Corpus-mined vendor gaps (42k-file metadata scan, 2026-07-23):
- Bria AI signs C2PA as "Bria Artificial Intelligence" with source type
empty (no trainedAlgorithmicMedia), so identify was completely blind;
registered with asserts_ai like Dreamina.
- fal.ai ("fal - Features & Labels Inc.", fal-ai/<model> generators)
was detected via the source type but never attributed; registered,
also asserts_ai as a pure generative platform.
- Apple Photos Clean Up (Apple Intelligence object removal) was detected
as a generic made-with-AI tag; now attributed as an AI edit via the
photoshop:Credit marker, and the credit value joins
AI_GENERATOR_TOKENS so removal strips it in parity.
Each new test was verified red without its fix.
scripts/ai_score.py trains a gradient-boosted classifier on labels
derived from the scan_dataset metadata (C2PA AI generators, TC260,
local pipelines vs camera/screenshot/editor output) and scores every
file from pixel and container statistics alone, so metadata-stripped
files still get a score. Temporal holdout on the production corpus:
AUC 0.966 / AP 0.988. CLIP ViT-L/14 was evaluated as an alternative
and lost on both accuracy (0.82) and cost, so the model uses the
structural features the scanner already collects; scoring is CPU-only
and I/O-bound.
Route the pixel layer's base64 through the capped _b64 helper, replace
the pixels/pixels_full booleans with one pixel_mode parameter, record a
pixel skipped marker on oversized files, read EXIF from the already-read
bytes instead of re-reading the file, chunk the noise residual
convolution and replace the mgrid with 1D broadcast in the FFT features
(bit-identical values, ~300 MB less peak memory at 2048px), and fix the
raw-only docstring to account for the derived pixel layer.
Guard module-level numpy touchpoints so the metadata-only mode imports
and runs without numpy installed (deferred annotations, lazy DCT basis);
pixel modes now exit early with a clear numpy requirement message.
--pixels adds aggregate, non-reconstructable pixel statistics (block-DCT
histograms with Benford deviation, high-pass noise stats, FFT band
energies and CFA peaks, ELA stats, gradient and color histograms) plus
per-section timing for pipeline latency planning. --pixels-full adds the
privacy-lifting artifacts behind an explicit flag (perceptual hash,
128px thumbnail, coarse ELA/noise-residual/FFT-phase maps). Expensive
maps are computed once and shared between the scalar and artifact paths
(2.2x speedup vs the first split implementation). numpy is required only
for the pixel modes; the metadata-only mode stays numpy-free.
Strip all derived output: the library verdict, the XMP edit-trail
parse, and the IJG quality estimate. The script now collects raw bytes
plus mechanical container decodes only, is fully standalone (no
remove_ai_watermarks import), and resumes interrupted runs. Add GIF,
BMP, and TIFF magic bytes to sniff_format (GIF files in the wild were
reported as unknown). Validated on the full 42k-file corpus: 100%
coverage, zero error records.
Single-file read-only scanner producing one JSONL record per image:
AI verdict via identify (metadata-only, no visible marks), full EXIF/
IPTC/XMP/PNG/JPEG/WebP/ISOBMFF inventories, C2PA store, JPEG encoder
forensics (quant tables, IJG quality, scan script, Huffman, subsampling),
XMP edit-trail fields, hashes/timestamps, macOS download provenance,
Live Photo pairing id. Runs standalone (pillow/piexif/c2pa-python) with
the library optional; supports gzip output, resume after interruption,
and head-only scanning of oversized files.
New engines, each calibrated on its TC260 USCC cohort and validated by a
full-corpus sweep (42009 files):
- runninghub: top-left corner (new corner="tl"), faint mid-gray text via
the new raw-grayscale "gray" detection front-end, anchor-position gate
- baidu: text-run-only template (pill is a bright-blob magnet), load-bearing
Doubao+Qwen rival margins, corner-extended footprint for the white tag
- liblib: bottom-center (new corner="bc"), Arial silhouette (font is the
discriminative lever against latin UI text), logo-extended footprint
Qingyan parked (no clean-arm separation at any render/box), MiniMax/Hailuo
parked (1 visible frame, the xinghui rule); silhouettes kept as starting
points.
Kling (USCC cohort 91110108335469089C, n=30): kling_engine.py, gate 0.35
(clean p99 0.304 / max 0.320), strict-only, unimodal 0.12/short on the
shared ladder, fitted locate box, no rival margin (crossfire 1/400 doubao
below gate, 0 jimeng, 0 clean), parity 9/9 detect->fill->re-detect.
Suppresses the jimeng pill like doubao/qwen. identify gains visible_kling.
Yuanbao: measured negative -- the two-line italic block does not separate
from clean corners on either front-end at any render/box/font setting;
the fitted recipe stays in render_vendor_silhouettes.py MARK_OPTS.
cat-logo: cohort has only 2 unique carriers, parked on evidence; the
draw_catlogo silhouette already separates (0.50 vs clean max 0.333), so
registration is a gate pick once more uniques arrive.
vendor_mark_calibrate: --fit-geometry takes locate-box overrides (two-line
marks were clipped by the inherited box) and the aspect sweep reaches 0.62.
Calibrated on the 117-frame TC260-producer cohort (vendor_cohort_harvest +
vendor_mark_calibrate, both committed here): per-mark 2-rung ladder
(0.78, 1.27) for the two measured size modes, fitted locate box (the mark
sits ~0.025 of the short side off the edge; doubao's box clipped the first
glyph), measured template aspect 0.26, gate 0.45 (clean p99 0.301).
Strict-only (the sub-gate band is non-Qwen banners), no rival margin
(0 cross-fires on 400 doubao / 298 jimeng / 286 clean frames).
83/83 real marks detector-clean after cv2 fill.
TextMarkConfig gains a per-mark ladder field; the shipped 3-rung default
is unchanged for every other mark.
The section had accumulated incremental edits: defects numbered out of order
(1, 2, 3a, 3, 5, 4), closed items mixed into the open table, and "what to do
next" spread across four subsections that partly repeated each other.
Now it opens with START HERE -- the prioritized next actions and the reason each
sits where it does -- followed by open defects only, renumbered 1-5. Closed items
move to their own subsection, keeping the faint-mask post-mortem because how it
escaped both parity and its own regression test is the instructive part.
Adds a table of the completed full runs with their artifacts and row counts, each
verified against the file on disk. That exists because the artifacts are the
answer to "did we actually cover X" -- relaunching a sweep costs hours and returns
nothing new, and this session nearly did exactly that before checking. It also
names the two fast confirmations (real_examples_e2e ~2 min, robustness_suite
~3 min) that a later change should run instead.
Adds invisible_engine.py:346 as an open defect: it still discards imwrite's
success flag, the same shape as the crash fixed in the previous commit.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The Tier E adversarial sweep (new, scripts/robustness_suite.py) drove the real CLI
over truncated, corrupt, zero-byte, absurdly-shaped and bomb inputs, unicode and
RTL paths, hostile output directories and concurrent runs. It found two crashes;
the /simplify review then reproduced a third and worse one.
1. A FAILED WRITE CRASHED ON THE SIZE REPORT. image_io.imwrite is contractually
non-raising and returns False, but write_bgr_with_alpha discarded that bool and
returned None, so no caller could tell a failed write from a successful one.
Every write site then ran output.stat() to print the size, so a read-only
destination died with a bare FileNotFoundError pointing at the stat rather than
the write. The fix is deliberately NOT uniform: single-image commands exit via
the new cli._write_output_or_exit; api._write_visible_result RAISES so a library
caller gets an accurate error instead of a confusing FileNotFoundError from the
downstream metadata strip; and the batch sites raise but never SystemExit,
because the batch loop counts per-image exceptions and aborting would kill the
whole run.
2. BATCH LOST DATA SILENTLY. Into a read-only output directory it wrote ZERO files
for 2 inputs and exited 0 -- no traceback, no error, an empty output directory a
wrapping service would read as a completed run. The robustness harness could not
see this class at all, since it scored exit codes and traceback markers and this
failure has neither; it now asserts on the artifacts written.
3. A DIRECTORY PASSED AS THE IMAGE crashed the metadata scanner with
IsADirectoryError, because click.Path(exists=True) accepts directories. Fixed
with dir_okay=False on all six source arguments, so argument parsing refuses it.
Also adds Tier B4 (scripts/resource_ceilings.py): peak RSS per fill backend from
1 MP to 25 MP, one fresh process per cell. migan 603->775 MB and lama 4679->4779 MB
are flat in input size, confirming the crop-around-the-mask design and both
documented figures; cv2 is the only backend that grows (74->440 MB, 5.9x). The
harness's own no-op check originally allocated a full-frame temp before reading
peak RSS and inflated the numbers with input size -- it now compares only the mask
box, and the conclusion survived re-measurement.
And scripts/real_examples_e2e.py, which drives every command over real corpus
examples and checks the outcome rather than the exit code: 6/6 provenance classes
identified, 10/10 metadata strips re-scan clean, all three fill backends write,
diffusion on MPS writes genuinely changed images. It records samsung as a real
partial (the faintest mark, 0.431 -> 0.404 against a 0.40 gate on the weakest of
its 3 corpus positives) and treats the gated pill's refusal to act as correct.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The faint-mask fallback added for the tophat front-end thresholded the
max-normalized uint8 response at 0.5 -- which selects every non-zero pixel,
not "half the peak" as its comment claimed -- and filled ~120% of the corner
box on textured frames. Measured on 14 real faint-path frames (cv2 fill,
detector re-run after): the detector's own best-match box fills a 58.7%-median
corner box vs 120.9% for the threshold, both 100% detector-clean. Detection and
the mask now read one method, _tophat_best, whose score gates detection and
whose argmax box bounds the fill, so the two cannot drift by construction --
which is how the mismatch arose. The 0.5 constant is deleted.
Parity could not catch this (a mask that fills everything is trivially
detector-clean) and the regression test could not either: its flat fixture
gives every threshold the same box, so mutating the constant to 99.0 stayed
green. The fixture now carries texture and asserts the mask area is bounded,
not merely non-empty; it reproduces the corpus number (127% pre-fix).
Also lands the Tier B2 verification harnesses that found and bounded this:
- detector_response.py: response curves (detected AND maskable per cell); found
the size response is a comb, contrast is near-irrelevant, no unmaskable cells.
- ladder_headroom.py: measured that a denser scale ladder recovers 7.6% of
misses for a 2.52%->3.05% false-fire rise, and the one landscape rung that
helps is a geometry shift that helps and hurts equally (1.7:1) -- do not add.
- cjk_tail_probe.py: a generic shared-tail (AI生成) template does not separate
uncovered vendors from clean corners (0.407 vs clean p99 0.298).
Records the visible-parity re-run confirming the earlier front-end fix (doubao
91.8% -> 99.3%), and dedups the thrice-written stamp forward model into one
fill_quality.composite.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The Space's demo code (app.py etc.) lives in a SEPARATE private repo,
wiltodelta/raiw-hf-space, which nothing documented -- so finding it cost a long
detour through the Space's commit authorship and a hunt for a write token that
never existed locally. Record it, plus the deploy flow that replaced the old
web-UI editing: push to that repo's main -> sync-to-hf.yml mirrors the files via
HfApi.upload_folder (adds a commit on top of the Space history, never a force
push). Also call out the two automations that both touch the Space so they are
not confused: sync-to-hf.yml ships demo-code changes, while this repo's
distribute.yml factory-rebuilds the Space on a library release so its
`remove-ai-watermarks>=` pin re-resolves.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Document both fixes in CLAUDE.md (the metadata.py and watermark_remover.py
bullets). Also add a --backend flag to the visible-removal audit script so a
realistic quality pass can run the production MI-GAN fill instead of cv2
(removal SUCCESS is backend-independent, but only migan/lama reflect the
recovered-region quality a user actually gets).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The SDXL removal pipelines (sdxl + controlnet) were built without
add_watermarker=False, so diffusers embedded its default open "Stable
Diffusion XL" DWT-DCT invisible watermark on every output whenever
invisible-watermark is installed (the detect extra). A watermark REMOVER was
therefore replacing one detectable AI watermark (SynthID) with another: the
cleaned output re-read as AI (identify -> "Open invisible watermark: Stable
Diffusion XL"), observed on the SynthID validation sample.
Both SDXL loaders now call a shared _disable_sdxl_watermarker helper (mirrors
_maybe_add_fp16_vae; the ControlNetModel sub-model and the Qwen loader never
call it, since only the pipeline accepts the kwarg). Verified end to end: the
affected outputs re-run clean (is_ai=None, no open watermark).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
remove_ai_metadata chose its save format (and the lossless-JPEG fast path)
from the OUTPUT file extension. On the ~2% of real uploads whose extension
lies about their content (a PNG served as .jpg is the common case, ~0.9% of
the corpus), the default flow -- which inherits the source's own extension --
re-encoded a lossless PNG/WebP into a real JPEG, silently degrading the pixels
and breaking the "work with originals" invariant.
Sniff the actual container from magic bytes (_sniff_image_format, reusing the
12-byte head already read for the ISOBMFF check) and route on content: a
misnamed lossless source (source-extension format != content) is preserved in
its true format, while a correctly-named source still honors a deliberate
output-extension conversion (source.png -> output.jpg). The JPEG-lossless gate
is likewise content-gated.
Found by a new metadata-removal parity audit over the local corpus
(scripts/metadata_removal_audit.py): 18170/18173 carriers strip cleanly, and
this fix takes the 208 pixel-integrity failures (all misnamed PNGs) to 0.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Full-corpus strip audit surfaced 24 china_aigc survivors on real uploads:
- 19 JPEG carried the bare AIGC{...} blob in APP11 (0xEB). That marker's branch
in _jpeg_app_carries_ai only tested for a C2PA/JUMBF manifest and RETURNED, so
a bare AIGC there slipped past the generic AIGC check. The specific
C2PA(APP11)/XMP(APP1)/IPTC(APP13) checks now fall through to the generic
_is_aigc_exif_value drop, which runs for every APP marker they did not claim.
- PNG carried the {"AIGC":{...}} block in a STANDARD text chunk (Description).
_is_ai_key keeps that key, so removal now also drops a text value carrying an
AIGC block (_is_aigc_exif_value broadened to accept str; wired into the PNG
re-save value filter), in parity with aigc_label's detection.
Verified on the corpus: decodable china_aigc survivors 27 -> 0; the 3 remaining
are truncated files the strip fail-safe (v0.15.1) copies through by design.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
PIL raises OSError decoding a truncated file, which crashed remove_ai_metadata
(the PNG/WebP PIL re-save path) -- a direct library caller like a web worker
500s on a partial upload. ~0.2% of the real upload corpus is truncated. The
strip now probes decodability first and, on failure, copies the input through
unchanged and returns rather than raising (we cannot strip what we cannot parse),
mirroring strip_c2pa_boxes' fail-safe. identify already handled these.
The CLI `metadata --remove` on an unreadable file therefore now exits 0 with the
input passed through, not a clean error (exit 1) -- `visible`, which must decode
to remove a mark, still exits 1. Test updated to the per-command contract.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Bug fixes (each with a regression test):
- metadata strip parity across every marker placement: IPTC digitalSourceType
in XMP, the Samsung post-EOI trailer, the China TC260 AIGC block in EXIF
UserComment, a bare AIGC block in a non-standard APP segment, and the ISOBMFF
EXIF path (AIGC + xAI) are all now stripped -- anything a scanner flags, the
strip reaches
- Samsung genAIType detected when its trailer sits past the 512 KB scan window
(file-tail read on large photos)
- crashes on edge inputs: Gemini detector on images with a short side < 16px,
footprint_mask on a zero-size ndarray, the humanizer on chromatic_shift >=
width, and the CLI on unreadable/corrupt/empty input (clean error, not a
traceback)
- WebP written losslessly (cv2 quality 101), not lossy at 100
- the IPTC digitalSourceType algorithmicMedia (procedural, not trained on
sampled data) is no longer flagged as AI-generated, so clean procedural
content is not scrubbed
- c2pa source-type: compositeWithTrainedAlgorithmicMedia is checked before the
bare algorithmicMedia token, so an AI-enhanced composite is not misclassified
Detection:
- integrity-clash coverage now normalizes ByteDance / Canva / ElevenLabs /
Black Forest Labs, so a transplanted manifest next to an independent
conflicting stamp is caught; the generic China TC260 AIGC label is attributed
to a co-present TC260 vendor, so a legit Doubao image (its own C2PA + TC260
label) does not clash (corpus-validated: 0 new clashes on 5000 carriers)
CLI:
- batch exits non-zero (with a warning) when any image errors or a GPU-missing
SynthID scrub is skipped, and copies the input through so the output dir stays
complete -- it used to always exit 0 and could silently drop files
Perf:
- GeminiEngine reused as a process-wide singleton with a precomputed template
ladder: -24% on the identify sparkle path, detection byte-identical
Internal: one shared _ai_exif_targets rule set feeds both EXIF scrubbers so
their coverage cannot drift; docs synced; maintain.sh hardened so the uv-secure
internal teardown crash no longer aborts the gate (still fails on a real finding).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
erase_migan fed the whole frame to the ONNX model, so peak RSS scaled with the
upload (~0.6 GB at 4 MP up to ~2.4 GB at 25 MP). Mirror erase_lama: crop a padded
region around the mask (pad = max(256, 2*bbox)), feed only that crop (at native
resolution -- MI-GAN accepts arbitrary dims, unlike LaMa's fixed 512 square), and
paste only masked pixels back. Peak RSS is now bounded by the mark size
(~0.6-0.9 GB), so a memory-tight host (a 1-2 GB web worker) can run MI-GAN on a
25 MP upload.
Fill quality is unchanged: verified by eye on real Gemini/Doubao marks plus a
ground-truth reconstruction sweep -- a tighter view if anything reduces the GAN's
hallucination of large background structure.
Extract the shared padded-crop-box math into _padded_crop_box (used by both
erase_lama and erase_migan).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Two AI-provenance metadata types mined from the retained corpus that
identify previously read as no-signal:
- Dreamina (ByteDance's international Jimeng brand) signs C2PA as
"Bytedance Pte. Ltd." with a "Dreamina/x.y" claim generator and NO
digitalSourceType, so the generator name is the only AI signal. Add a
C2paAiVendor row with a new asserts_ai flag (identity-AI: presence
asserts AI without trainedAlgorithmicMedia) plus the derived
C2PA_IDENTITY_AI_ORGS view, folded into identify's c2pa_is_ai. Keyed on
the Dreamina generator token, not the "Bytedance Pte" issuer, so non-AI
CapCut edits signed by the same entity stay unattributed. 7/7 corpus
files now attribute to ByteDance.
- Tencent Cloud's TC260 AIGC variant uses a ServiceProvider/ServiceUser
schema (vs the producer-side ContentProducer schema), embedded in EXIF
ImageDescription; add those field names to _TC260_FIELDS so the generic
{"AIGC":{...}} gate accepts it. 11/11 corpus files now flagged.
Test-first: reproducing tests in test_identify.py / test_metadata.py.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
main landed #58 (pill-gate fix, superseded by this branch's localize->fill
rewrite) and #57 (deps bump). Resolved the 6 code/test/doc conflicts by keeping
this branch's post-rewrite versions; the deps bump auto-merged into
uv.lock/pyproject. Full gate green after resolution: ruff, pyright 0, 730 passed.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The FP gate demotes a low-gradient match, but a real FAINT sparkle also has soft
edges, so metadata-stripped faint sparkles were dropped. Keep a low-grad match
that is a strong (conf >= 0.52), bright, near-WHITE-core sparkle: a real sparkle
core is white, a clean bright corner that shape-matches (sky/sun) is colored
(_core_saturation). Recovers ~14/20 stripped faint sparkles under the DEFAULT
strict/auto (no metadata, no flag) at ~1.25% clean false-fire (baseline 0.55%);
the ~0.51-scoring bright-background FPs stay demoted (below 0.52).
A learned classifier on the same features measured WORSE than the tuned gate
(tier-1: MLP 86.7% recall vs the gate's 90.8% at equal false-fire), so the
heuristic stays; a patch-CNN with richer features is roadmapped P2 with low
expected value -- the precision/recall wall is fundamental (deep-research +
tier-1 both confirm it).
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Deep-research 2026-07-10 (adversarially verified): the Gemini sparkle is
tier-gated (visible on Free/Pro, absent on Ultra/AI-Studio/API; no official
visible-mark detector or published glyph spec); the faint-visible-mark
precision/recall wall is fundamental (learned CNN front-end does not cleanly
separate true/false, arXiv:1705.08593 refuted); learned detectors need large
synthetic-composite datasets + carry off-distribution risk; landscape adds
Meta bottom-left + Samsung star-icon variants; China GB 45438-2025 is the
strongest visible-mark mandate.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
Full-dataset validation of reverse-alpha (v0.12.1) vs the current localize->fill:
doubao/jimeng identical (100% coverage + clearance across all backends); gemini
strict coverage a few points below reverse-alpha (the FP tightening), every
missed mark recovered under assume_ai, clearance ~98% both, no outside-box
damage. Clearance is fill-independent (cv2/MI-GAN/LaMa all strip the mark shape);
the difference is visual fill quality on textured/structured backgrounds -- LaMa
best, MI-GAN can ghost/hallucinate, cv2 smears -- which motivates auto = LaMa >
MI-GAN > cv2. Added to module-internals, known-limitations, and the CLAUDE.md
compact list.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
The auto backend now resolves best-first: LaMa (highest quality, recovers the
textured/structured backgrounds the classical fill smears) > MI-GAN > cv2. Both
learned backends share the same onnxruntime availability check, so auto cannot
tell them apart and always prefers the better one; a memory-tight deployment
that cannot afford LaMa's ~4.7 GB peak pins MI-GAN explicitly via
`--backend migan` / `backend="migan"` (the deployment's call, not the library's).
cv2 stays the no-deps floor and now emits a one-time quality warning when auto
falls back to it, since it smears texture/structure.
Motivated by a v0.12.1 reverse-alpha vs 0.14 localize->fill head-to-head:
reverse-alpha recovered structured backgrounds more cleanly than any inpaint;
LaMa closes most of that gap, MI-GAN can ghost/hallucinate, cv2 is weakest.
doubao/jimeng removal is identical between versions; gemini strict coverage is
4pp lower (all recovered via assume_ai) with cleaner clearance and no
outside-box damage.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>
