Parse Android browser history databases

docs/android/methodology.md

@@ -62,6 +62,27 @@ AndroidQF will prompt the user to download, decrypt and collect device intrusion
 
 For cases where intrusion logs were collected outside of an AndroidQF acquisition, the standalone `mvt-android check-intrusion-logs` command can analyse them directly. See [Check Android Intrusion Logs](intrusion_logs.md) for details, and the [feature announcment from Amnesty International's Security Lab](https://securitylab.amnesty.org/latest/2026/05/android-intrusion-logging-as-a-new-source-of-data-for-consensual-forensic-analysis/) for background on the data source.
 
+## Browser history
+
+AndroidQF can optionally collect browser `History` databases when a device
+already has working root access. When its acquisition contains the
+`browser_history/manifest.json` file, `mvt-android check-androidqf` parses every
+listed database, including any collected SQLite WAL and SHM sidecars. Browser
+visits are added to the module results, timeline, URL output, and indicator
+checks.
+
+MVT can also inspect the supported database locations in a full Android
+filesystem dump, or inspect one explicitly supplied Chromium `History` file:
+
+```bash
+mvt-android check-fs --output /path/to/results /path/to/filesystem-dump
+mvt-android check-fs --output /path/to/results /path/to/History
+```
+
+The built-in locations cover Chrome, Brave, Microsoft Edge, and Samsung
+Internet. Other Chromium-compatible databases can be supplied explicitly as a
+file without assigning an unverified browser identity.
+
 ## Android Debug Bridge analysis removed
 
 The ability to analyze Android devices directly over ADB has been removed from MVT. Direct extraction of data from ADB was error-prone and frequently resulted in inconsistent data collection between ADB and AndroidQF acquisitions. Use AndroidQF for device acquisition and `mvt-android check-androidqf` for analysis.

src/mvt/android/artifacts/browser_history.py

@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import sqlite3
+import shutil
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Any
+
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleAtomicResult, ModuleSerializedResult
+from mvt.common.utils import convert_chrometime_to_datetime, convert_datetime_to_iso
+
+from .artifact import AndroidArtifact
+
+
+class BrowserHistoryArtifact(AndroidArtifact):
+    """Shared Chromium History database parsing and result handling."""
+
+    def _parse_browser_history(
+        self,
+        connection: sqlite3.Connection,
+        *,
+        browser: str,
+        package: str,
+        profile: str,
+        source_path: str,
+    ) -> None:
+        cursor = connection.cursor()
+        try:
+            cursor.execute(
+                """
+                SELECT
+                    urls.id,
+                    urls.url,
+                    urls.title,
+                    urls.visit_count,
+                    urls.typed_count,
+                    visits.id,
+                    visits.visit_time,
+                    visits.from_visit,
+                    visits.transition
+                FROM urls
+                JOIN visits ON visits.url = urls.id
+                ORDER BY visits.visit_time;
+                """
+            )
+            for row in cursor:
+                timestamp = int(row[6])
+                self.results.append(
+                    {
+                        "id": row[0],
+                        "url": row[1],
+                        "title": row[2],
+                        "visit_count": row[3],
+                        "typed_count": row[4],
+                        "visit_id": row[5],
+                        "timestamp": timestamp,
+                        "isodate": convert_datetime_to_iso(
+                            convert_chrometime_to_datetime(timestamp)
+                        ),
+                        "redirect_source": row[7],
+                        "transition": row[8],
+                        "browser": browser,
+                        "package": package,
+                        "profile": profile,
+                        "source_path": source_path,
+                    }
+                )
+        finally:
+            cursor.close()
+
+    def serialize(self, record: ModuleAtomicResult) -> ModuleSerializedResult:
+        return {
+            "timestamp": record["isodate"],
+            "module": self.__class__.__name__,
+            "event": "browser_history",
+            "data": (
+                f"{record['browser']} visit to {record['url']} "
+                f"(visit ID: {record['visit_id']}, profile: {record['profile']})"
+            ),
+        }
+
+    def check_indicators(self) -> None:
+        if not self.indicators:
+            return
+
+        for result, match in zip(
+            self.results,
+            self.indicators.check_url_batches(
+                [[result["url"]] for result in self.results]
+            ),
+        ):
+            if match:
+                self.alertstore.critical(
+                    match.message, "", result, matched_indicator=match.ioc
+                )
+
+    def collect_url_results(self) -> None:
+        for result in self.results:
+            self.add_url_result(result["url"], result.get("isodate"), "browser_history")
+
+
+class TemporarySQLiteConnection(sqlite3.Connection):
+    temporary_directory: tempfile.TemporaryDirectory | None = None
+
+    def close(self) -> None:
+        try:
+            super().close()
+        finally:
+            if self.temporary_directory:
+                self.temporary_directory.cleanup()
+                self.temporary_directory = None
+
+
+def open_browser_history_database(database_path: Path) -> sqlite3.Connection:
+    """Open a staged History database without modifying forensic evidence."""
+    database_uri = database_path.resolve().as_uri()
+    if not Path(f"{database_path}-wal").is_file():
+        return sqlite3.connect(f"{database_uri}?mode=ro&immutable=1", uri=True)
+
+    temporary_directory = tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="mvt_sqlite_")
+    temporary_path = Path(temporary_directory.name) / database_path.name
+    shutil.copy2(database_path, temporary_path)
+    for suffix in ("-wal", "-shm"):
+        sidecar = Path(f"{database_path}{suffix}")
+        if sidecar.is_file():
+            shutil.copy2(sidecar, Path(f"{temporary_path}{suffix}"))
+
+    try:
+        connection = sqlite3.connect(
+            f"{temporary_path.resolve().as_uri()}?mode=ro",
+            uri=True,
+            factory=TemporarySQLiteConnection,
+        )
+    except Exception:
+        temporary_directory.cleanup()
+        raise
+    connection.temporary_directory = temporary_directory
+    return connection
+
+
+def validate_manifest_database(database: Any) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    if not isinstance(database, dict):
+        raise ValueError("database entry is not an object")
+
+    required = ("browser", "package", "profile", "device_path", "archive_path")
+    for field in required:
+        if not isinstance(database.get(field), str) or not database[field]:
+            raise ValueError(f"database entry has invalid {field}")
+
+    archive_path = database["archive_path"]
+    path = Path(archive_path)
+    if (
+        "\\" in archive_path
+        or path.is_absolute()
+        or ".." in path.parts
+        or path.parts[:1] != ("browser_history",)
+    ):
+        raise ValueError(f"unsafe browser history archive path: {archive_path}")
+    return database

src/mvt/android/cli.py

@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ from mvt.common.help import (
     HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROID_BACKUP,
     HELP_MSG_CHECK_ANDROIDQF,
     HELP_MSG_CHECK_BUGREPORT,
+    HELP_MSG_CHECK_FS,
     HELP_MSG_CHECK_IOCS,
     HELP_MSG_CHECK_INTRUSION_LOGS,
     HELP_MSG_DELAY_CHECKS,
@@ -54,6 +55,7 @@ from mvt.common.utils import init_logging, set_verbose_logging
 from .cmd_check_androidqf import CmdAndroidCheckAndroidQF
 from .cmd_check_backup import CmdAndroidCheckBackup
 from .cmd_check_bugreport import CmdAndroidCheckBugreport
+from .cmd_check_fs import CmdAndroidCheckFS
 from .cmd_check_intrusion_logs import CmdAndroidCheckIntrusionLogs
 from .modules.intrusion_logs import INTRUSION_LOGS_MODULES
 from .modules.androidqf import ANDROIDQF_MODULES
@@ -379,6 +381,57 @@ def check_androidqf(
     cmd.show_support_message()
 
 
+# ==============================================================================
+# Command: check-fs
+# ==============================================================================
+@cli.command("check-fs", context_settings=CONTEXT_SETTINGS, help=HELP_MSG_CHECK_FS)
+@click.option(
+    "--iocs",
+    "-i",
+    type=click.Path(exists=True),
+    multiple=True,
+    default=[],
+    help=HELP_MSG_IOC,
+)
+@click.option("--output", "-o", type=click.Path(exists=False), help=HELP_MSG_OUTPUT)
+@click.option("--list-modules", "-l", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_LIST_MODULES)
+@click.option("--module", "-m", help=HELP_MSG_MODULE)
+@click.option(
+    "--load-module",
+    type=click.Path(exists=True),
+    multiple=True,
+    default=[],
+    help=HELP_MSG_LOAD_MODULE,
+)
+@click.option("--hashes", "-H", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_HASHES)
+@click.option("--verbose", "-v", is_flag=True, help=HELP_MSG_VERBOSE)
+@click.argument("DUMP_PATH", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.pass_context
+def check_fs(
+    ctx, iocs, output, list_modules, module, load_module, hashes, verbose, dump_path
+):
+    set_verbose_logging(verbose)
+    custom_modules = _load_custom_modules(load_module)
+    cmd = CmdAndroidCheckFS(
+        target_path=dump_path,
+        results_path=output,
+        ioc_files=iocs,
+        module_name=module,
+        hashes=hashes,
+        disable_version_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[0],
+        disable_indicator_check=_get_disable_flags(ctx)[1],
+        custom_modules=custom_modules,
+    )
+    if list_modules:
+        cmd.list_modules()
+        return
+
+    log.info("Checking Android filesystem located at: %s", dump_path)
+    cmd.run()
+    cmd.show_alerts_brief()
+    cmd.show_support_message()
+
+
 # ==============================================================================
 # Command: check-intrusion-logs
 # ==============================================================================

src/mvt/android/cmd_check_fs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import logging
+from typing import Optional
+
+from mvt.common.command import Command
+from mvt.common.indicators import Indicators
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+
+from .modules.fs import FS_MODULES
+
+log = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class CmdAndroidCheckFS(Command):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        target_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        results_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        ioc_files: Optional[list] = None,
+        iocs: Optional[Indicators] = None,
+        module_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
+        hashes: bool = False,
+        disable_version_check: bool = False,
+        disable_indicator_check: bool = False,
+        custom_modules: Optional[list[type[MVTModule]]] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            target_path=target_path,
+            results_path=results_path,
+            ioc_files=ioc_files,
+            iocs=iocs,
+            module_name=module_name,
+            module_options=module_options,
+            hashes=hashes,
+            log=log,
+            disable_version_check=disable_version_check,
+            disable_indicator_check=disable_indicator_check,
+            custom_modules=custom_modules,
+        )
+        self.platform = "android"
+        self.name = "check-fs"
+        self.modules = FS_MODULES

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/__init__.py

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ from .aqf_log_timestamps import AQFLogTimestamps
 from .aqf_packages import AQFPackages
 from .aqf_processes import AQFProcesses
 from .aqf_settings import AQFSettings
+from .browser_history import BrowserHistory
 from .mounts import Mounts
 from .root_binaries import RootBinaries
 
@@ -21,4 +22,5 @@ ANDROIDQF_MODULES = [
     AQFLogTimestamps,
     RootBinaries,
     Mounts,
+    BrowserHistory,
 ]

src/mvt/android/modules/androidqf/browser_history.py

@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import json
+import sqlite3
+import tempfile
+from pathlib import Path, PurePosixPath
+
+from mvt.android.artifacts.browser_history import (
+    BrowserHistoryArtifact,
+    open_browser_history_database,
+    validate_manifest_database,
+)
+
+from .base import AndroidQFModule
+
+
+class BrowserHistory(BrowserHistoryArtifact, AndroidQFModule):
+    """Extract browser visits collected by AndroidQF."""
+
+    supported_commands = (("android", "check-androidqf"),)
+
+    def _find_manifest(self) -> str | None:
+        manifests = [
+            file_path
+            for file_path in self.files
+            if file_path.replace("\\", "/").endswith("browser_history/manifest.json")
+        ]
+        if not manifests:
+            return None
+        if len(manifests) > 1:
+            self.log.warning(
+                "Found multiple browser history manifests; using %s", manifests[0]
+            )
+        return manifests[0]
+
+    def _stage_database(
+        self, archive_path: str, prefix: str, temporary_path: Path
+    ) -> Path:
+        available_files = {
+            file_path.replace("\\", "/"): file_path for file_path in self.files
+        }
+        normalized_path = str(PurePosixPath(prefix, archive_path))
+        source_path = available_files.get(normalized_path)
+        if not source_path:
+            raise FileNotFoundError(archive_path)
+
+        staged_path = temporary_path / "History"
+        staged_path.write_bytes(self._get_file_content(source_path))
+        for suffix in ("-wal", "-shm"):
+            sidecar = available_files.get(normalized_path + suffix)
+            if sidecar:
+                Path(f"{staged_path}{suffix}").write_bytes(
+                    self._get_file_content(sidecar)
+                )
+        return staged_path
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        manifest_path = self._find_manifest()
+        if not manifest_path:
+            self.log.info("No AndroidQF browser history manifest found")
+            return
+
+        try:
+            manifest = json.loads(self._get_file_content(manifest_path))
+        except (json.JSONDecodeError, OSError, TypeError, UnicodeDecodeError) as exc:
+            self.log.error("Unable to read browser history manifest: %s", exc)
+            return
+
+        if not isinstance(manifest, dict) or manifest.get("schema_version") != 1:
+            self.log.error("Unsupported AndroidQF browser history manifest")
+            return
+        databases = manifest.get("databases", [])
+        if not isinstance(databases, list):
+            self.log.error("Invalid AndroidQF browser history database list")
+            return
+
+        normalized_manifest = manifest_path.replace("\\", "/")
+        marker = "browser_history/manifest.json"
+        prefix = normalized_manifest[: -len(marker)].rstrip("/")
+
+        for raw_database in databases:
+            try:
+                database = validate_manifest_database(raw_database)
+                with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory(prefix="mvt_browser_history_") as temp:
+                    staged_path = self._stage_database(
+                        database["archive_path"], prefix, Path(temp)
+                    )
+                    connection = open_browser_history_database(staged_path)
+                    try:
+                        self._parse_browser_history(
+                            connection,
+                            browser=database["browser"],
+                            package=database["package"],
+                            profile=database["profile"],
+                            source_path=database["device_path"],
+                        )
+                    finally:
+                        connection.close()
+            except (
+                FileNotFoundError,
+                OSError,
+                OverflowError,
+                sqlite3.Error,
+                TypeError,
+                ValueError,
+            ) as exc:
+                self.log.error("Unable to parse browser history database: %s", exc)
+
+        self.log.info(
+            "Extracted a total of %d browser history items", len(self.results)
+        )

src/mvt/android/modules/fs/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+
+from .browser_history import BrowserHistory
+
+FS_MODULES: list[type[MVTModule]] = [BrowserHistory]

src/mvt/android/modules/fs/browser_history.py

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import logging
+import sqlite3
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional
+
+from mvt.android.artifacts.browser_history import (
+    BrowserHistoryArtifact,
+    open_browser_history_database,
+)
+from mvt.common.module import MVTModule
+from mvt.common.module_types import ModuleResults
+
+
+# These locations are deliberately limited to paths backed by public parser
+# fixtures or the historical MVT implementation.
+BROWSER_HISTORY_PATHS = {
+    "data/data/com.android.chrome/app_chrome/Default/History": (
+        "Chrome",
+        "com.android.chrome",
+        "Default",
+    ),
+    "data/data/com.brave.browser/app_chrome/Default/History": (
+        "Brave",
+        "com.brave.browser",
+        "Default",
+    ),
+    "data/data/com.microsoft.emmx/app_chrome/Default/History": (
+        "Microsoft Edge",
+        "com.microsoft.emmx",
+        "Default",
+    ),
+    "data/data/com.sec.android.app.sbrowser/app_sbrowser/Default/History": (
+        "Samsung Internet",
+        "com.sec.android.app.sbrowser",
+        "Default",
+    ),
+}
+
+
+class BrowserHistory(BrowserHistoryArtifact, MVTModule):
+    """Extract supported Chromium History databases from a filesystem dump."""
+
+    supported_commands = (("android", "check-fs"),)
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        file_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        results_path: Optional[str] = None,
+        module_options: Optional[dict] = None,
+        log: logging.Logger = logging.getLogger(__name__),
+        results: Optional[ModuleResults] = None,
+    ) -> None:
+        super().__init__(
+            file_path=file_path,
+            target_path=target_path,
+            results_path=results_path,
+            module_options=module_options,
+            log=log,
+            results=results,
+        )
+
+    def _database_paths(self) -> list[tuple[Path, str, str, str]]:
+        if not self.target_path:
+            return []
+        target = Path(self.target_path)
+        if target.is_file():
+            normalized_target = target.resolve().as_posix()
+            for relative_path, identity in BROWSER_HISTORY_PATHS.items():
+                if normalized_target.endswith(f"/{relative_path}"):
+                    return [(target, *identity)]
+            return [(target, "Chromium", "unknown", "unknown")]
+
+        databases = []
+        for relative_path, identity in BROWSER_HISTORY_PATHS.items():
+            database_path = target / relative_path
+            if database_path.is_file():
+                databases.append((database_path, *identity))
+        return databases
+
+    def run(self) -> None:
+        for database_path, browser, package, profile in self._database_paths():
+            try:
+                connection = open_browser_history_database(database_path)
+                try:
+                    self._parse_browser_history(
+                        connection,
+                        browser=browser,
+                        package=package,
+                        profile=profile,
+                        source_path=str(database_path),
+                    )
+                finally:
+                    connection.close()
+            except (
+                OSError,
+                OverflowError,
+                sqlite3.Error,
+                TypeError,
+                ValueError,
+            ) as exc:
+                self.log.error(
+                    "Unable to parse browser history database %s: %s",
+                    database_path,
+                    exc,
+                )
+
+        self.log.info(
+            "Extracted a total of %d browser history items", len(self.results)
+        )

tests/android/test_browser_history.py

@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+# Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT)
+# Copyright (c) 2021-2026 The MVT Authors.
+# Use of this software is governed by the MVT License 1.1 that can be found at
+#   https://license.mvt.re/1.1/
+
+import json
+import sqlite3
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import pytest
+
+from mvt.android.modules.androidqf.browser_history import (
+    BrowserHistory as AndroidQFBrowserHistory,
+)
+from mvt.android.modules.fs.browser_history import BrowserHistory as FSBrowserHistory
+from mvt.android.cmd_check_fs import CmdAndroidCheckFS
+
+CHROME_TIME = 13_348_540_800_000_000
+URL = "https://example.org/path"
+
+
+def create_history_database(path: Path, *, url: str = URL) -> None:
+    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    with sqlite3.connect(path) as connection:
+        connection.executescript(
+            """
+            CREATE TABLE urls (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+                url TEXT,
+                title TEXT,
+                visit_count INTEGER,
+                typed_count INTEGER
+            );
+            CREATE TABLE visits (
+                id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+                url INTEGER,
+                visit_time INTEGER,
+                from_visit INTEGER,
+                transition INTEGER
+            );
+            """
+        )
+        connection.execute("INSERT INTO urls VALUES (1, ?, 'Example', 1, 0)", (url,))
+        connection.execute(
+            "INSERT INTO visits VALUES (7, 1, ?, 0, 805306368)",
+            (CHROME_TIME,),
+        )
+
+
+def manifest(database_paths: list[tuple[str, str]]) -> dict:
+    return {
+        "schema_version": 1,
+        "status": "collected",
+        "databases": [
+            {
+                "browser": "Chrome",
+                "package": package,
+                "profile": "Default",
+                "device_path": f"/data/data/{package}/app_chrome/Default/History",
+                "archive_path": archive_path,
+                "sidecars": [],
+            }
+            for package, archive_path in database_paths
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("use_zip", [False, True])
+def test_androidqf_browser_history_directory_and_zip(tmp_path, use_zip):
+    source_database = tmp_path / "source" / "History"
+    create_history_database(source_database)
+    archive_path = "browser_history/com.android.chrome/Default/History"
+    manifest_data = manifest([("com.android.chrome", archive_path)])
+
+    module = AndroidQFBrowserHistory()
+    if use_zip:
+        acquisition_path = tmp_path / "acquisition.zip"
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(acquisition_path, "w") as archive:
+            archive.write(source_database, archive_path)
+            archive.writestr("browser_history/manifest.json", json.dumps(manifest_data))
+        with zipfile.ZipFile(acquisition_path) as archive:
+            module.from_zip(archive, archive.namelist())
+            module.run()
+    else:
+        acquisition = tmp_path / "acquisition"
+        database_path = acquisition / archive_path
+        database_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+        database_path.write_bytes(source_database.read_bytes())
+        manifest_path = acquisition / "browser_history" / "manifest.json"
+        manifest_path.write_text(json.dumps(manifest_data))
+        files = [
+            path.relative_to(tmp_path).as_posix()
+            for path in acquisition.rglob("*")
+            if path.is_file()
+        ]
+        module.from_dir(str(tmp_path), files)
+        module.run()
+
+    assert len(module.results) == 1
+    assert module.results[0]["url"] == URL
+    assert module.results[0]["browser"] == "Chrome"
+    assert module.results[0]["source_path"].endswith("/History")
+    module.collect_url_results()
+    module.to_timeline()
+    assert module.url_results[0]["url"] == URL
+    assert module.timeline[0]["event"] == "browser_history"
+
+
+def test_androidqf_browser_history_isolates_malformed_database(tmp_path, caplog):
+    acquisition = tmp_path / "acquisition"
+    good_archive_path = "browser_history/com.android.chrome/Default/History"
+    bad_archive_path = "browser_history/com.brave.browser/Default/History"
+    create_history_database(acquisition / good_archive_path)
+    bad_path = acquisition / bad_archive_path
+    bad_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+    bad_path.write_bytes(b"not sqlite")
+    manifest_path = acquisition / "browser_history" / "manifest.json"
+    manifest_path.write_text(
+        json.dumps(
+            manifest(
+                [
+                    ("com.brave.browser", bad_archive_path),
+                    ("com.android.chrome", good_archive_path),
+                ]
+            )
+        )
+    )
+
+    module = AndroidQFBrowserHistory()
+    files = [
+        path.relative_to(tmp_path).as_posix()
+        for path in acquisition.rglob("*")
+        if path.is_file()
+    ]
+    module.from_dir(str(tmp_path), files)
+    module.run()
+
+    assert [result["url"] for result in module.results] == [URL]
+    assert "Unable to parse browser history database" in caplog.text
+
+
+def test_androidqf_browser_history_rejects_unsafe_manifest_path(tmp_path, caplog):
+    acquisition = tmp_path / "acquisition"
+    manifest_path = acquisition / "browser_history" / "manifest.json"
+    manifest_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
+    manifest_path.write_text(
+        json.dumps(manifest([("com.android.chrome", "browser_history/../secret")]))
+    )
+    module = AndroidQFBrowserHistory()
+    module.from_dir(str(tmp_path), [manifest_path.relative_to(tmp_path).as_posix()])
+
+    module.run()
+
+    assert module.results == []
+    assert "unsafe browser history archive path" in caplog.text
+
+
+def test_filesystem_browser_history_reads_wal_only_visit(tmp_path):
+    database_path = tmp_path / "History"
+    connection = sqlite3.connect(database_path)
+    connection.execute("PRAGMA journal_mode=WAL")
+    connection.executescript(
+        """
+        CREATE TABLE urls (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            url TEXT,
+            title TEXT,
+            visit_count INTEGER,
+            typed_count INTEGER
+        );
+        CREATE TABLE visits (
+            id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY,
+            url INTEGER,
+            visit_time INTEGER,
+            from_visit INTEGER,
+            transition INTEGER
+        );
+        """
+    )
+    connection.commit()
+    connection.execute("PRAGMA wal_checkpoint(TRUNCATE)")
+    connection.execute("INSERT INTO urls VALUES (1, ?, 'WAL', 1, 0)", (URL,))
+    connection.execute(
+        "INSERT INTO visits VALUES (8, 1, ?, 0, 805306368)", (CHROME_TIME,)
+    )
+    connection.commit()
+    try:
+        assert Path(f"{database_path}-wal").stat().st_size > 0
+        module = FSBrowserHistory(target_path=str(database_path))
+        module.run()
+    finally:
+        connection.close()
+
+    assert [result["url"] for result in module.results] == [URL]
+    assert module.results[0]["browser"] == "Chromium"
+
+
+def test_android_check_fs_finds_all_supported_browser_paths(tmp_path):
+    for index, relative_path in enumerate(
+        (
+            "data/data/com.android.chrome/app_chrome/Default/History",
+            "data/data/com.brave.browser/app_chrome/Default/History",
+            "data/data/com.microsoft.emmx/app_chrome/Default/History",
+            "data/data/com.sec.android.app.sbrowser/app_sbrowser/Default/History",
+        )
+    ):
+        create_history_database(
+            tmp_path / relative_path, url=f"https://example.org/{index}"
+        )
+
+    command = CmdAndroidCheckFS(target_path=str(tmp_path), module_name="BrowserHistory")
+    command.run()
+
+    assert len(command.executed) == 1
+    assert {result["package"] for result in command.executed[0].results} == {
+        "com.android.chrome",
+        "com.brave.browser",
+        "com.microsoft.emmx",
+        "com.sec.android.app.sbrowser",
+    }
+    assert len(command.url_results) == 4
+    assert len(command.timeline) == 4