash: str):
-    if MVT_VT_API_KEY not in os.environ:
-        raise VTNoKey(
-            "No VirusTotal API key provided: to use VirusTotal "
-            "lookups please provide your API key with "
-            "`export MVT_VT_API_KEY=<key>`"
-        )
-
-    headers = {
-        "User-Agent": "VirusTotal",
-        "Content-Type": "application/json",
-        "x-apikey": os.environ[MVT_VT_API_KEY],
-    }
-    res = requests.get(
-        f"https://www.virustotal.com/api/v3/files/{file_hash}", headers=headers
-    )
-
-    if res.status_code == 200:
-        report = res.json()
-        return report["data"]
-
-    if res.status_code == 404:
-        log.info("Could not find results for file with hash %s", file_hash)
-    elif res.status_code == 429:
-        raise VTQuotaExceeded("You have exceeded the quota for your VirusTotal API key")
-    else:
-        raise Exception(f"Unexpected response from VirusTotal: {res.status_code}")
-
-    return None

src/mvt/ios/cli.py

@@ -257,11 +257,8 @@ def check_backup(
     log.info("Checking iTunes backup located at: %s", backup_path)
 
     cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the backup produced %d detections!", cmd.detected_count
-        )
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -306,12 +303,8 @@ def check_fs(ctx, iocs, output, fast, list_modules, module, hashes, verbose, dum
     log.info("Checking iOS filesystem located at: %s", dump_path)
 
     cmd.run()
-
-    if cmd.detected_count > 0:
-        log.warning(
-            "The analysis of the iOS filesystem produced %d detections!",
-            cmd.detected_count,
-        )
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================
@@ -345,6 +338,8 @@ def check_iocs(ctx, iocs, list_modules, module, folder):
         return
 
     cmd.run()
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
 # ==============================================================================

src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/backup_info.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import plistlib
 from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.module import DatabaseNotFoundError
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from mvt.ios.versions import get_device_desc_from_id, is_ios_version_outdated
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
@@ -24,7 +25,7 @@ class BackupInfo(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/configuration_profiles.py

@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ import logging
 import os
 import plistlib
 from base64 import b64encode
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ class ConfigurationProfiles(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ class ConfigurationProfiles(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         if not record["install_date"]:
             return {}
 
@@ -63,28 +68,28 @@ class ConfigurationProfiles(IOSExtraction):
 
                 # Alert on any known malicious configuration profiles in the
                 # indicator list.
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_profile(result["plist"]["PayloadUUID"])
-                if ioc:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a known malicious configuration "
-                        'profile "%s" with UUID %s',
-                        result["plist"]["PayloadDisplayName"],
-                        result["plist"]["PayloadUUID"],
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_profile(
+                    result["plist"]["PayloadUUID"]
+                )
+                if ioc_match:
+                    warning_message = (
+                        f'Found a known malicious configuration profile "{result["plist"]["PayloadDisplayName"]}" with UUID "{result["plist"]["PayloadUUID"]}"',
                     )
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), warning_message, "", result
+                    )
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
                     continue
 
                 # Highlight suspicious configuration profiles which may be used
                 # to hide notifications.
                 if payload_content["PayloadType"] in ["com.apple.notificationsettings"]:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Found a potentially suspicious configuration profile "
-                        '"%s" with payload type %s',
-                        result["plist"]["PayloadDisplayName"],
-                        payload_content["PayloadType"],
+                    warning_message = (
+                        f'Found a potentially suspicious configuration profile "{result["plist"]["PayloadDisplayName"]}" with payload type {payload_content["PayloadType"]}',
                     )
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                    self.alertstore.medum(self.get_slug(), warning_message, "", result)
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
                     continue
 
     def run(self) -> None:

src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/manifest.py

@@ -13,6 +13,11 @@ from typing import Optional
 from mvt.common.module import DatabaseNotFoundError
 from mvt.common.url import URL
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso, convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ class Manifest(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -60,7 +65,7 @@ class Manifest(IOSExtraction):
 
         return convert_unix_to_iso(timestamp_or_unix_time_int)
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> []:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
         if "modified" not in record or "status_changed" not in record:
             return records
@@ -95,8 +100,10 @@ class Manifest(IOSExtraction):
             if not self.indicators:
                 continue
 
-            if self.indicators.check_file_path("/" + result["relative_path"]):
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_path("/" + result["relative_path"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.high(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
             rel_path = result["relative_path"].lower()
@@ -107,15 +114,15 @@ class Manifest(IOSExtraction):
                 except Exception:
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(part)
-                if ioc:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        'Found mention of domain "%s" in a backup file with path: %s',
-                        ioc["value"],
-                        rel_path,
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(part)
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.high(
+                        self.get_slug(),
+                        f'Found mention of domain "{ioc_match.ioc.value}" in a backup file with path: {rel_path}',
+                        "",
+                        result,
                     )
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         manifest_db_path = os.path.join(self.target_path, "Manifest.db")

src/mvt/ios/modules/backup/profile_events.py

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@
 
 import logging
 import plistlib
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ class ProfileEvents(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class ProfileEvents(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record.get("timestamp"),
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -51,20 +56,27 @@ class ProfileEvents(IOSExtraction):
         }
 
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
+        for result in self.results:
+            message = f'On {result.get("timestamp")} process "{result.get("process")}" started operation "{result.get("operation")}" of profile "{result.get("profile_id")}"'
+            self.alertstore.low(
+                self.get_slug(), message, result.get("timestamp"), result
+            )
+            self.alertstore.log_latest()
+
         if not self.indicators:
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_process(result.get("process"))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(result.get("process"))
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_profile(result.get("profile_id"))
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_profile(result.get("profile_id"))
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
     @staticmethod
     def parse_profile_events(file_data: bytes) -> list:
@@ -109,13 +121,4 @@ class ProfileEvents(IOSExtraction):
             with open(events_file_path, "rb") as handle:
                 self.results.extend(self.parse_profile_events(handle.read()))
 
-        for result in self.results:
-            self.log.info(
-                'On %s process "%s" started operation "%s" of profile "%s"',
-                result.get("timestamp"),
-                result.get("process"),
-                result.get("operation"),
-                result.get("profile_id"),
-            )
-
         self.log.info("Extracted %d profile events", len(self.results))

src/mvt/ios/modules/base.py

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ import sqlite3
 import subprocess
 from typing import Iterator, Optional, Union
 
-from mvt.common.module import DatabaseCorruptedError, DatabaseNotFoundError, MVTModule
+from mvt.common.module import DatabaseCorruptedError, DatabaseNotFoundError
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule, ModuleResults
 
 
 class IOSExtraction(MVTModule):
@@ -25,7 +26,7 @@ class IOSExtraction(MVTModule):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics.py

@@ -7,9 +7,14 @@ import copy
 import logging
 import plistlib
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ class Analytics(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class Analytics(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -57,24 +62,26 @@ class Analytics(IOSExtraction):
                 if not isinstance(value, str):
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_process(value)
-                if ioc:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        'Found mention of a malicious process "%s" in %s file at %s',
-                        value,
-                        result["artifact"],
-                        result["isodate"],
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(value)
+                if ioc_match:
+                    warning_message = (
+                        f'Found mention of a malicious process "{value}" in {result["artifact"]} file at {result["isodate"]}',
                     )
                     new_result = copy.copy(result)
-                    new_result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(new_result)
+                    new_result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), warning_message, "", new_result
+                    )
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(value)
-                if ioc:
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(value)
+                if ioc_match:
                     new_result = copy.copy(result)
-                    new_result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(new_result)
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", new_result
+                    )
 
     def _extract_analytics_data(self):
         artifact = self.file_path.split("/")[-1]

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/analytics_ios_versions.py

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@
 
 import logging
 from datetime import datetime
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.ios.versions import find_version_by_build
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 from .analytics import Analytics
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ class AnalyticsIOSVersions(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -36,7 +41,7 @@ class AnalyticsIOSVersions(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/cache_files.py

@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@
 import logging
 import os
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
 
@@ -19,7 +24,7 @@ class CacheFiles(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -30,7 +35,7 @@ class CacheFiles(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
         for item in self.results[record]:
             records.append(
@@ -48,18 +53,19 @@ class CacheFiles(IOSExtraction):
         if not self.indicators:
             return
 
-        self.detected = {}
+        self.alertstore.alerts = {}
         for key, values in self.results.items():
             for value in values:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(value["url"])
-                if ioc:
-                    value["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    if key not in self.detected:
-                        self.detected[key] = [
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(value["url"])
+                if ioc_match:
+                    value["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    # XXX: Finish converting this method
+                    if key not in self.alertstore.alerts:
+                        self.alertstore.alerts[key] = [
                             value,
                         ]
                     else:
-                        self.detected[key].append(value)
+                        self.alertstore.alerts[key].append(value)
 
     def _process_cache_file(self, file_path):
         self.log.info("Processing cache file at path: %s", file_path)

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/filesystem.py

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@
 
 import logging
 import os
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -24,7 +29,7 @@ class Filesystem(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -35,7 +40,7 @@ class Filesystem(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["modified"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -51,19 +56,19 @@ class Filesystem(IOSExtraction):
             if "path" not in result:
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["path"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["path"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                self.alertstore.high(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
             # If we are instructed to run fast, we skip the rest.
             if self.module_options.get("fast_mode", None):
                 continue
 
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_file_path_process(result["path"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_path_process(result["path"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                self.alertstore.high(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         for root, dirs, files in os.walk(self.target_path):

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/net_netusage.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 import sqlite3
 from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from ..net_base import NetBase
 
 NETUSAGE_ROOT_PATHS = [
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@ class Netusage(NetBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/safari_favicon.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ class SafariFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -37,7 +42,7 @@ class SafariFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -51,13 +56,13 @@ class SafariFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
-            if not ioc:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["icon_url"])
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if not ioc_match:
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["icon_url"])
 
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            if ioc_match:
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
     def _process_favicon_db(self, file_path):
         conn = self._open_sqlite_db(file_path)

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/shutdownlog.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -25,7 +30,7 @@ class ShutdownLog(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -36,7 +41,7 @@ class ShutdownLog(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -50,22 +55,23 @@ class ShutdownLog(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["client"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_file_path(result["client"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
                 continue
 
             for ioc in self.indicators.get_iocs("processes"):
                 parts = result["client"].split("/")
-                if ioc in parts:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        'Found mention of a known malicious process "%s" in '
-                        "shutdown.log",
-                        ioc,
-                    )
+                if ioc.value in parts:
                     result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(),
+                        f'Found mention of a known malicious process "{ioc.value}" in shutdown.log',
+                        "",
+                        result,
+                    )
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
                     continue
 
     def process_shutdownlog(self, content):

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/version_history.py

@@ -6,9 +6,14 @@
 import datetime
 import json
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ class IOSVersionHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ class IOSVersionHistory(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_base.py

@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@ class WebkitBase(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
+                continue
 
     def _process_webkit_folder(self, root_paths):
         for found_path in self._get_fs_files_from_patterns(root_paths):

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_indexeddb.py

@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 from .webkit_base import WebkitBase
 
 WEBKIT_INDEXEDDB_ROOT_PATHS = [
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ class WebkitIndexedDB(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class WebkitIndexedDB(WebkitBase):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_localstorage.py

@@ -4,8 +4,13 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 from .webkit_base import WebkitBase
 
 WEBKIT_LOCALSTORAGE_ROOT_PATHS = [
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ class WebkitLocalStorage(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ class WebkitLocalStorage(WebkitBase):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,

src/mvt/ios/modules/fs/webkit_safariviewservice.py

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 import logging
 from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from .webkit_base import WebkitBase
 
 WEBKIT_SAFARIVIEWSERVICE_ROOT_PATHS = [
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ class WebkitSafariViewService(WebkitBase):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/applications.py

@@ -8,11 +8,13 @@ import logging
 import os
 import plistlib
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
-from typing import Any, Dict, Optional, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Optional
 
 from mvt.common.module import DatabaseNotFoundError
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_datetime_to_iso
 from mvt.ios.modules.base import IOSExtraction
+from mvt.common.module import ModuleResults, ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
+
 
 APPLICATIONS_DB_PATH = [
     "private/var/containers/Bundle/Application/*/iTunesMetadata.plist"
@@ -35,7 +37,7 @@ class Applications(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -46,7 +48,7 @@ class Applications(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         if "isodate" in record:
             return {
                 "timestamp": record["isodate"],
@@ -60,41 +62,51 @@ class Applications(IOSExtraction):
         for result in self.results:
             if self.indicators:
                 if "softwareVersionBundleId" not in result:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Suspicious application identified without softwareVersionBundleId"
+                    self.alertstore.high(
+                        self.get_slug(),
+                        "Suspicious application identified without softwareVersionBundleId",
+                        "",
+                        result,
                     )
-                    self.detected.append(result)
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_process(result["softwareVersionBundleId"])
-                if ioc:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Malicious application %s identified",
-                        result["softwareVersionBundleId"],
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_process(
+                    result["softwareVersionBundleId"]
+                )
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(),
+                        f"Malicious application {result['softwareVersionBundleId']} identified",
+                        "",
+                        result,
                     )
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
                     continue
 
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_app_id(result["softwareVersionBundleId"])
-                if ioc:
-                    self.log.warning(
-                        "Malicious application %s identified",
-                        result["softwareVersionBundleId"],
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_app_id(
+                    result["softwareVersionBundleId"]
+                )
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(),
+                        f"Malicious application {result['softwareVersionBundleId']} identified",
+                        "",
+                        result,
                     )
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
                     continue
+
             # Some apps installed from apple store with sourceApp "com.apple.AppStore.ProductPageExtension"
             if (
                 result.get("sourceApp", "com.apple.AppStore")
                 not in KNOWN_APP_INSTALLERS
             ):
-                self.log.warning(
-                    "Suspicious app not installed from the App Store or MDM: %s",
-                    result["softwareVersionBundleId"],
+                self.alertstore.medium(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f"Suspicious app not installed from the App Store or MDM: {result['softwareVersionBundleId']}",
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
 
     def _parse_itunes_timestamp(self, entry: Dict[str, Any]) -> None:
         """

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calendar.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -26,7 +31,7 @@ class Calendar(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -44,7 +49,7 @@ class Calendar(IOSExtraction):
             "participant_last_modified",
         ]
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
         for timestamp in self.timestamps:
             if timestamp not in record or not record[timestamp]:
@@ -64,18 +69,23 @@ class Calendar(IOSExtraction):
     def check_indicators(self) -> None:
         for result in self.results:
             if result["participant_email"] and self.indicators:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_email(result["participant_email"])
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_email(result["participant_email"])
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
                     continue
 
             # Custom check for Quadream exploit
             if result["summary"] == "Meeting" and result["description"] == "Notes":
-                self.log.warning(
-                    "Potential Quadream exploit event identified: %s", result["uuid"]
+                self.alertstore.high(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f"Potential Quadream exploit event identified: {result['uuid']}",
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
+                self.alertstore.log_latest()
 
     def _parse_calendar_db(self):
         """

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/calls.py

@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -37,7 +38,7 @@ class Calls(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_favicon.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_chrometime_to_datetime, convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -27,7 +32,7 @@ class ChromeFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -38,7 +43,7 @@ class ChromeFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -51,12 +56,13 @@ class ChromeFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
-            if not ioc:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["icon_url"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if not ioc_match:
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["icon_url"])
+
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
                 continue
 
     def run(self) -> None:

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/chrome_history.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_chrometime_to_datetime, convert_datetime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -29,7 +34,7 @@ class ChromeHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -40,7 +45,7 @@ class ChromeHistory(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -55,10 +60,10 @@ class ChromeHistory(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         self._find_ios_database(

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/contacts.py

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import logging
 import sqlite3
 from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
 CONTACTS_BACKUP_IDS = [
@@ -27,7 +28,7 @@ class Contacts(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_favicon.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -28,7 +33,7 @@ class FirefoxFavicon(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -39,7 +44,7 @@ class FirefoxFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -53,13 +58,13 @@ class FirefoxFavicon(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result.get("url", ""))
-            if not ioc:
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result.get("history_url", ""))
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result.get("url", ""))
+            if not ioc_match:
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result.get("history_url", ""))
 
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         self._find_ios_database(

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/firefox_history.py

@@ -4,9 +4,14 @@
 #   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
 
 import logging
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_unix_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -32,7 +37,7 @@ class FirefoxHistory(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -43,7 +48,7 @@ class FirefoxHistory(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -56,10 +61,10 @@ class FirefoxHistory(IOSExtraction):
             return
 
         for result in self.results:
-            ioc = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
-            if ioc:
-                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                self.detected.append(result)
+            ioc_match = self.indicators.check_url(result["url"])
+            if ioc_match:
+                result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                self.alertstore.critical(self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result)
 
     def run(self) -> None:
         self._find_ios_database(

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/global_preferences.py

@@ -7,6 +7,8 @@ import logging
 import plistlib
 from typing import Optional
 
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
+
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
 GLOBAL_PREFERENCES_BACKUP_IDS = ["0dc926a1810f7aee4e8f38793ed788701f93bf9d"]
@@ -25,7 +27,7 @@ class GlobalPreferences(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -40,11 +42,15 @@ class GlobalPreferences(IOSExtraction):
         for entry in self.results:
             if entry["entry"] == "LDMGlobalEnabled":
                 if entry["value"]:
-                    self.log.warning("Lockdown mode enabled")
+                    self.alertstore.info(
+                        self.get_slug(), "Lockdown mode enabled", "", None
+                    )
                 else:
-                    self.log.warning("Lockdown mode disabled")
-                return
-        self.log.warning("Lockdown mode disabled")
+                    self.alertstore.low(
+                        self.get_slug(), "Lockdown mode disabled", "", None
+                    )
+                    self.alertstore.log_latest()
+                    continue
 
     def process_file(self, file_path: str) -> None:
         with open(file_path, "rb") as handle:

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/idstatuscache.py

@@ -6,9 +6,14 @@
 import collections
 import logging
 import plistlib
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -31,7 +36,7 @@ class IDStatusCache(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -42,7 +47,7 @@ class IDStatusCache(IOSExtraction):
             results=results,
         )
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         return {
             "timestamp": record["isodate"],
             "module": self.__class__.__name__,
@@ -58,18 +63,21 @@ class IDStatusCache(IOSExtraction):
         for result in self.results:
             if result.get("user", "").startswith("mailto:"):
                 email = result["user"][7:].strip("'")
-                ioc = self.indicators.check_email(email)
-                if ioc:
-                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc
-                    self.detected.append(result)
+                ioc_match = self.indicators.check_email(email)
+                if ioc_match:
+                    result["matched_indicator"] = ioc_match.ioc
+                    self.alertstore.critical(
+                        self.get_slug(), ioc_match.message, "", result
+                    )
                     continue
 
             if "\\x00\\x00" in result.get("user", ""):
-                self.log.warning(
-                    "Found an ID Status Cache entry with suspicious patterns: %s",
-                    result.get("user"),
+                self.alertstore.high(
+                    self.get_slug(),
+                    f"Found an ID Status Cache entry with suspicious patterns: {result.get('user')}",
+                    "",
+                    result,
                 )
-                self.detected.append(result)
 
     def _extract_idstatuscache_entries(self, file_path):
         with open(file_path, "rb") as handle:

src/mvt/ios/modules/mixed/interactionc.py

@@ -5,9 +5,14 @@
 
 import logging
 import sqlite3
-from typing import Optional, Union
+from typing import Optional
 
 from mvt.common.utils import convert_mactime_to_iso
+from mvt.common.module_types import (
+    ModuleAtomicResult,
+    ModuleSerializedResult,
+    ModuleResults,
+)
 
 from ..base import IOSExtraction
 
@@ -223,7 +228,7 @@ class InteractionC(IOSExtraction):
         results_path: Optional[str] = None,
         module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
         log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
-        results: Optional[list] = None,
+        results: ModuleResults = [],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__(
             file_path=file_path,
@@ -247,7 +252,7 @@ class InteractionC(IOSExtraction):
             "last_outgoing_recipient_date",
         ]
 
-    def serialize(self, record: dict) -> Union[dict, list]:
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
         records = []
         processed = []
         for timestamp in self.timestamps: